The readings in the Burnell, Randall, and Rakner volume suggest a variety of factors
that can help or inhibit a country in establishing stable, democratic nation-state. Write a
paper of approximately five (5) double-spaced pages in length (roughly 1,200 to 1,500
words) examining one or two factors that you believe make the transition particularly
problematic. Be sure to discuss these issues theoretically, referencing at least three (3)
of these articles, and give concrete illustrations of the issues from at least two (2) of the
countries we are focusing upon (China, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Nigeria, and
South Korea). To what extent were these countries able to overcome these problems,
and why?
You may incorporate additional sources, but be sure to give proper citations everything
you quote or use in a substantive way and include a bibliography citing all sources used
(including any on-line sources and class readings). Also, try to organize your answer
well, with both introductory and concluding paragraphs indicating the overall direction of
the paper, and the general argument that you are making. You may use MLA or Chicago
formatting. The paper will be worth 250 points.
For the book Use chegg under username
rg7559454@gmail.com
Pass: State0124
Let me know which countries you decide to include in the paper so I can send you the
teachers notes about them. Consider the following parts of the book.
Peter Burnell, Vicky Randall, and Lise Rakner, “Introduction” in Burnell,
Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp. 1–10
Vicky Randall, “Changing Analytical Approaches to the Study of Politics
in the Developing World” in Burnell, Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp.
13–28.
Kathleen Staudt, “Women and Gender” in Burnell, Randall, and Rakner
2017, pp 133–146.
Tony Addison, “Development” in Burnell, Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp.
245–258.
James Chiriyankandrath, “Colonialism and Post-Colonial Development”
in Burnell, Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp. 29–43.
David Taylor, “Pakistan: Regime Change and Military Power” in Burnell,
Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp. 291–299.
Deborah Bräutigam and Yunnan Chen, “China and the Developing
World” in Burnell, Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp. 395–404.
Robert Aheame, “The Developing World in the Global Economy” in
Burnell, Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp. 58–72.
Stephen Hobden, “The Developing World in International Politics” in
Burnell, Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp. 73–86.
Lise Rakner and Vicky Randall, “Institutional Perspectives” in Burnell,
Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp. 44–57.
Anna Persson, “The Modern State: Characteristics, Capabilities, and
Consequences” in Burnell, Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp. 181–196.
Peter Ferdinand, “South Korea: Strong State, Successful Development”
in Burnell, Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp. 343–351.
Jenny Pearce, “Inequality” in Burnell, Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp. 89–102.
Michael Freeman, “Human Rights” in Burnell, Randall, and Rakner
2017, pp. 274–287.
Rachel Sieder, “Guatemala: Enduring Underdevelopment” in Burnell,
Randall, and Rakner 2017, pp. 364–372.
Political Science 361
Governments and Politics of Developing Areas
Dr. James Samstad
Unit
5
Marxism, Revolution, and China under Mao
De ning Social Revolution
More than Political Reform Movement
Seeks broader institutional change
More than Political Revolution
Seeks profound changes at societal level
Involves greater social upheaval and mobilization
As with systematically redistributing land and
wealth
Usually involves rival organization emerging as
alternative government
Revolution is usually (but perhaps not always) the
result of the violent overthrow of the old state
fi
Old military typically defeated and replaced
Types of Social Revolution
Urban Revolution
Putsch by small, disciplined urban cadre
e.g. Russian Revolution led by Vladimir
Illyich Lenin
Rural Revolution
Slow development of rural guerilla
movement gaining control over territory
e.g. Chinese Revolution led by Mao Zedong
Guerilla Foco [focal point or light]
Small groups carries out short-term
guerrilla movement inspiring widespread
revolt
e.g. Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro
Classical Marxist
Theory of Revolution
Communist Manifesto (1848)
Karl Marx
(1818-1883)
Karl Marx saw class con ict driving history, through the following stages
1) Feudalism marked by con ict between lord and ser
2) Capitalism where the bourgeoisie (business owning class) was in con ict with
the proletariat (blue collar workers
3) Communism where the proletariat overthrows the bourgeoisie leading to a
classless societ
Revolution would inevitably come in the most advanced Capitalist societies where
the contradictions were the sharpest between an ever richer bourgeoisie and an
increasingly exploited proletaria
This suggested Britain or Germany would have a revolution rst, rather than
economically “backwards” places such as Russia or Chin
:
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Emphasis ultimately was on a critique of capitalism and conditions for revolution,
rather than providing a blueprint for a new socialist society
Russian Revolution (1917)
Weakened by losses during World War I, Czar Nicholas II
abdicated on March 12, 1917. After a chaotic period of
attempts at democratic government, the provisional regime
was ousted in a Bolshevik putsch on November 7.
