THE IMPACT OF COVID19 ON THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY
Ayana Salaam
John Jay College
Professor Patricia Johnson Coxx
Senior Seminar
April 16, 2021
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem
This research examines the influence of the COVID-19 virus on exacerbating existing
health and economic disparities for the African American population. The Coronavirus Disease
2019 (COVID-19) is a new strain of corona viruses. It presents a contagious respiratory disease
whose outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 (WHO, 2020). Since it is
relatively new, the knowledge about its impact on human health is still ongoing, but no cure has
been developed yet. The health conditions identified and associated symptoms include sore
throat, muscle and body aches, shortness of breath, fever or chills, cough, diarrhea, nausea, and
congestion in the breathing system. However, people could be asymptomatic after contracting
the virus.
This proposal's problem is that the COVID-19 pandemic came with various implications
for health and economic inequalities in New York City. There is historical and contemporary
evidence of disparities in pandemics, particularly in the United States. Based on the international
research on the impact of the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918 and the H1N1 outbreak of
2009, there is evidence of socio-economic, ethnic, and geographical disparities in every
pandemic (Abrams & Szefler, 2020; Ahmed et al. 2020). The COVID-19 is no different from the
former pandemics considering the rate of infections and mortality. According to Turner-Musa et
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al. (2020), the inequalities in COVID-19 conditions reflect the underlying economic disparities
and the existing disparities in health and chronic disease's social determinants.
The COVID-19 is closely related to the Spanish Influenza and H1N1 pandemics. All three
Comment [Office1]: pandemic
occurred against the backdrop of social and economic disparities in non-communicable diseases.
The severity and prevalence of the COVID-19 pandemic are tremendous because of past chronic
illnesses (Khan et al. 2020). Those pre-existing diseases are strongly correlated with the social
determinants of health. Singer Merrill came up with a syndemic concept in his work to broaden
the understanding of the relationship between HIV/AIDs and drug abuse and violence in the
United States (Bambra et al., 2020; Lemke et al., 2020). According to Bambra et al. (2020), a
syndemic occurs when risk factors entwine and interactively exacerbate the disease by
exponentially exaggerating its adverse effects on a particular population. For this reason, people
of color (particularly the African Americans) in New York City experienced COVID-19 as a
syndemic. When COVID-19 broke out the New York City, many African Americans, especially
the elderly, succumbed to the disease's fatality because they had pre-existing NonCommunicable Diseases (NCDs) and unfavorable social conditions. The unemployment rate for
the minority community in 2020 was 11.4%, compared to the national average of 8.1% (Statista
Research Department, 2021). What are the current socio-economic disparities increasing the risk
of illness and mortality rates of African American communities to the COVID-19 virus?
Statement of Purpose
The purpose of this research proposal is to examine the relationship between the
COVID19 as a public health issue and the underlying disparities impacting minority
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Comment [Office2]: This research proposal will examine the
current ….
communities. The case study to inform the research question is the African American community
inhabiting New York City. The community is one of the American minority ethnic groups living
in higher socioeconomic deprivation in New York. The group is below the federal poverty line,
and its members constitute various marginalized groups, including prisoners. Rozenfeld et al.
(2020) state that African Americans have a more significant number of coexisting noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) owing to the political, economic, and environmental
determinants of health.
This proposal uses a narrative approach and an analysis of data from not-for-profit
hospital networks and the National Institute of Health (NIH) to establish the relationship between
socio-economic status and the COVID-19. For example, racism is a social issue that has never
ceased in the United States. It is why African Americans in New York are deficient in the social
determinants of health (Lee et al., 2020). For instance, unemployment for this group is relatively
high compared to the counterpart whites. Access to adequate housing, healthcare, and other
social services is a critical challenge among blacks (Hawkins, 2020; Rogers et al., 2020;
Henning-Smith et al., 2020). Most of them serve in the black color job market that may not yield
enough income to facilitate proper education. Most of these people have underlying healthcare
issues, including chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and conditions such
as obesity.
According to Raifman & Raifman (2020, p. 138), "people living in more socioeconomically
disadvantaged neighborhoods and minority ethnic groups have higher rates of almost all of the
known underlying comorbidities that increase the severity and mortality of COVID-19". Such
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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underlying risk factors include but are not limited to hypertension, asthma, diabetes, liver
disease, renal disease, smoking, obesity, heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease.
Theoretical Perspective
Conflict Theory
The conflict theory can be used to describe the patterns of class and how COVID19
affected the lower-class neighborhoods. Contact theory has been employed to an increasing
extent by those interested in exploring social processes and social problems. The current interest
in Negros and their problems and aspirations has resulted in a number of studies in which
conflict theory is an important analytical tool (Williams, 1976). Conflict theory states society is
in a state of continuous conflict because of competition for controlled resources. COVID19 had a
major impact on the poor neighborhoods because of inadequate healthcare and the lack of proper
resources. The conflict theory in relation to COVID19 and its effect on black people shows how
disruptive and dysfunctional social conflict is, and the need for support in organizations and
societies.
Keywords: COVID-19, Health Disparities, Race/Ethnicity, Health Risk Factors/Comorbidities,
Social Determinants of Health, African-American Community, Public Health Deficiency for
Marginalized Groups, Pre-Existing Non-Communicable Diseases, Syndemic Impact, and access
to social service.
Comment [Office3]: Ayana, your Literature Review is well
written. Where are the missing sources??? There should be a
minimum of 20 peer-reviewed sources r
Literature Review
There are various descriptive elements of African Americans that demonstrate systemic
disenfranchisement and oppression. The factors significantly contribute to the disproportionate
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Comment [Office4]: Try to include the name of the source
when you go over it or the name of the journal so that I will know
that you have included a certain source. However, I realize you are
following Dr. Taylor’s video (and very well I might add. Check the
number.
impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the minority group enduring the worst impacts
(Jahromi & Hamidianjahromi, 2020). The minority community is underrepresented in the
medical profession and the government (Wright &Merritt, 2020). The statistics contribute to
implicit biases and unconscious attitudes that disadvantage African Americans. Evidence of the
same in the healthcare sector is determining who to be tested or complete ignorance of symptoms
from the group (Wright &Merritt, 2020). State and local governments also have policies that do
not incorporate the group. One such case is the drive-through testing, which does not account
that a higher percentage of African American homes do not have cars than Whites' homes
(Wright &Merritt, 2020). The governmental policies in place contribute to the health inequities
by placing significant societal and cultural barriers to minority communities, including African
American communities (Alcendor, 2020).
Current statistics suggest disparities in the incidence prevalence and mortality rates of
COVID-19 among racial and ethnic groups in the United States. According to Zahnd (2020),
"African Americans, Hispanics, and the Native American Indians are disproportionately
diagnosed with and die from COVID-19. These findings are explained by health risk factors such
as respiratory illnesses, hypertension, malignancies, heart failure, cerebrovascular and pulmonary
diseases, and diabetes (Jahromi & Hamidianjahromi, 2020: Alcendor, 2020). African-Americans
also have high BMI than Caucasians for children and adults (Wright &Merritt, 2020). The
group's prevalence of health conditions contributes to acute respiratory distress syndrome and
associated complications, severely decreasing their survival chances (Jahromi &
Hamidianjahromi, 2020). African Americans are more prone to severe COVID-19 infections due
to these underlying conditions (Alcendor, 2020). Similarly, social determinants of health,
including access to healthcare, poor neighborhood and housing conditions, economic insecurity,
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and limited resources, make these people more vulnerable to the virus (Henning- Smith et al.
