Student’s Name : Mansour Alghamdi Professor: Dr. Chris Jimenez Due Date 3/17/2021 Early Western Civilization Annotated Bibliography Burger, Michael. The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity to the Present. University of Toronto Press, 2013. The main aim of Michael Burger in this article is to give a brief history of Western Civilization. In his article, Burger began from the ancient days and ended up with how the ancient days influenced the present days. Michael Burger gives the history of how Western Civilization started, where it started, and how it spread to other parts of the world. The article outlines various aspects of the history of western civilization. Noble, Thomas FX, et al. Western civilization: Beyond boundaries. Cengage Learning, 2013. The authors of this book emphasized several aspects that brought about western civilization. The book gives the history of western civilization from the time of the ancestors of the West. It outlines how the change took place from the time western civilization began up to the time it spread all over the world. The authors also highlighted some of the things that marked civilization. McNeill, William H. History of Western Civilization: A Handbook. University of Chicago Press, 2010. William McNeill, the author of this article, provides a good narrative order of how western civilization developed. In his article, William represented the cultural and socio-political aspects of western civilization. He clearly represents each and every aspect of western civilization and how they took place. The author also indicates the places that were first in receiving the western civilization. Stearns, Peter N. Western civilization in world history. Psychology Press, 2003. The author of this book, Stearns, describes how western civilization came into existence. There are several questions that Stearns based on while writing his book Western Civilization in World History. Some of these questions included; how did western civilization come up? When did it begin? What place does western civilization hold in the globalized world we are living in? What difference is there between the WestWest and the other world? among other questions. Stearns points out some integral aspects of western civilization. Analysis Origin of Western Civilization Western civilization refers to the cultures of the people of the origin of Europe and their offspring. It defines how human civilization began in ancient Greece and, after that, spread westwards. The civilization of Rome and ancient Greece laid the foundation for western civilization. It shaped itself in Europe with the religion of Christianity, dispersed structures of power, feudal society, and economic dynamism that were growing. The idea within western civilization is that the cultures, even though different, shared basic underpinnings from the fundamental sources, Judeo-Christian religion, and the intellectual life of Greco-Roman. These sources, when combined together, describe the bases of western morality, social structure, politics, philosophy, and even art (Barnes and David, 1935). Ancient Greece and Rome are considered the birthplaces of western civilization. It is believed that Saint Benedict was the father of western civilization. History of Art in Western Culture Art in western culture has adapted and evolved to fit the ideals and the beliefs of the culture. This began with the paintings to films of high definition (Zaczek, 2018). Despite its themes and techniques that are ever-changing, the availability of art in daily life has ever been a constant. Initially, art was a result of the Neolithic revolution. This was when ancestors learned to domesticate and tame animals, making them shift to permanent settlements from the nomadic style of life. When this evolution happened, they now built cities, civilizations, and finally, art came in. The oldest paintings of the cave that are known are around 40,800 years old. It is believed that these early paintings were made by Neanderthals by depicting themselves as animals and stick figures. Ancient Art Ancient Egypt, the Romans, the Etruscans, and ancient Greece were among the first people to make the earliest images of human beings that are natural. The most praised artwork of that time was busts and sculptures that are realistic. The most renowned one during this time was the sculpture of the Ancient Greek of Poseidon or Zeus. By the middle ages, the artwork was strictly to be about the teachings concerning the church things. This heavily focused on the literature. Paintings during this error were very few. The rarest ones were the portrait paintings. The artwork on the Christian or religious art comprised of fresco and mosaic paintings and illuminated manuscripts (Zaczek, 2018). All of these artworks featured muted and dull colors. The Renaissance period This was also called the rebirth of culture and art in ancient Rome and Greek. During this time, the art culture was growing at a very high rate. The culture of art had really appreciated, and there was a great explosion, especially of music, theatre, and the art culture in general. A lot of changes took place during this period. The culture of art started taking shape. It was during this period that there was the invention of the printing press. The period was between the 1400 – 1600 centuries. The invention of the printing press made the availability of books to be wide. It also increased the rates of literacy in Europe as compared to the early days. Examples of artwork that was created during this time included the Mona Lisa painting, the Sistine Chapel ceiling, the Last Supper, The School of Athens, the Birth of Venus, the Creation of Adam, among others. According to the history of arts, the art that is identified with Renaissance started in Italy in the late 14th century. Renaissance art reached its zenith in the later years of the 15th century and early in the 16th century (Zirpolo, 2009). Some of the artists who were famous and popular during this period included Italian masters such as Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo. During this period of Renaissance, the artists started doing away with the Byzantine religious painting style and strove to make realism in depicting space and the human form. Besides this, there are also other significant developments and changes that took place during this period. The addition of subject matter to the style was one of the developments and changes that took place during this period. Besides the subject matter of religion, we also see the mythological subject matter coming up during this period. Many scholars have pointed out that the painting Birth of Venus by Botticelli was the first mythological scene painting. There were also elements of traditional painting that came up and featured scenes from romantic texts and mythology. All these were some of the developments that occurred during this period of Renaissance. The Birth of Venus by Botticelli Early Modern Art During the time, there was a great shift in the artwork from realistic images to romantic images. This kind of art was aimed at evoking emotions. This type of art aimed at transforming the world into the Age that is new and Golden. This was to happen via the power of music, literature, imagination, and art (Arnason and Mansfield, 2010). It is during this time that the modern cities, modern landscape, modern portraits, popular culture, and much more artwork came into existence. This greatly marked a turning point from Renaissance art to the present day’s artwork. There was a great revolution in art during this period. By this time, technology had started being incorporated into the artwork. Life in the art sector had started being easier, and artists no longer needed patrons to survive. Modern Art Modern art took place from the 19th century subsequently. During this time, the artists did experiments with fresh ways of perspective and new ideas concerning the function of art and the nature of materials. During this time, most of the artists shifted from using the traditional themes and techniques and started using pieces that were more abstract (Arnason and Mansfield, 2010). It is in the late era of modern art that technology and art had fully merged. By this time, artists no longer needed nor used the traditional ways of making or creating artworks. During this time, art had many subject matters. Subject matters ranged from religious, romantic, landscaping, among others. Works Cited Arnason, H. H., and Elizabeth Mansfield. History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography. Prentice Hall, 2010. Barnes, Harry E., and Henry David. The History of Western Civilization. 1935. Zaczek, Iain. A Chronology of Art. 2018. Zirpolo, Lilian H. The A to Z of Renaissance Art. Scarecrow P, 2009. 
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