Vladimir Illyich Lenin
Communist Party (
–
)
Saw underdevelopment as a product of
Imperialism
• Imperialism had grown in importance
after the Congress of Berlin in 1885 and
“Scramble for Africa”
Explained theories in Imperialism: The
Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916)
• Imperialism allowed growth of
Capitalism even after domestic markets
had been saturated by overproduction
• Colonized countries became something
of an international version of the
proletariat
4
2
9
1
7
1
9
1
• Competition between Capitalist
Countries for Colonies had led to World
War I
Joseph Stalin
Communist Party (
–
)
3
5
9
1
7
2
9
1
Instituted the first of a series of “Five Year
Plans” in 1928
• Opened way for collectivization of
agriculture in favor of large, state-run
farms
• Resistance by “Kulak” farmers led to
repression and the sending of one
million Kulaks to Siberia
Collectivization contributed to Ukraine
Famine of 1932–1933
• Between 1 and 7 million people
perished
Pursued forced industrialization
• Used money from agriculture and
threats of repression to push rapid
industrial growth
Command Economy Model
State control of all major productive apparatus
Nationalized Industry
Collectivized Agriculture
State-Run Markets
Emphasis on domestic industrialization using
Central Planning
Such as through “Five Year Plans”
Provided extensive social guarantees to workers
Subsidized basic necessities
Guaranteed housing and health care
Universal employment
Separated from the Capitalist world economy
Especially during early days of Communism
People’s Republic of China
(中华⼈民共和国)
Population
1.4 billion (1st)
Nominal GDP
$11.4 trillion (2nd)
Per Capita GDP (PPP)
$14,190 (83rd)
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Developed an early writing system.
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Former states tributary
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Cixi
Empress Dowager (1861-1908)
Originally a concubine of the ninth Qing Emperor,
Xianfeng (1850-1861), her son became the tenth
emperor at just ve years old upon Xianfeng's deat
• Cixi became regent (Empress Dowager) due to
son’s young age, and then continued in the
position after her son died in 187
Rejected internal and external pressure to
modernize China along Western lines, often violently
repressing advocates of reform
• Pressure increased after China’s defeat and loss
of Taiwan in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95
• A new defeat by a coalition of six European
powers during the Boxer Rebellion led her to
reluctantly implement some reforms after 190
h
1
)
5
s
fi
fi
Cixi died in 1908 shortly after installing the twelfth
and nal Qing Emperor, Puyi (1908-1912; 1917)
Republic of China
1912–1949 (on mainland China)
Sun Yatsen [Sun Yixian]
Kuomintang (1912)
l
2
5
1
n
Believing that the Qing dynasty needed to adopt
a Western-style constitutional monarchy and
import Western technology, Sun launches an
unsuccessful coup in 189
While in exile, a military uprising begins on
October 10, 191
• He quickly returns to China and is selected
the provisional president after Republic is
established on January 1, 191
Agrees to back northern general Yuan Shih-kai
for president in order to get Yuan to back the
revolutio
• Act forced Emperor Puyi to abdicate on
February 12, 1912, ending 266 years of
Qing Dynasty and Manchu contro
• Sun steps down after 15 days and
recognized Yuan in order to prevent Civil
War
Yuan Shih-kai [Yuan Shikai]
Military (1912-1916)
fl
4
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e
fi
y
Sun’s KMT nds itself increasingly in con ict
with Yuan as he attempts to consolidate
presidential power rather than allowing a
parliamentary republi
• Sun founds the Kuomintang
[Guomindang] (KMT) as a reformist
part
• Yuan bans KMT in 191
Yuan declares himself Emperor of China as
of January 1, 191
• Move leads to widespread revolts
against his rul
• Soon after, on June 6, 1916, Yuan dies
of kidney failur
Country fragments into a series of regions
dominated by warlords after his death
Age of the Warlords (1916-1928)
With Tibet
and Mongolia
having
already
declared
independence
in 1912,
China further
fragments
into regional
fighting and a
growing civil
war in the
decade after
Yuan’s death.