2020).
The American fraternity underestimated the effect of social determinants of health on the
comorbidity of COVID19. "However, there is a serious public health lesion pointing back to
decades and showing that the pandemic is proportionately affected the disadvantaged and the
poor" (Reyes, 2020). Hearne and Niño (2021) argue that if the government can mitigate the
problems of housing, overcrowding, and poor nutrition, it would be possible to minimize the
effects of infectious diseases. Many African Americans in New York and other parts of the
United States are relatively poor and exposed to smoke, increasing asthma morbidity. Limited
access to healthcare implies that their control of asthma is poor. The interplay of asthma and
COVID-19 explains the risk of COVID-19 severity due to disparities in hospitalizations for
COVID-19. The discrepancy in American healthcare services provision is also shown to have
surfaced along racial lines (Wright &Merritt, 2020). While the United States registers the highest
healthcare spending, there is inadequate insurance, high-cost sharing on patients, and
geographical disparities underlying healthcare access. Lakshay Sood and Vanita Sood (2020)
state that 16% of African Americans did not have healthcare insurance than 6% of Whites in
2018. Over 25% of the African Americans were not insured until the inception of the Affordable
Care Act's adoption. When COVID-19 entered the United States, testing kits were equally
distributed across all fifty states without considering the population density and the actual needs
for testing in every state. Jahromi and Hamidianjahromi (2020) identify ethnic minority
communities as among the country's most vulnerable populations. During the testing period,
many Americans let go of the chance to curb the virus's spread.
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In the process of testing, data was never thought to be biased by race on the number of
tested individuals, but the actual data point to the fact that many African Americans missed
testing. In Kansas, for instance, "the COVID-Racial Data Tracker showed that out of 94,780 tests
carried out, only 4,854 were from African Americans, and 53,350 were from whites" (Reyes,
2020, p. 299; Credit, 2020). On the other hand, African American Americans constituted about
70% of deaths in the state. Only 78,650 Blacks were tested in Illinois than 220,930 Whites
(Pollack & Kelly, 2020; Gold et al., 2020). African Americans contribute to 33% of the
population in Louisiana, according to the 2019 Census, but the deaths of the population account
for 55% of the total in the state (Jahromi & Hamidianjahromi, 2020). The American public
media in New York reported on the COVID-19 mortality rate by ethnicity. The report shows that
the minorities were hit hard, and among these, the African Americans in every state were
severely affected (Ahmed et al. 2020). African Americans reported increased death rates in
North Caroline, Michigan, St Louis, New York, Alabama, Louisiana, and Illinois than
Caucasians (Jahromi & Hamidianjahromi, 2020).
The statutory and federal bodies have responded to the pandemic by instituting several
measures to curb the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Minority communities register higher rates
(81%) of adhering to the regulation as opposed to the Whites (59%) (Alobula et al., 2020).
However, the minority groups registered low knowledge and low attitude scores than the Whites
registered at 30% versus 58%, and 27% versus 52%. The lack of equality in knowledge and
attitude impedes the practice of the minority communities because they are not as empowered as
the Whites and thus did not engage more freely. The findings provide insight into the increased
prevalence of contracting the virus by African-American populations (Hearne & Niño, 2020).
Equality in current education programs requires relevant authorities to diversify the tools used in
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education programs for the COVID-19 virus because the current practices do not improve all
citizens' engagement (Alobula et al., 2020).
The African American community's distribution in the labor market contributes to their
increased inherent risk for the COVID-19 virus. Most of the group works in the lowest-paying
service and domestic occupations where face-to-face contact is mandatory. Such work
environments limit the individual's capacity to follow social distancing guidelines, and most of
the personnel are incapable of working from home (Snowden & Graaf, 2021). These occupations
generally have no job security, which contributed to increased economic impact to the
community following the surge in unemployment due to the pandemic. 46.6% of high-risk white
adults live in households where one worker cannot work from home, which in contrast to 56.5%
of Blacks. The same group of African American workers is less likely to get paid sick leave
(Snowden & Graaf, 2021). The community households are more likely to place them in close
proximity with others (Snowden & Graaf, 2021), significantly increasing the risk of contracting
the COVID-19 virus.
Snowden, L. R., & Graaf, G. (2021). COVID-19, social determinants past, present, and future,
and African Americans' health. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 8(1), 12-20. DOI:
Comment [Office5]: Another way to write the paragraphs, is to
state
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00923-3
In the Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, the author
examined (or assessed or discussed or explored)…
In the peer-reviewed article, COVID-19, social determinants,
past, present and future and African Americans’ health,
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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Comment [Office6]: The journal title should be capitalized but
not the periodical title.
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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Bibliography
Abrams, E. M., & Szefler, S. J. (2020). COVID-19 and the impact of social determinants of
Comment [Office7]: Also, unless Blackboard reformatted your
paper which is very possible, each citation should be indented with a
handing indent and the hyperlinks to the .do should be made
available (blue and underlines). See example. The journal names
should also be italicized.
health. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(7), 659-661.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S22132600(20)30234-4
Ahmed, F., Ahmed, N. E., Pissarides, C., & Stiglitz, J. (2020). Why inequality could spread
COVID-19. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S24682667(20)300852
Ahmed, S. M., Shah, R. U., Bale, M., Peacock, J. B., Berger, B., Brown, A., ... & Keegan, L.
T. (2020). Comprehensive testing highlights racial, ethnic, and age disparities in the COVID-19
outbreak. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.05.20092031
Comment [Office8]: Check for possible missing information.
The name of the journal???
Alcendor, D. J. (2020). Racial disparities-associated COVID-19 mortality among minority
populations in the U.S. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(8), 2442. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082442
Alobuia, W. M., Dalva-Baird, N. P., Forrester, J. D., Bendavid, E., Bhattacharya, J., & Kebebew,
E. (2020). Racial disparities in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to
COVID-19 in the USA. Journal of public health, 42(3), 470-478. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa069
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J., & Matthews, F. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and health
inequalities. J Epidemiol Community Health, 74(11), 964-968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech2020-214401
Credit, K. (2020). Neighborhood inequity: Exploring the factors underlying racial and ethnic
disparities in COVID- 19 testing and infection rates using ZIP code data in Chicago and New
York. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 12(6), 1249-1271. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12321
Gold, J. A., Rossen, L. M., Ahmad, F. B., Sutton, P., Li, Z., Salvatore, P. P., ... & Jackson, B.
R. (2020). Race, ethnicity, and age trends in persons who died from COVID-19
United States, May-August 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(42), 1517.
https://dx.doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6942e1
Hawkins, D. (2020). Social determinants of COVID-19 in Massachusetts, United States: an
ecological study. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 53(4), 220.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7411251/
Hearne, B. N., & Niño, M. D. (2021). Understanding How Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Shape
Mask-Wearing Adherence During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the COVID Impact
Survey. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 1-8.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40615-020-00941-1
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Henning- Smith, C., Tuttle, M., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2020). Unequal distribution of COVID19 risk among rural residents by race and ethnicity. The Journal of Rural Health.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjrh.12463
Henning-Smith, C., Ramirez, M. R., Hernandez, A., Hardeman, R. R., & Kozhimannil, K. B.
