Orange Coast College Napoleon Ushered in Several Reforms Into Europe Worksheet

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Obbqm

Humanities

Orange Coast College

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Here is the lecture, please know that it was the first one I recorded when the Pandemic started last year, so the quality may be....well you know!  Recorded Lecture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-qL9aFO5ck 

Basic PowerPoint (I don't usually provide PowerPoints, as I change the files every time I do a lecture, but this one may be useful with for the following assignment)

Using the textbook for the first page and the lecture for the second, fill out the sheet linked and create your own version

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THE ADVENT OF “ISMS” • After the Napoleonic Era ended, Central Europe needed to restructure. • Those interested in promoting the changes Napoleon ushered in were called “Liberals.” Those interested in returning Europe back to Divine Right Monarchies were “Conservatives.” DO NOT CONFUSE THESE TERMS WITH MODERN AMERICAN POLITICS…. • Generally, Middle classes argued for liberalism, while landed nobility promoted conservatism. In most cases, class warfare broke out between various factions in Europe, resulting in new hybrid systems. • It all started with the Congress of Vienna…… Assignment on Canvas (do along with reviewing powerpoint): Create a chart that lists the roots, key characteristics, and heroes of each ism. Conservativism Liberalism Romanticism French Socialism Marxist Socialism Congress of Vienna • • Napoleon Defeated by 1814 many questions remained unanswered, such as what would happen in the vacuum Napoleon’s defeat left in the governments of Europe? • Quadruple Alliance – Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain – “First Treaty of Vienna” • restored the French boundaries of 1792 • Restored the Bourbon dynasty to France • No indemnity Congress or Metternich System • Intervention and repression – Under Metternich, Austria, Prussia, and Russia led a crusade against liberalism. • They formed a Holy Alliance to check future liberal and revolutionary activity. • When liberals succeeded in Spain and in the Two Sicilies, Holy Alliance powers intervened to restore conservatism. • Metternich's policies also dominated the German Confederation--through which the Carlsbad Decrees were issued in 1819. – These decrees repressed subversive ideas and organizations in the 38 German states Metternich and Conservatism • Metternich represented the view that the best state blended monarchy, bureaucracy, and aristocracy. • claimed Liberalism stirred up the lower classes and caused war and bloodshed. – Liberalism also stirred up national aspirations in central Europe, which could lead to war and the breakup of the Austrian Empire. – The empire, which was dominated by the minority Germans, contained many ethnic groups, including Hungarians and Czechs, which was a potential source of weakness and dissatisfaction. The Advent of the “Isms” The Age of Isms Congress of Vienna 1815 Congress of Aix-laChapelle, 1818 Decembrist revolt Liberalism, Romanticism, Nationalism, Conservativism, 1820 1825 1830 1838 1842 1846 Socialism, & Marxism July Revolution Congress of Verona, 1822 Burschenschaft formed Carlsbad Decrees issued (1817) Mines Act Peterloo Massacre (1819) Congress of Troppau (1820) Corn Laws Repealed Chartists Movement -Reform Bill of 1832 -Factory Act 1833 -Poor Law of 1834 Ten Hours Act (1847) February Revolution (France) 1848 (Springtime of Peoples) -March Days (Austria) -Frankfurt Assembly Conservatism • Basic Tenets – A reaction against liberalism – Alternative to the violence and terror of French Revolution – Supporter of restoration of “legitimate” monarchs – Support came from nobility, peasants, early romantics – Loved order, stability, tradition, and religion – Hated notion of a Revolution (change) • Reject idea of social contract • History and God were sole sources of legitimate power – Heroes: Edmund Burke, All Kings, Hobbes “Classic” Liberalism • Rooted in Enlightenment • Believed that the individual is a selfsufficient being • The ism of the middle class & bourgeoisie • Favored written constitution • Love Lockean notions of the right of rebellion, and natural rights • Favored Smithian Laissez-faire economics • Favored balance of power, free trade, Education • Heroes: Locke, Smith, Philosophes, Romanticism • Rooted in Plato, Rousseau and Kant – Plato-innate ideas • A reaction against ALL the arguing and instability in Europe. Generally Middle-Class with enough $ to stay out of mainstream. • Favored imagination & spontaneity over classical rules (art & literature) Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, John • Highpoint from 1780s-1848 Constable • Feeling & emotion over reason • Rejected notion of “progress” & universal laws – said each historical period & people were unique, organic, and different • At the forefront in fighting slavery, industrial evils (Basically, romantics who wanted to ignore modern changes in society by re-inventing classical scholarship and ideas). Neuschwanstein Castle Wanderer Looking over a Sea of Fog (1815 • Caspar David Friedrich 1774 – 1840) century German Romantic painter French Utopian Socialism • Rooted in a reaction to the evils of the Industrial Revolution, • • • • Believed in government economic planning Hated cutthroat, selfish, individualistic and chaotic capitalism Private property should be regulated or abolished. Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) – Proposed that the “Doers” or Captains of Industry (scientists, engineers, industrialists) should plan the economy – Public should own the means of production – “Parasites” (monarchs, aristocracy, Church) should step aside • Charles Fourier (1772-1837) – Proposed small units (phalansteries) containing 1,620 people – communal societies where people worked at what they were interested in – Total emancipation for women • Saw marriage as another form of prostitution French Utopian Socialism • Louis Blanc (1811-1882) – Organization of Work (1839) – proposed social workshops (state supported manufacturing centers) where workers labor for themselves without the intervention of private capitalists • Robert Owen (British) (1771-1858) • Industrialist and cotton lord of Manchester • Appalled by conditions of mill-workers • Created a model community – High wages – Reduced hours – Corrective against vice (drunkenness) – Schools – Housing – Stores • paternalistic capitalism turned him into a social reformer Nationalism • A raised level of consciousness of a particular peoples’ traditions, history, land, language, culture that say they should be joined together as a nation. Tired of other nations forcing them to remain separate and weak. • Rejected Congress of Vienna and its principle of “legitimacy” • Favor idea of popular sovereignty • Promoted – idea of nationalisms economic and administrative efficiency – A nation, like a person, is free & a creation of God • What peoples of Europe might begin to adopt Nationalism based upon their history and the description at the top of the slide? Nationalism Continued • Most influential in Germany • Herder –Father of German Nationalism – Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind (1784) – Volksgeist – “Spirit of the People” – common people is where national character existed – said each nation should develop their own way and avoid distortions by outside influence – didn’t think that German culture was better but different • J. G. Fichte – Closed Commercial state (1800) • outlined a totalitarian system in which the state planned and operated whole economy in isolationist fashion, thus protecting national character – Address To The German Nation, 1807 • there was an ineradicable German spirit, primordial, to be kept pure at all costs, inner moral universe • German spirit is better than others Nationalism Continued • Father Jahn: – known as Turnvater Jahn, or the "father of gymnastics" – organized a youth movement (political gymnastics clubs) – suspicion of foreigners (Jews, internationalists); things that might corrupt the purity of German Volk (Beginning of German purism). – 1810- "Poles, French, priests, aristocrats and Jews are Germany's misfortune." – Organized book burnings • Grimm’s Fairy Tales • In search of the Volk • Cinderella, Hansel and Gretel • Friedrick List – Advocated Zollverein (free trade zones within German states Scientific “Marxist” Socialism • Based on philosophy of Karl Marx (1818-1883) & Friedrich Engles (1820-1895) • Brutal and militant revolutionary vision of how the working class would defeat bourgeoisie • Dialectic Materialism –explains all human history • All change comes through the clash of antagonistic elements – Historical development is the result of conditions created by the interaction of such forces • Economic causation to all human history/Class struggle – All human history is a story of a struggle over material (resources) between haves and have nots – Monarch v. Nobility – Nobility v. Bourgeoisie – Bourgeoisie v. Proletariat Scientific “Marxist” Socialism • Theory of Surplus Value – the “stolen” portion of the value of the product the proletariat labored over • The profit of the capitalist • Inevitability of Communist State – Believed that history is scientific (predictable) – Capitalism contains the seeds of its own destruction – Bourgeoisie will exploit the proletariat until class consciousness rises & workers destroy capitalism in favor of a Dictatorship of the Proletariat – A classless society • Work according to one’s ability, take according to one’s needs • Communist Manifesto (1848) – A call for revolution – The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. Workers of the world unite! Print this out and fill in by hand, or make your own list and chart. Copies are hanging on my office door as well! Using your textbook, make a short list of reforms ushered into Europe by Napoleon. It is these changes that will cause Europeans to question returning to old systems after the Napoleonic War. After this, see the next page.
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Attached. Please let me know if you have any questions or need revisions.

Student Name:
Print this out and fill it in by hand, or make your list and chart. Copies are hanging on my office door as
well!
Using your textbook, make a shortlist of reforms ushered into Europe by Napoleon. It is these changes
that will cause Europeans to question returning to old systems after the Napoleonic War. After this, see
the next page.

Napoleon ushered in several reforms into Europe. The first reform was the centralization of the
government, putting the control of the local government firmly in the national government’s hands. In other
words, Napoleon strengthened central control over local government. The elected official like sub-prefects,
prefects, and Major, who was directly in charge of several units was placed to work under the central
government. As a result, it triggered the resolution of power and order, but it jeopardized the country’s selfgovernment.
The second reform was the construction of new schools, lycées for boys age...


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