Unit 5: Institutional Inequality Concepts : Redlining Racial Housing Covenants Blockbusting Real Estate Steering Hypersegregation White Flight Environmental Racism Very high levels of disparity exist between households of color and white householdss, as reported in this week’s readings, particularly at the institutional level. The racial wealth gap indicates that white families hold almost 10 times the amount of wealth as black families, due to disparities in homeownership rates, income, education, and inheritance (accumulated wealth). Figure 1, on page 45, maps out the relationships between institutions and health, indicating the severe impacts of the interlocking forms of discrimination. In real estate, federal policies produced racial segregation in cities, and prohibited black families (and in many instances other racial and ethnic groups) from living in newly built suburbs. At the end of WWII, the federal government, using public money (from taxes that people from all racial groups pay), specifically funneled money into mortgages that were exclusive to white neighborhoods through banks that were advised to deem black and integrated neighborhoods an economic risk. At the same time, the housing boom that was further subsidized by the federal government through the building of roads and other infrastructure in the construction of suburban America, were restricted, via racial housing covenants. Written into the deed of the home, it was indicated that the house could never be sold to someone from the listed racial groups. Many homes still have this listed on the title, though it can no longer be legally enforced. Another common practice by real estate agents was blockbusting, or panic selling. Agents would encourage white homeowners to sell their homes quickly and at a low price by instilling fear that the black families were moving into the neighborhood. These practices created segregated neighborhoods, even in cities where integrated neighborhoods had previously been the norm. Example of Redlining Map from Kansas City, Missouri. Unit 5: Institutional Inequality Description of one category D neighborhood This neighborhood is categorized as D, as described below, because of the proximity to a black neighborhood, even though few black people lived in it at the time. Unit 5: Institutional Inequality And segregation today, with green= black residents, blue=white residents, orange=Latinx residents, and red=Asian residents. While racial discrimination is illegal in housing today, the legacy of these divides still persists. Additionally, research indicates that property values are lower in neighborhoods of color, even if the houses are of exactly the same quality as in white neighborhoods, contributing to the racial wealth gap. School district boundaries are often drawn to reflect and concretize these segregated neighborhoods, leading to segregated public schools. Overall, schools are becoming increasingly segregated, and in some areas of the country, like the Northeast, are more segregated than before Brown v. Board of Education. Because of public school funding, and districting around neighborhood schools, many urban areas have deeply segregated public schools systems with very uneven resources. Neighborhoods of color are also the most physically unsafe due to environmental hazards and toxic sites, including trash dumps, water treatment plants, and power plants. The high levels of lead in the water in Flint, MI These public health risks both lower property value, as well as have adverse health impacts on residents. Segregated neighborhoods have impacts on health, wealth, and also education. Unit 5: Institutional Inequality Where we live effects quality of life and well-being, as well as life expectancy. Kansas City, Missouri in 2010 Additional Resources: Redlining Maps from Home Owners Loan Corporation Kye, Samuel. 2018. “The Persistence of White Flight in Middle Class Suburbia,” Social Science Research, 72: 38-52. The Devaluation of Assets in Black Neighborhoods How School District Boundaries Can Create More Segregated Schools Unit 5: Institutional Inequality Concepts : Redlining Racial Housing Covenants Blockbusting Real Estate Steering Hypersegregation White Flight Environmental Racism Very high levels of disparity exist between households of color and white householdss, as reported in this week’s readings, particularly at the institutional level. The racial wealth gap indicates that white families hold almost 10 times the amount of wealth as black families, due to disparities in homeownership rates, income, education, and inheritance (accumulated wealth). Figure 1, on page 45, maps out the relationships between institutions and health, indicating the severe impacts of the interlocking forms of discrimination. In real estate, federal policies produced racial segregation in cities, and prohibited black families (and in many instances other racial and ethnic groups) from living in newly built suburbs. At the end of WWII, the federal government, using public money (from taxes that people from all racial groups pay), specifically funneled money into mortgages that were exclusive to white neighborhoods through banks that were advised to deem black and integrated neighborhoods an economic risk. At the same time, the housing boom that was further subsidized by the federal government through the building of roads and other infrastructure in the construction of suburban America, were restricted, via racial housing covenants. Written into the deed of the home, it was indicated that the house could never be sold to someone from the listed racial groups. Many homes still have this listed on the title, though it can no longer be legally enforced. Another common practice by real estate agents was blockbusting, or panic selling. Agents would encourage white homeowners to sell their homes quickly and at a low price by instilling fear that the black families were moving into the neighborhood. These practices created segregated neighborhoods, even in cities where integrated neighborhoods had previously been the norm. Example of Redlining Map from Kansas City, Missouri. Unit 5: Institutional Inequality Description of one category D neighborhood This neighborhood is categorized as D, as described below, because of the proximity to a black neighborhood, even though few black people lived in it at the time. Unit 5: Institutional Inequality And segregation today, with green= black residents, blue=white residents, orange=Latinx residents, and red=Asian residents. While racial discrimination is illegal in housing today, the legacy of these divides still persists. Additionally, research indicates that property values are lower in neighborhoods of color, even if the houses are of exactly the same quality as in white neighborhoods, contributing to the racial wealth gap. School district boundaries are often drawn to reflect and concretize these segregated neighborhoods, leading to segregated public schools. Overall, schools are becoming increasingly segregated, and in some areas of the country, like the Northeast, are more segregated than before Brown v. Board of Education. Because of public school funding, and districting around neighborhood schools, many urban areas have deeply segregated public schools systems with very uneven resources. Neighborhoods of color are also the most physically unsafe due to environmental hazards and toxic sites, including trash dumps, water treatment plants, and power plants. The high levels of lead in the water in Flint, MI These public health risks both lower property value, as well as have adverse health impacts on residents. Segregated neighborhoods have impacts on health, wealth, and also education. Unit 5: Institutional Inequality Where we live effects quality of life and well-being, as well as life expectancy. Kansas City, Missouri in 2010 Additional Resources: Redlining Maps from Home Owners Loan Corporation Kye, Samuel. 2018. “The Persistence of White Flight in Middle Class Suburbia,” Social Science Research, 72: 38-52. The Devaluation of Assets in Black Neighborhoods How School District Boundaries Can Create More Segregated Schools
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