(2019). Differences in preventive care among rural residents by race and ethnicity. University of
Minnesota Rural Health Research Center Policy Brief. https://rhrc.
umn.Edu/publication/differences-in-preventive-care-among-rural-residents- by-racandethnicity/.
Published. https://rhrc.umn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/UMNpreventive-services-disparities-policy-brief_11.8.19.pdf
Jahromi, A. H., & Hamidianjahromi, A. (2020). Why African Americans are a potential target
for COVID-19 infection in the United States. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6),
e19934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/19934
Khan, M. M. A., Khan, M. N., Mustagir, M. G., Rana, J., Islam, M. S., & Kabir, M. I.
(2020). Effects of underlying morbidities on the occurrence of deaths in COVID-19 patients: A
systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Health, 10(2).
https://dx.doi.org/10.7189%2Fjogh.10.020503
Lemke, M. K., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Sönmez, S. (2020). A novel COVID- 19 based truck
driver syndemic? Implications for public health, safety, and vital supply chains. American
journal of industrial medicine, 63(8), 659-662. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23138
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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Pollack, H., & Kelly, C. (2020). COVID-19 And Health Disparities: Insights From Key
Informant Interviews | Health Affairs Blog. Retrieved February 25 2021, from
https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20201023.55778/full/
Lee, A. C. K., Alwan, N. A., & Morling, J. R. (2020). COVID19, race and public health.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.052
Raifman, M. A., & Raifman, J. R. (2020). Disparities in the population at risk of severe 12
illness from COVID-19 by race/ethnicity and income. American journal of preventive medicine,
59(1), 137-139. https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(20)301550/pdf
Reyes, M. V. (2020). The Disproportional Impact of COVID-19 on African Americans.
Health and Human Rights, 22(2), 299. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7762908/
Rogers, T. N., Rogers, C. R., VanSant- Webb, E., Gu, L. Y., Yan, B., & Qeadan, F. (2020).
Racial Disparities in COVID- 19 Mortality among Essential Workers in the United States. World
Medical & health policy, 12(3), 311-327.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wmh3.358
Rozenfeld, Y., Beam, J., Maier, H., Haggerson, W., Boudreau, K., Carlson, J., & Medows, R.
(2020). A model of disparities: risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection. International
journal for equity in health, 19(1), 1-10.
https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-020-01242-z
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Snowden, L. R., & Graaf, G. (2021). COVID-19, social determinants past, present, and future,
and African Americans' health. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 8(1), 12-20. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00923-3
Sood, L., & Sood, V. (2020). Being African American and rural: double jeopardy from Covid19. J Rural Health, jrh-12459. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjrh.12459
Statista Research Department, (March 9, 2021). U.S. Unemployment Rate, by Ethnicity 2020.
Retrieved https://www.statista.com/statistics/237917/us-unemployment-rate-byrace-andethnicity/
Turner-Musa, J., Ajayi, O., & Kemp, L. (2020, June). Examining social determinants of 13
health, stigma, and COVID-19 disparities. In Healthcare (Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 168).
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020168
Williams, J. (1976). Conflict Theory and Race Conflict. Social Science,51(1), 32-36. Retrieved April
18, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41886040
Wright, J. E., & Merritt, C. C. (2020). Social equity and COVID- 19: The case of African
Americans. Public Administration Review, 80(5), 820-826. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13251
World Health Organization. (2020). Novel Coronavirus ( 2019-nCoV): situation report, 3.
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/defaultProf. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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source/coronaviruse/situatioreports/20200130sitrep10ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=d0b2e480_2#:~:text=The
%20final%20name%20of%20the,on%20Taxonomy%20of%20Viruses.
Zahnd, W. E. (2020). The COVID- 19 pandemic illuminates persistent and emerging disparities
among rural black populations. The Journal of Rural Health.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjrh.12460
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KEY TERMS:
LITERATURE REVIEW:
Go to About for the journal and read what the journal is about.
The Lancet Public Health is an online-only, open access title in The Lancet's growing family of
specialty journals. Building on the foundation of The Lancet as a champion of public
health research, this monthly journal is committed to publishing high-quality original
Research Articles, Editorials, Comments, and Correspondence that contribute to
advancing health equity, public health practice and policy making worldwide. The
journal is indexed/abstracted in the DOAJ, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and in the
Journal Citation Reports.
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Paragraph Example #1:
In the public health article “Prisons and custodial settings are part of a comprehensive
response to COVID-19,” published in The Lancet Public Health, the authors discuss [ or use
words that describe the authors’ writing (e.g., examine, review, compare, critique]… [add the
in-text citation at the end of the sentence inside the period].
Paragraph Example #2
The authors of The Lancet Public Health article published earlier this year examine
[ or use words that describe the authors’ writing [e.g., compare, critique, review]…[add the intext citation at the end of the sentence inside the period].
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METHODOLOGY:
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METHODOLOGY: DURING THE PANDEMIC
USE THE CHART BELOW: INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CHART
STEP 1: Count and make sure you have 20 sources that have been summarized in your
Literature Review.
STEP 2: Categorize the 20 sources as Peer-Reviewed articles (1st 2 columns) or Reports
(Magazine articles or other sources, basically your secondary sources) in the last 2 columns.
STEP 3: Make sure column 2 and column 4 add up to 20.
STEP 4: Review your Peer Reviewed articles and determine the following:
•
•
•
•
How many peer-reviewed articles have an abstract? (Second row)
How many peer-reviewed articles are available online?
How many peer-reviewed articles were published from 2015-2019?
How many peer-reviewed article are directly related to your topic?
STEP 5: Review your Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) and determine the
following:
•
•
•
•
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) have an abstract? (Second row)
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) are available online?
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) were published from 20152019?
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) are directly related to your
topic?
STEP 6: Underneath your Chart, explain the reason for this type of Methodology, along with the
various databases used to locate your materials.
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Methodology Chart: During the Pandemic
Inclusion
Exclusion
Based on the relevance and inclusion criteria Based on the relevance and exclusion criteria
for this Research Proposal, 16 peer-reviewed
for this Research Proposal, four additional
articles qualified and were analyzed in the
sources did not qualify but were analyzed in
Literature Review.
the Literature Review.
Peer-Reviewed
Reports (Magazine
Articles 2020-2021
articles or other
related sources)
Published During the
Pandemic
(March 2020 –
Present)
Articles with an
Reports (Magazine
Abstract
articles or other
sources) containing
cited sources (or
other scientific
evidence)
Articles available
Reports (Magazine
online
articles or other
related sources)
available online
Articles published
Reports (Magazine
2015-2019
articles or other
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Articles directly
related to the
Research Proposal
Topic
related sources)
published prior to
March 2020
Reports (Magazine
articles or other
related sources)
directly related to the
Research Proposal
DISCUSSION:
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RECOMMENDATIONS:
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
ERASE THESE INSTRUCTIONS: List all of the sources you used to generate your ideas about the topic
including sources cited in your assignment, as well as source you did not cite but used
for background information. Your citation should be indented similar to the citations
below and include the website link. See examples below. ERASE ALL HIGHLIGHTED TEXT.