Chiang Kaishek [Jiang Jieshi]
Kuomintang (1925-1948)
5
)
fl
s
s
y
1
fi
8
Became head of the KMT after Sun’s death in 192
• Launched attacks against warlord
Succeeded in defeating the warlords and reunifying
China by 192
Moved KMT to the right politicall
• In his last years, Sun had beem in uenced by
Leninism and shifted to the left, even making
an alliance with the Chinese Communist Party
(CCP)
• Chiang pushed KMT to split with the CCP,
leading to the Chinese Civil War (1927-48
Faced war with imperial Japan after it invaded
Manchuria in September 193
• By 1937, further Japanese expansion in
China pushed the KMT and CCP to form a
“United Front” to ght the invader
• But after clashes between the KMT and CCP,
the alliance broke down by 1941
U.S.S.R.
Japan and possessions
to 1910
SAKHALIN
(KARAFUTO)
Japanese conquests
to 1932
MANCHUKUO
(MANCHURIA)
MONGOLIA
Japanese conquests,
1933-1941
(1931–1932)
INNER
MONGOLIA
(1936)
KOREA
OCCUPIED
CHINA
(1937–1938)
Ye l l o w
Sea
J A PA N
CHINA
East
China
Sea
INDIA
PA C I F I C
BONIN
ISLANDS
Hong Kong
(Brit.)
BURMA
FORMOSA
Hawaii
OCEAN
(U.S.)
MACAO
South
China
Sea
THAILAND
(SIAM)
(1941)
FRENCH
INDOCHINA
PHILIPPINES
GUAM
(U.S.)
(1941)
Leyte Gulf
MARSHALL
IS.
PALAU I.
M A L A Y A BRUNEI
(Brit.)
SARAWAK
CAROLINE IS.
BORNEO
CELEBES
SUMATRA
DUTCH EAST INDIES
NEW
GUINEA
JAVA
SOLOMON IS.
750
0
AUSTRALIA
Japanese Expansion in Asia, 1895-1941
0
750
1,500 miles
1,500 kilometers
World War II, Pacific Theater, 1941-1945
MONGOLIA
Areas under Japanese
control
MANCHUKUO
(Manchuria)
Allies
Vladivostok
R.
Neutral nations
Peking
(Beijing)
o
CHINA
M
H
g
uan
Lüshun
H
Seoul
Pusan
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
Shanghai
e
ko
ng
n
R.
Ya
INDIA
g t z e R.
Canton
(Guangzhou)
BURMA
Tokyo
Allied forces
Iwo Jima
Feb. 1945
Okinawa
Apr.–June 1945
Midway
June 1942
Hong Kong
(Brit.)
Mandalay
F R E N C H MACAO
INDOCHINA
Rangoon
Bay
of
Bengal
Battles
Yellow
Sea
TIBET
Calcutta
J A PA N
South
China
Sea
THAILAND
Bangkok
Pearl Harbor
Dec. 1941
(U.S.)
