The midterm essay exams covers material from chapters 1-8. You must answer both questions, and your entire paper must be 4-6 pages single spaced. Include both essays in one document and make one submission. You only need to use the textbook for the essays, and citations are not necessary. You can title each essay if you wish, but titles aren't required.PROMPT 1The policies of both Import-Substitution Industrialization and Neoliberalism strongly influenced the urban geography of Latin America, but in profoundly different ways. First, differentiate between the two policies and then compare and contrast their effects on urban areas, including the distribution of cities as well as what is occurring within cities. Be sure to include ALL of the following terms/concepts in your answer: urban growth, overurbanization, urban primacy, informal sector (housing and employment), squatter settlements/favelas, and privatization. When using these terms, be sure they are put in bold. If not, points will be deducted.PROMPT 2On p. 57, Klak states that “Sustainable Development has, in recent years, become a universally annunciated goal”. Discuss what is meant by sustainable development, both culturally and environmentally, followed by a discussion of how that goal is threatened or enabled by various activities within the region such as an expanding export economy, tourism in its various forms (be sure you incorporate at least 3 forms of tourism in this discussion), and drug production (SEE CHAPTERS 10 AND 11). Lastly, do you feel that the gradual transition away from neoliberalism would improve or deter the region’s sustainability efforts? Why (be as specific as possible)?Each answer should be no more than 2-3 pages, single-spaced. You must do both questions. Late assignments will NOT be accepted under any circumstances.

1. a) Write an equation describing the reaction of HCl with water. b) Hence, write an equation describing the reaction between an aqueous solution of ammonia and hydrochloric acid. Indicate the acid/base conjugate pairs. 2. Calculate the energy absorbed by the calorimeter alone, qcalorimeter. Refer to Laboratory Manual, Page 2–3. 3. Calculate the energy absorbed by the contents of the calorimeter, qcontents. You may assume that the specific heat and density of the solution equals that of pure water. Refer to Laboratory Manual, Page 2–3. 4. Calculate the total thermal energy, qreaction, of the reaction. 5. Calculate the thermal energy per mole of reactants. Is this energy released or absorbed? 6. Was the reaction exothermic or endothermic? 7. Report the value for the molar enthalpy of neutralisation (ΔHneutralisation) of NH3(aq) with HCl(aq). Be sure to quote the correct units and comply with sign conventions. This value will vary with the concentration of the reactants, so when quoting your ΔHneutralisation you should state the concentration at which it was determined. 8. Calculate the energy required to decrease the temperature of the contents of the calorimeter by the observed ΔT (qcontents). You may assume that the specific heat and density of the ammonium chloride solution are the same as pure water. (Remember, mcontents = the total mass of everything you have added to the calorimeter.) 9. Calculate the energy transfer for the calorimeter alone (qcalorimeter). 10. Did energy flow from the calorimeter to its contents or vice versa? 11. Calculate the enthalpy change when one mole of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl(s), is dissolved in water. Record the concentration of the resulting solution as this will affect the value obtained. 12. a) State Hess’s Law. b) How does Hess’s Law apply in this experiment? 13. In Part One you examined a spontaneous process that was exothermic. In Part Two you examined a spontaneous process that was endothermic. What does this tell you about a spontaneous process? 14. You have considered spontaneous reactions with positive and negative enthalpy changes (ΔHreaction). Is it possible to predict the spontaneity of a process given the enthalpy change of that process alone? If not, what does determine spontaneity and thus what other factors must also be considered? (Use an equation to support your answer.)