Kinner, S. A., Young, J. T., Snow, K., Southalan, L., Lopez-Acuña, D., Ferreira-Borges, C., &
O'Moore, É. (2020). Prisons and custodial settings are part of a comprehensive response
to COVID-19. The Lancet Public Health, 5(4), e188-e189. Retrieved from
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(20)30058-X/fulltext
Mohler, G., Bertozzi, A. L., Carter, J., Short, M. B., Sledge, D., Tita, G. E., Uchida, C. D., &
Brantingham, P. J. (2020). Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on
crime in Los Angeles and Indianapolis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 68,
101692.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101692 Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235220301860
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Mohler, G., et al. (2020). Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on crime in Los
Angeles and Indianapolis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 68, 101692.Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235220301860
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SOC 440-301: Research Proposal – Draft (First Half) Research Proposal
Research Proposal: Sections 1-5,
and 11
Student: Ayanna Salaam
Does Not
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1. Title
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SOC 440-301: Research Proposal – Draft (First Half) Research Proposal
Please carefully review and read the following: This Rubric, The Full Rubric with explanations for the points, and The brief comments
on your Research Proposal. When you submit the Methodology, Discussion and Recommendation sections, you also will have the
opportunity to revise your Research Proposal. Otherwise, the points above will added to and/or calculated into your final grade..
THE IMPACT OF COVID19 ON THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY
Ayana Salaam
John Jay College
Professor Patricia Johnson Coxx
Senior Seminar
April 16, 2021
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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Research Proposal: Introduction
(Spring 2021)
INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem
This research examines the influence of the COVID-19 virus on exacerbating existing
health and economic disparities for the African American population. The Coronavirus Disease
2019 (COVID-19) is a new strain of corona viruses. It presents a contagious respiratory disease
whose outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 (WHO, 2020). Since it is
relatively new, the knowledge about its impact on human health is still ongoing, but no cure has
been developed yet. The health conditions identified and associated symptoms include sore
throat, muscle and body aches, shortness of breath, fever or chills, cough, diarrhea, nausea, and
congestion in the breathing system. However, people could be asymptomatic after contracting
the virus.
This proposal's problem is that the COVID-19 pandemic came with various implications
for health and economic inequalities in New York City. There is historical and contemporary
evidence of disparities in pandemics, particularly in the United States. Based on the international
research on the impact of the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918 and the H1N1 outbreak of
2009, there is evidence of socio-economic, ethnic, and geographical disparities in every
pandemic (Abrams & Szefler, 2020; Ahmed et al. 2020). The COVID-19 is no different from the
former pandemics considering the rate of infections and mortality. According to Turner-Musa et
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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al. (2020), the inequalities in COVID-19 conditions reflect the underlying economic disparities
and the existing disparities in health and chronic disease's social determinants.
The COVID-19 is closely related to the Spanish Influenza and H1N1 pandemics. All three
occurred against the backdrop of social and economic disparities in non-communicable diseases.
The severity and prevalence of the COVID-19 pandemic are tremendous because of past chronic
illnesses (Khan et al. 2020). Those pre-existing diseases are strongly correlated with the social
determinants of health. Singer Merrill came up with a syndemic concept in his work to broaden
the understanding of the relationship between HIV/AIDs and drug abuse and violence in the
United States (Bambra et al., 2020; Lemke et al., 2020). According to Bambra et al. (2020), a
syndemic occurs when risk factors entwine and interactively exacerbate the disease by
exponentially exaggerating its adverse effects on a particular population. For this reason, people
of color (particularly the African Americans) in New York City experienced COVID-19 as a
syndemic. When COVID-19 broke out the New York City, many African Americans, especially
the elderly, succumbed to the disease's fatality because they had pre-existing NonCommunicable Diseases (NCDs) and unfavorable social conditions. The unemployment rate for
the minority community in 2020 was 11.4%, compared to the national average of 8.1% (Statista
Research Department, 2021). What are the current socio-economic disparities increasing the risk
of illness and mortality rates of African American communities to the COVID-19 virus?
Statement of Purpose
The purpose of this research proposal is to examine the relationship between the
COVID19 as a public health issue and the underlying disparities impacting minority
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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communities. The case study to inform the research question is the African American community
inhabiting New York City. The community is one of the American minority ethnic groups living
in higher socioeconomic deprivation in New York. The group is below the federal poverty line,
and its members constitute various marginalized groups, including prisoners. Rozenfeld et al.
(2020) state that African Americans have a more significant number of coexisting noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) owing to the political, economic, and environmental
determinants of health.
This proposal uses a narrative approach and an analysis of data from not-for-profit
hospital networks and the National Institute of Health (NIH) to establish the relationship between
socio-economic status and the COVID-19. For example, racism is a social issue that has never
ceased in the United States. It is why African Americans in New York are deficient in the social
determinants of health (Lee et al., 2020). For instance, unemployment for this group is relatively
high compared to the counterpart whites. Access to adequate housing, healthcare, and other
social services is a critical challenge among blacks (Hawkins, 2020; Rogers et al., 2020;
Henning-Smith et al., 2020). Most of them serve in the black color job market that may not yield
enough income to facilitate proper education. Most of these people have underlying healthcare
issues, including chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and conditions such
as obesity.
According to Raifman & Raifman (2020, p. 138), "people living in more socioeconomically
disadvantaged neighborhoods and minority ethnic groups have higher rates of almost all of the
known underlying comorbidities that increase the severity and mortality of COVID-19". Such
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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underlying risk factors include but are not limited to hypertension, asthma, diabetes, liver
disease, renal disease, smoking, obesity, heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease.
Theoretical Perspective
Conflict Theory
The conflict theory can be used to describe the patterns of class and how COVID19
affected the lower-class neighborhoods. Contact theory has been employed to an increasing
extent by those interested in exploring social processes and social problems. The current interest
in Negros and their problems and aspirations has resulted in a number of studies in which
conflict theory is an important analytical tool (Williams, 1976). Conflict theory states society is
in a state of continuous conflict because of competition for controlled resources. COVID19 had a
major impact on the poor neighborhoods because of inadequate healthcare and the lack of proper
resources. The conflict theory in relation to COVID19 and its effect on black people shows how
disruptive and dysfunctional social conflict is, and the need for support in organizations and
societies.
Keywords: COVID-19, Health Disparities, Race/Ethnicity, Health Risk Factors/Comorbidities,
Social Determinants of Health, African-American Community, Public Health Deficiency for
Marginalized Groups, Pre-Existing Non-Communicable Diseases, Syndemic Impact, and access
to social service.
Literature Review
Comment [Office1]: Add the article name or publisher in each
of the paragraphs.
There are various descriptive elements of African Americans that demonstrate systemic
disenfranchisement and oppression. The factors significantly contribute to the disproportionate
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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In [add name of article], the authors discuss, explain, assess, or
examine… [add in-textt citation].
impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the minority group enduring the worst impacts
(Jahromi & Hamidianjahromi, 2020). The minority community is underrepresented in the
medical profession and the government (Wright &Merritt, 2020). The statistics contribute to
implicit biases and unconscious attitudes that disadvantage African Americans. Evidence of the
same in the healthcare sector is determining who to be tested or complete ignorance of symptoms
from the group (Wright &Merritt, 2020). State and local governments also have policies that do
not incorporate the group. One such case is the drive-through testing, which does not account
that a higher percentage of African American homes do not have cars than Whites' homes
(Wright &Merritt, 2020). The governmental policies in place contribute to the health inequities
by placing significant societal and cultural barriers to minority communities, including African
American communities (Alcendor, 2020).