Saigon
M A L AYA
(Brit.)
Singapore
BRUNEI
(Brit.)
Saipan, Tinian, & Guam
June-Aug. 1944
Manila
PHILIPPINES
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Leyte Gulf
N. BORNEO
Tarawa
Nov. 1943
(Brit.)
SARAWAK
(Brit.)
BORNEO
S U M AT R A
DUTCH EAST INDIES
NEW
GUINEA
Guadalcanal
Aug. 1942–Feb. 1943
Port Moresby
0
0
Coral Sea
May 1942
750 mi
750 km
Chinese Revolution of 1949
After two decades of fighting both the Nationalist
government and Japanese occupying forces, the People’s
Liberation Army led by Mao Zedong claimed victory on
October 1, 1949. Two million Nationalists fled to the Island
of Formosa (Taiwan) to establish an exile government.
Mao’s Revolution (1949)
People’s Republic of China
1949– (on mainland China)
Mao Zedong
CCP (1949–1976)
Led successful revolution by emphasizing tactic
of guerrilla war based in the Chinese countryside
Began extensive rural land redistribution in 1950
Sent forces to “liberate” Tibet, absorbing it into
China in 1950
• The Dalai Lama, the Tibetan Buddhist’s
spiritual leader, forced into exile in India
• Mao suppressed a major independence
revolt in 1959
Sent an estimated 3 million troops to defend
North Korea during Korean War (1950–1953)
• Leading to more than 100,000 Chinese
combat deaths, but turning the course of
the war so as to allow the survival of North
Korea
THE KOREAN WAR, 1950–1953
November 1950–July 1953
SOVIET
UNION
June–November 1950
North Korean attack forces
Line of farthest advance, Sept. 1950
SOVIET
UNION
CHINA
Chinese and North Korean offensive
Line of advance, Jan. 1951
CHINA
Final U.N. offensive
Armistice line
U.N. offensive
Seaof
Japan
alu
Y
Chosin
Reser
Reservoirvoir
Sept.–Nov. 1950
950
v. 1
No
alu
Wonsan
Pyongyang
Chosin
Reser
Reservoirvoir
9
–Jan. 1
Nov. 1950
Y
Line of farthest U.N. advance,
Nov. 1950
Sea of
Japan
Hungnam
Wonsan
Pyongyang
NORTH
KOREA
NORTH
KOREA
July 1953
CHINA
NORTH
KOREA
38°N
SOUTH
KOREA
38°N
JAPAN
Panmunjom
SOUTH
KOREA
Yellow
Sea
Masan
Pusan
Tsushima
©
3
Pohang-dong
Kunsan
195
100 kilometers
July
51–
Yellow
Sea
100 miles
130°E
Pohang-dong
Kunsan
Backed by the U.S.S.R. and China, the communist government of North
Korea
SOUTH
abandoned its strategy of trying to take over South Korea through subversion
and
KOREA
launched an attack on South Korea in the predawn hours of June 25, 1950. The
United States saw the invasion as an act of communist aggression that could not
go unchallenged without encouraging similar takeovers worldwide. Determined
to keep South Korea from falling, the U.S. asked for help from the United Nations.
The U.N. Security Council convened in an emergency session to determine whether
the U.N. wouldHonshu
commit troops to the Korean conflict. The Soviets stormed out
of the meeting. With swift action the U.S., the U.N. and 16 of its member nations
ANSouth Korea.