Current statistics suggest disparities in the incidence prevalence and mortality rates of
COVID-19 among racial and ethnic groups in the United States. According to Zahnd (2020),
"African Americans, Hispanics, and the Native American Indians are disproportionately
diagnosed with and die from COVID-19. These findings are explained by health risk factors such
as respiratory illnesses, hypertension, malignancies, heart failure, cerebrovascular and pulmonary
diseases, and diabetes (Jahromi & Hamidianjahromi, 2020: Alcendor, 2020). African-Americans
also have high BMI than Caucasians for children and adults (Wright &Merritt, 2020). The
group's prevalence of health conditions contributes to acute respiratory distress syndrome and
associated complications, severely decreasing their survival chances (Jahromi &
Hamidianjahromi, 2020). African Americans are more prone to severe COVID-19 infections due
to these underlying conditions (Alcendor, 2020). Similarly, social determinants of health,
including access to healthcare, poor neighborhood and housing conditions, economic insecurity,
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and limited resources, make these people more vulnerable to the virus (Henning- Smith et al.
2020).
The American fraternity underestimated the effect of social determinants of health on the
comorbidity of COVID19. "However, there is a serious public health lesion pointing back to
decades and showing that the pandemic is proportionately affected the disadvantaged and the
poor" (Reyes, 2020). Hearne and Niño (2021) argue that if the government can mitigate the
problems of housing, overcrowding, and poor nutrition, it would be possible to minimize the
effects of infectious diseases. Many African Americans in New York and other parts of the
United States are relatively poor and exposed to smoke, increasing asthma morbidity. Limited
access to healthcare implies that their control of asthma is poor. The interplay of asthma and
COVID-19 explains the risk of COVID-19 severity due to disparities in hospitalizations for
COVID-19. The discrepancy in American healthcare services provision is also shown to have
surfaced along racial lines (Wright &Merritt, 2020). While the United States registers the highest
healthcare spending, there is inadequate insurance, high-cost sharing on patients, and
geographical disparities underlying healthcare access. Lakshay Sood and Vanita Sood (2020)
state that 16% of African Americans did not have healthcare insurance than 6% of Whites in
2018. Over 25% of the African Americans were not insured until the inception of the Affordable
Care Act's adoption. When COVID-19 entered the United States, testing kits were equally
distributed across all fifty states without considering the population density and the actual needs
for testing in every state. Jahromi and Hamidianjahromi (2020) identify ethnic minority
communities as among the country's most vulnerable populations. During the testing period,
many Americans let go of the chance to curb the virus's spread.
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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In the process of testing, data was never thought to be biased by race on the number of
tested individuals, but the actual data point to the fact that many African Americans missed
testing. In Kansas, for instance, "the COVID-Racial Data Tracker showed that out of 94,780 tests
carried out, only 4,854 were from African Americans, and 53,350 were from whites" (Reyes,
2020, p. 299; Credit, 2020). On the other hand, African American Americans constituted about
70% of deaths in the state. Only 78,650 Blacks were tested in Illinois than 220,930 Whites
(Pollack & Kelly, 2020; Gold et al., 2020). African Americans contribute to 33% of the
population in Louisiana, according to the 2019 Census, but the deaths of the population account
for 55% of the total in the state (Jahromi & Hamidianjahromi, 2020). The American public
media in New York reported on the COVID-19 mortality rate by ethnicity. The report shows that
the minorities were hit hard, and among these, the African Americans in every state were
severely affected (Ahmed et al. 2020). African Americans reported increased death rates in
North Caroline, Michigan, St Louis, New York, Alabama, Louisiana, and Illinois than
Caucasians (Jahromi & Hamidianjahromi, 2020).
The statutory and federal bodies have responded to the pandemic by instituting several
measures to curb the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Minority communities register higher rates
(81%) of adhering to the regulation as opposed to the Whites (59%) (Alobula et al., 2020).
However, the minority groups registered low knowledge and low attitude scores than the Whites
registered at 30% versus 58%, and 27% versus 52%. The lack of equality in knowledge and
attitude impedes the practice of the minority communities because they are not as empowered as
the Whites and thus did not engage more freely. The findings provide insight into the increased
prevalence of contracting the virus by African-American populations (Hearne & Niño, 2020).
Equality in current education programs requires relevant authorities to diversify the tools used in
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education programs for the COVID-19 virus because the current practices do not improve all
citizens' engagement (Alobula et al., 2020).
The African American community's distribution in the labor market contributes to their
increased inherent risk for the COVID-19 virus. Most of the group works in the lowest-paying
service and domestic occupations where face-to-face contact is mandatory. Such work
environments limit the individual's capacity to follow social distancing guidelines, and most of
the personnel are incapable of working from home (Snowden & Graaf, 2021). These occupations
generally have no job security, which contributed to increased economic impact to the
community following the surge in unemployment due to the pandemic. 46.6% of high-risk white
adults live in households where one worker cannot work from home, which in contrast to 56.5%
of Blacks. The same group of African American workers is less likely to get paid sick leave
(Snowden & Graaf, 2021). The community households are more likely to place them in close
proximity with others (Snowden & Graaf, 2021), significantly increasing the risk of contracting
the COVID-19 virus.
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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Bibliography
Abrams, E. M., & Szefler, S. J. (2020). COVID-19 and the impact of social determinants of
health. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(7), 659-661.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S22132600(20)30234-4
Ahmed, F., Ahmed, N. E., Pissarides, C., & Stiglitz, J. (2020). Why inequality could spread
COVID-19. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S24682667(20)300852
Ahmed, S. M., Shah, R. U., Bale, M., Peacock, J. B., Berger, B., Brown, A., ... & Keegan, L.
T. (2020). Comprehensive testing highlights racial, ethnic, and age disparities in the COVID-19
outbreak. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.05.20092031
Alcendor, D. J. (2020). Racial disparities-associated COVID-19 mortality among minority
populations in the U.S. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(8), 2442. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082442
Alobuia, W. M., Dalva-Baird, N. P., Forrester, J. D., Bendavid, E., Bhattacharya, J., & Kebebew,
E. (2020). Racial disparities in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to
COVID-19 in the USA. Journal of public health, 42(3), 470-478. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa069
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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Comment [Office2]: Review each of your citations, there is
missing information.
Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J., & Matthews, F. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and health
inequalities. J Epidemiol Community Health, 74(11), 964-968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech2020-214401
Credit, K. (2020). Neighborhood inequity: Exploring the factors underlying racial and ethnic
disparities in COVID- 19 testing and infection rates using ZIP code data in Chicago and New
York. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 12(6), 1249-1271. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12321
Gold, J. A., Rossen, L. M., Ahmad, F. B., Sutton, P., Li, Z., Salvatore, P. P., ... & Jackson, B.
R. (2020). Race, ethnicity, and age trends in persons who died from COVID-19
United States, May-August 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(42), 1517.
https://dx.doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6942e1
Hawkins, D. (2020). Social determinants of COVID-19 in Massachusetts, United States: an
ecological study. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 53(4), 220.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7411251/
Hearne, B. N., & Niño, M. D. (2021). Understanding How Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Shape
Mask-Wearing Adherence During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the COVID Impact
Survey. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 1-8.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40615-020-00941-1
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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Research Proposal: Introduction
(Spring 2021)
Henning- Smith, C., Tuttle, M., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2020). Unequal distribution of COVID19 risk among rural residents by race and ethnicity. The Journal of Rural Health.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjrh.12463
Henning-Smith, C., Ramirez, M. R., Hernandez, A., Hardeman, R. R., & Kozhimannil, K. B.
(2019). Differences in preventive care among rural residents by race and ethnicity. University of
Minnesota Rural Health Research Center Policy Brief. https://rhrc.
umn.Edu/publication/differences-in-preventive-care-among-rural-residents- by-racandethnicity/.
Published. https://rhrc.umn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/UMNpreventive-services-disparities-policy-brief_11.8.19.pdf
Jahromi, A. H., & Hamidianjahromi, A. (2020). Why African Americans are a potential target
for COVID-19 infection in the United States. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6),
e19934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/19934
Khan, M. M. A., Khan, M. N., Mustagir, M. G., Rana, J., Islam, M. S., & Kabir, M. I.
(2020). Effects of underlying morbidities on the occurrence of deaths in COVID-19 patients: A
systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Health, 10(2).
https://dx.doi.org/10.7189%2Fjogh.10.020503
Lemke, M. K., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Sönmez, S. (2020). A novel COVID- 19 based truck
driver syndemic? Implications for public health, safety, and vital supply chains. American
journal of industrial medicine, 63(8), 659-662. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23138
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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Research Proposal: Introduction
(Spring 2021)
Pollack, H., & Kelly, C. (2020). COVID-19 And Health Disparities: Insights From Key
Informant Interviews | Health Affairs Blog. Retrieved February 25 2021, from
https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20201023.55778/full/
Lee, A. C. K., Alwan, N. A., & Morling, J. R. (2020). COVID19, race and public health.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.052
Raifman, M. A., & Raifman, J. R. (2020). Disparities in the population at risk of severe 12
illness from COVID-19 by race/ethnicity and income. American journal of preventive medicine,
59(1), 137-139. https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(20)301550/pdf
Reyes, M. V. (2020). The Disproportional Impact of COVID-19 on African Americans.
Health and Human Rights, 22(2), 299. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7762908/
Rogers, T. N., Rogers, C. R., VanSant- Webb, E., Gu, L. Y., Yan, B., & Qeadan, F. (2020).
Racial Disparities in COVID- 19 Mortality among Essential Workers in the United States. World
Medical & health policy, 12(3), 311-327.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wmh3.358
Rozenfeld, Y., Beam, J., Maier, H., Haggerson, W., Boudreau, K., Carlson, J., & Medows, R.
(2020). A model of disparities: risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection. International
journal for equity in health, 19(1), 1-10.
https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-020-01242-z
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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Research Proposal: Introduction
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Snowden, L. R., & Graaf, G. (2021). COVID-19, social determinants past, present, and future,
and African Americans' health. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 8(1), 12-20. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00923-3
Sood, L., & Sood, V. (2020). Being African American and rural: double jeopardy from Covid19. J Rural Health, jrh-12459. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjrh.12459
Statista Research Department, (March 9, 2021). U.S. Unemployment Rate, by Ethnicity 2020.
Retrieved https://www.statista.com/statistics/237917/us-unemployment-rate-byrace-andethnicity/
Turner-Musa, J., Ajayi, O., & Kemp, L. (2020, June). Examining social determinants of 13
health, stigma, and COVID-19 disparities. In Healthcare (Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 168).
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020168
Williams, J. (1976). Conflict Theory and Race Conflict. Social Science,51(1), 32-36. Retrieved April
18, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41886040
Wright, J. E., & Merritt, C. C. (2020). Social equity and COVID- 19: The case of African
Americans. Public Administration Review, 80(5), 820-826. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13251
World Health Organization. (2020). Novel Coronavirus ( 2019-nCoV): situation report, 3.
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/defaultProf. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
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source/coronaviruse/situatioreports/20200130sitrep10ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=d0b2e480_2#:~:text=The
%20final%20name%20of%20the,on%20Taxonomy%20of%20Viruses.
Zahnd, W. E. (2020). The COVID- 19 pandemic illuminates persistent and emerging disparities
among rural black populations. The Journal of Rural Health.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjrh.12460
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KEY TERMS:
LITERATURE REVIEW:
Go to About for the journal and read what the journal is about.
The Lancet Public Health is an online-only, open access title in The Lancet's growing family of
specialty journals. Building on the foundation of The Lancet as a champion of public
health research, this monthly journal is committed to publishing high-quality original
Research Articles, Editorials, Comments, and Correspondence that contribute to
advancing health equity, public health practice and policy making worldwide. The
journal is indexed/abstracted in the DOAJ, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and in the
Journal Citation Reports.
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Paragraph Example #1:
In the public health article “Prisons and custodial settings are part of a comprehensive
response to COVID-19,” published in The Lancet Public Health, the authors discuss [ or use
words that describe the authors’ writing (e.g., examine, review, compare, critique]… [add the
in-text citation at the end of the sentence inside the period].
Paragraph Example #2
The authors of The Lancet Public Health article published earlier this year examine
[ or use words that describe the authors’ writing [e.g., compare, critique, review]…[add the intext citation at the end of the sentence inside the period].
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METHODOLOGY:
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METHODOLOGY: DURING THE PANDEMIC
USE THE CHART BELOW: INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CHART
STEP 1: Count and make sure you have 20 sources that have been summarized in your
Literature Review.
STEP 2: Categorize the 20 sources as Peer-Reviewed articles (1st 2 columns) or Reports
(Magazine articles or other sources, basically your secondary sources) in the last 2 columns.
STEP 3: Make sure column 2 and column 4 add up to 20.
STEP 4: Review your Peer Reviewed articles and determine the following:
•
•
•
•
How many peer-reviewed articles have an abstract? (Second row)
How many peer-reviewed articles are available online?
How many peer-reviewed articles were published from 2015-2019?
How many peer-reviewed article are directly related to your topic?
STEP 5: Review your Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) and determine the
following:
•
•
•
•
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) have an abstract? (Second row)
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) are available online?
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) were published from 20152019?
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) are directly related to your
topic?
STEP 6: Underneath your Chart, explain the reason for this type of Methodology, along with the
various databases used to locate your materials.
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Methodology Chart: During the Pandemic
Inclusion
Exclusion
Based on the relevance and inclusion criteria Based on the relevance and exclusion criteria
for this Research Proposal, 16 peer-reviewed
for this Research Proposal, four additional
articles qualified and were analyzed in the
sources did not qualify but were analyzed in
Literature Review.
the Literature Review.
Peer-Reviewed
Reports (Magazine
Articles 2020-2021
articles or other
related sources)
Published During the
Pandemic
(March 2020 –
Present)
Articles with an
Reports (Magazine
Abstract
articles or other
sources) containing
cited sources (or
other scientific
evidence)
Articles available
Reports (Magazine
online
articles or other
related sources)
available online
Articles published
Reports (Magazine
2015-2019
articles or other
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-25 of 16-
Research Proposal: Introduction
(Spring 2021)
Articles directly
related to the
Research Proposal
Topic
related sources)
published prior to
March 2020
Reports (Magazine
articles or other
related sources)
directly related to the
Research Proposal
DISCUSSION:
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-26 of 16-
Research Proposal: Introduction
(Spring 2021)
RECOMMENDATIONS:
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-27 of 16-
Research Proposal: Introduction
(Spring 2021)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ERASE THESE INSTRUCTIONS: List all of the sources you used to generate your ideas about the topic
including sources cited in your assignment, as well as source you did not cite but used
for background information. Your citation should be indented similar to the citations
below and include the website link. See examples below. ERASE ALL HIGHLIGHTED TEXT.