came to the aidPof
JA
126°E
Seoul
n
Ha
0
Inchon
. 19
Jan
0
n
Ha
Inchon landing
Sept. 15, 1950
Seoul
0
pt. 195
e–Se
Jun
Inchon
126°E
Masan
Pusan
Tsushima
i
Stra
130°E
ts
hi m
s us
T
of
a
Honshu
N
PA
JA
Mao Zedong
CCP (1949–1976)
Began the Hundred Flowers Campaign
(1956-1957) promoting public criticisms of
intellectuals under to slogan “Let a hundred
flowers bloom, let the hundred schools of
thought contend”
• But soon after cracked down on
dissidents when criticisms started to get
out of hand
• Mao also feared losing power after
seeing what was happening in the USSR
after Nikita Khrushchev’s secret speech
denouncing Stalin’s crimes
Launched Anti-Rightest Campaign (1957-1959)
• Worked to purge “Rightists,” such as
those advocating market reforms, from
the CCP
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
Attempted to break with the Stalinist industrialization
model
• Mao promised: “We will get ahead of Great
Britain in fteen years”
Tried to decentralize industry and move it to the
countryside
• “Fully socialist cooperatives” of about 160
households each, to produce their own iron
Experiment ended in disaster
• Famine killed as many as 20 million
• Iron ultimately proved too brittle and unusable
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev ordered a cutoff of
aid in 1960
• Beginning a twenty-year long “Sino-Soviet” split
fi
• Successful 1964 test of a Chinese nuclear bomb
furthered the country’s political independence
Cultural Revolution (1966-1968)
Mao decided it was necessary to avoid the creation of a new elit
• Argued for theory of the “reemergence of capitalist traits
Began “Cultural Revolution” initially against the party elite
• Encouraged intellectuals to attack “bourgeoisie culture
• Ousted “capitalist roaders” such as CCP chairman Liu Shaoqi
(1959-1968) and future leader Deng Xiaopin
Promoted a new revolutionary consciousness among the peopl
• Students encouraged to organize “Red Guards
Some 700,000-800,000 lost their occupational position
As part of the “Down to the Countryside Movement,” many urban,
educated youths forcibly sent to rural areas to become agricultural worker
Movement soon spun out of contro
s
e
fl
e
s
”
s
”
”
g
0
l
ffi
• Violent clashes killed as many as 400,00
• By 1968 Mao called in the People’s Liberation Army to end con icts,
though o cially the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution did not end
until Mao’s death in 1976
Cultural Revolution (1966-68)
Nixon’s Visit to China (1972)
A year after allowing the PRC to replace Taiwan on the UN Security
Council, US President Richard Nixon’s visited mainland China in
February 1972 to begin the process of normalizing relations between
the two countries. Under a “One China” protocol the US officially
recognizes Taiwan as an integral part of China, while the mainland
allows de facto Taiwanese autonomy.
Hua Guofeng
CCP (1976–1981)
Took power after Mao’s death, ordering the arrest of the
“Gang of Four,” a group of prominent leftist leaders, on
charges of “counter-revolution” and fomenting civil war
• Among the Gang of Four was Mao’s widow, Jiang
Qing, who was initially sentenced to death, but
later served life in prison (dying in 1991)
Characterizing the cultural revolution as “70% is result,
30% is mistake,” Hua attempted to reach a compromise
between Maoist and right factions of CCP
• Supported more Soviet-style than market-style
reforms to the economy
Launched the “Beijing Spring” (1977-78) where excesses
of the Cultural Revolution were allowed to be denounced
publicly
• Included a tolerance for the “Democracy Wall,”
where dissident posters were permitted
By December 1978 pragmatists, led by Deng Xiaoping,
gained clear control of party leadership
• Though in a sign of increasing stability, rather than
face jail Hua was allowed to retire gradually, not
officially leaving office until 1981
Deng Xiaoping
CCP (1978–1997)
Key Terms & Names
❖
Chiang Kaishe
❖
Kuomintang (KMT
❖
Chinese Communist
Party (CCP
❖
Mao Zedon
❖
Opium Wa
❖
Qing Dynast
❖
Tibetans
❖
❖
Command Econom
Cultural Revolutio
y
)
d
n
k
]
y
Han [ethnicity
g
❖
)
Great Leap Forwar
r
❖
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