Kinner, S. A., Young, J. T., Snow, K., Southalan, L., Lopez-Acuña, D., Ferreira-Borges, C., &
O'Moore, É. (2020). Prisons and custodial settings are part of a comprehensive response
to COVID-19. The Lancet Public Health, 5(4), e188-e189. Retrieved from
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(20)30058-X/fulltext
Mohler, G., Bertozzi, A. L., Carter, J., Short, M. B., Sledge, D., Tita, G. E., Uchida, C. D., &
Brantingham, P. J. (2020). Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on
crime in Los Angeles and Indianapolis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 68,
101692.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101692 Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235220301860
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-28 of 16-
Research Proposal: Introduction
(Spring 2021)
Mohler, G., et al. (2020). Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on crime in Los
Angeles and Indianapolis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 68, 101692.Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235220301860
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-29 of 16-
Research Proposal: Introduction
(Spring 2021)
SOC 440-301: Dr./Professor Patricia Johnson Coxx
Research Proposal Grading Rubric (Spring 2021)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
1. TITLE
INSTRUCTIONS:
After completing your final
draft, you may want to
review your title to make
sure that relates to the
topic of your Research
Proposal; summarizes the
main idea; and describes
your Research Proposal.
0 – 1%
A title is not present
or the title is
unrelated to the
topic
of
the
research proposal.
2%
A title is present but the
title is missing key
elements (does not
summarize the main
idea and/or does not
describe the research
proposal).
3% - 4%
A title is present, and
includes most of the key
elements that are expected
(summarizes the main idea
and/or
describes
the
research proposal).
5%
A title is present, and
includes all of the key
elements.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
0% – 3%
4% - 6%
7% - 9%
10%
The Research
Proposal fails to
tackle a significant
issue that impacts
the discipline of
Criminology and
there is no attempt
to build on
previous research.
The Research Proposal
is relatively significant
and there is an attempt
to build on existing
research.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
3. INTRODUCTION:
Statement of the Problem
See relevant content
posted on Blackboard
under Introduction and
Course Agenda Material,
and Check-list, as well as
PowerPoint.
0% – 3%
4% - 6%
7% - 9%
10%
There is a small attempt
to provide readers with
a statement of the
Problem and cite some
of the relevant sources.
There is a number
attempts to provide readers
with a statement of the
Problem and cite most of
the relevant sources.
The student has
provided readers with
a Statement of the
Problem, conducted
thorough
background research
and cited all of the
relevant sources.
2. INTRODUCTION:
Statement of the Purpose
See relevant content
posted on Blackboard
under Introduction and
Course Agenda Material,
and Check-list, as well as
PowerPoint.
There is no
attempt to provide
readers with a
statement of the
Problem and/or
cite relevant
sources.
SOC 440-301 (Spring 2021)
Dr./Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx
The Research Proposal is
significant and there is a
good attempt to build on
existing research.
1 of 9 pages
Grade
Component
(Weight)
Grade
Component
(Weight)
The Research
Proposal is very
significant and the
student has
developed the
purpose of the
Research Proposal by
building on the
existing research.
Research Proposal (final draft)
Grading Rubric
Grade
Component
(Weight)
SOC 440-301: Dr./Professor Patricia Johnson Coxx
Research Proposal Grading Rubric (Spring 2021)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
0 – 1%
There was no
attempt to provide
key terms used to
research the topic.
2%
There was a small
attempt to provide key
terms used to research
the topic.
3% - 4%
There was a major attempt
to provide key terms used
to research the topic.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
5%
The student
researched the topic,
used key terms found
in peer-reviewed
articles, and provided
a significant list of
key terms that may
used in the field for
future research.
Exceeds Expectations
5. LITERATURE
REVIEW
The student has
conducted a thorough
search and research on the
topic and provided a
critical analysis of the
current published body of
knowledge and identified
relevant theories, methods,
and gaps in the existing
research.
0 – 10%
11% - 19%
20% - 24%
25%
The Literature
Review is very
comprehensive based
on the student’s
original research and
describes relevant
scientific material
described in
summary format
based on the
student’s original
summaries.
4. KEY TERMS
See template, Weekly
Live-Session Course
Agenda Materials, as well
as PowerPoint.
The Literature
Review lacks
comprehensive
coverage of the
relevant material.
The Literature Review
is relatively
comprehensive and
describes some of the
relevant material.
The Literature review is
relatively comprehensive
and describes most of the
relevant material, although
significant gaps still exist.
The purpose of the
Research Proposal
is not clearly
described and is
not connected to
the sources.
The purpose of the
Research Proposal is
described, but not as
clearly as it should be
and some of the sources
are not cited and are
not summarized.
The purpose of the
Research Proposal is
adequately described and
clear, although some of the
sources are not properly
cited and are not properly
summarized.
There is some attempt
to connect the material
reviewed with the
Literature Review.
There is a good attempt to
connect the material
reviewed with the
Literature Review.
There is no
connection using
the selected sources
reviewed, the
summaries are
inadequate, and
the purpose of the
Research Proposal
is not clear based
on the Literature
Review.
SOC 440-301 (Spring 2021)
Dr./Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx
2 of 9 pages
The Research
Proposal is clear and
the student described
and provided an
excellent connection
between the sources
reviewed and the
student’s proposed
topic.
Research Proposal (final draft)
Grading Rubric
Grade
Component
(Weight)
SOC 440-301: Dr./Professor Patricia Johnson Coxx
Research Proposal Grading Rubric (Spring 2021)
Grade Component
(Weight)
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
6. METHODOLOGY
The student reviewed the
Methodology sources
posted on Blackboard, as
well as the PowerPoint
viewed and discussed
during the Live Session(s).
The student proposed and
designed the process for
carrying out research and
developed the procedure
for data collection.
The student should select
either the methods (e.g.,
Quantitative [or
Qualitative, or mixed
methods]) for studying the
distribution and cause of
crimes and explain what
methods may be used (e.g.
survey research, field
research, evaluation
research, and explain how
this Research Project will
assist criminologist in
gathering reliable and
valid data in the field of
criminology.
Qualitative research
methods may include
interviews, observations,
actions and interactions,
0% – 3%
No proposed
methods section is
included in the
Research Proposal
or many of the key
elements of the
methods section
are missing (e.g.,
who the
participants are/a
description of the
data collection
process/ no list of
materials material
provided, the
procedure is not
clearly described,
no method(s) of
analysis is/are
discussed. If
applicable, in
particular with live
human subjects,
there are no ethical
issues considered.
4% - 6%
The proposed methods
section is included in
the Research Proposal
but many of the key
elements of the
methods section are
missing (e.g., who the
participants are/a
description of the data
collection process/ no
list of materials material
provided, the procedure
is not clearly described,
no method(s) of
analysis is/are discussed.
If applicable, in
particular with live
human subjects, there
are a few ethical issues
considered.
7% - 9%
The proposed methods
section is included in the
Research Proposal but a
few of the key elements of
the methods section are
missing (e.g., who the
participants are/a
description of the data
collection process/ no list
of materials material
provided, the procedure is
not clearly described, no
method(s) of analysis is/are
discussed, if applicable. In
particular with live human
subjects, there are some
ethical issues considered.
10%
The proposed
methods section is
included in the
Research Proposal
and all of the key
elements of the
methods section are
included (e.g., who
the participants are;
a description of the
data collection
process; a list of the
materials that may be
provided; the
procedure is clearly
described; the
method(s) of analysis
is/are discussed, as
well as any ethical
issues, if relevant.
SOC 440-301 (Spring 2021)
Dr./Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx
3 of 9 pages
Research Proposal (final draft)
Grading Rubric
Grade
Component
(Weight)
SOC 440-301: Dr./Professor Patricia Johnson Coxx
Research Proposal Grading Rubric (Spring 2021)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
7. METHODOLOGY:
DURING THE
PANDEMIC
Review the materials
posted on Blackboard and
the PowerPoint that
provides the sample chart
and materials for the
assessment and analysis of
the scientific evidence
collected.
0% – 3%
4% - 6%
7% - 9%
10%
No proposed
Methods Section:
during the
Pandemic is
included in the
Research Proposal
or many of the key
elements of the
Methods Section:
during the
Pandemic are
missing (e.g., the
Chart containing
the twenty (20)
sources that were
retrieved, along
with the key terms
used to collect the
material and the
pertinent
information
concerning the year
of the sources, type
of sources, whether
the source
contained an
abstract, and other
relevant
information related
to the data
collection process
during the
Pandemic).
The proposed Methods
Section: during the
Pandemic is included in
the Research Proposal
but some of the key
elements of the
Methods Section:
during the Pandemic
are missing (e.g., the
Chart containing the
twenty (20) sources that
were retrieved, along
with the key terms used
to collect the material
and the pertinent
information concerning
the year of the sources,
type of sources, whether
the source contained an
abstract, and other
relevant information
related to the data
collection process
during the Pandemic).
The proposed Methods
Section: during the
Pandemic is included in
the Research Proposal and
includes many of the key
elements of the Methods
Section: during the
Pandemic but not all of the
elements (e.g., the Chart
containing the twenty (20)
sources that were retrieved,
along with the key terms
used to collect the material
and the pertinent
information concerning
the year of the sources,
type of sources, whether
the source contained an
abstract, and other relevant
information related to the
data collection process
during the Pandemic).
The proposed
Methods Section:
during the Pandemic
is included in the
Research Proposal
and includes all of
the key elements of
the Methods Section:
during the Pandemic
(e.g., the Chart
containing the
twenty (20) sources
that were retrieved,
along with the key
terms used to collect
the material and the
pertinent
information
concerning the year
of the sources, type
of sources, whether
the source contained
an abstract, and other
relevant information
related to the data
collection process
during the
Pandemic).
SOC 440-301 (Spring 2021)
Dr./Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx
4 of 9 pages
Research Proposal (final draft)
Grading Rubric
Grade
Component
(Weight)
SOC 440-301: Dr./Professor Patricia Johnson Coxx
Research Proposal Grading Rubric (Spring 2021)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
0% – 3%
4% - 6%
7% - 9%
10%
No potential
research
implications of the
Research Proposal
are discussed or
adequately
discussed and are
not relevant.
Some research
implications are
discussed, but they are
not strongly connected
to the the Research
Proposal.
• The relevant research
implications, either
theoretical or practical,
are not properly
discussed.
Some important research
implications are discussed,
which are connected to the
proposed Research
Proposal.
• A good attempt is made
to discuss both theoretical
and practical research
implications connected to
the relevant criminological
theories.
The student provided
and discussed
research implications
that are important,
relevant and
discussed relevant
criminological
theories in the
Research Proposal.
• Both theoretical
and practical
implications are
accurately described
and connected to the
relevant
criminological
theories.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
9.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Provide at least five
recommendations why
this Research Proposal
should significantly
impact future research.
0% – 3%
4% - 6%
7% - 9%
10%
No
recommendations
were made that
describes the
significance of
submitting this
Research Proposal
for future research.
A few
recommendations were
made that describe the
significance of
submitting this
Research Proposal for
future research.
Some important
recommendations were
made that describe the
significance of submitting
this Research Proposal for
future research.
The student provided
and discussed
significant
recommendations
that are important
and relevant and may
impact future
research.
8. DISCUSSION
(Implications)
Research
implications suggest how
the findings may be
important for policy,
practice, theory, and
subsequent (future)
research.
Research implications are
basically the conclusions
that you draw from your
Literature Review and
explain how your analyze
of the Literature Review
may be important for
policy, practice, and/or
theory.
Grade
Component
(Weight)
[Reminder: View the
materials under
Criminological Theory
posted on Blackboard
including the film
connecting and defining
various theories.
SOC 440-301 (Spring 2021)
Dr./Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx
5 of 9 pages
Research Proposal (final draft)
Grading Rubric
Grade
Component
(Weight)
SOC 440-301: Dr./Professor Patricia Johnson Coxx
Research Proposal Grading Rubric (Spring 2021)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Students were required to
include all of the sources
they used to research the
background material for
their topic, Introduction,
key terms, Literature
Review.
0 – 5%
Major problems
exist with the
Bibliography.
• Many citations
in the body of the
Research Proposal
are missing
• The Bibliography
is either missing
and/or or seriously
problematic.
6%- 10%
• An attempt has been
made to include some
of the sources used in
the Research Proposal
but some citations are
missing in the body of
the proposal.
11% - 14%
• A good attempt has been
made to cite the sources
used in the Research
Proposal •
There are very few
problems with the citations
in the body of the proposal
• There are very few
problems with the
Bibliography, except for a
few minor errors.
15%
• The Bibliography is
excellent
• The citations in the
body of the Research
Proposal are correctly
cited.
• The Bibliography is
complete.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
11. CITATION
FORMAT
0 – 1%
2%
3% - 4%
5%
The Research Proposal is
formatted according to to
APA (or ASA) formatting
guideline very few errors
and/or very few formatting
errors.
The Research
Proposal is perfectly
formatted according
to APA (or ASA)
formatting guidelines
and there are no
formatting errors.
Student has followed a
uniform citation style (e.g.,
APA or ASA style).
Little or no
attempt was made
to format the
Research Proposal
according to meet
the APA (or ASA)
formatting
guidelines.
Many in-text
citations in the
body of the
Research Proposal
are missing and/or
cited materials was
not included in the
Bibliography.
SOC 440-301 (Spring 2021)
Dr./Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx
Some effort was put
into formatting the
Research Proposal
according to meet the
APA (or ASA)
formatting guidelines.
Some of the formatting
elements are present,
although a number of
elements are missing.
6 of 9 pages
Research Proposal (final draft)
Grading Rubric
Grade
Component
(Weight)
Grade
Component
(Weight)
SOC 440-301: Dr./Professor Patricia Johnson Coxx
Research Proposal Grading Rubric (Spring 2021)
Grade Component
(Weight)
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
12. ORGANIZATION
OF THE RESEARCH
PROPOSAL
0 – 1%
2%
3% - 4%
5%
The student prepared a
well-research, wellorganized Research
Proposal.
The Research
Proposal is very
disorganized and
the template was
not used
• Certain sections
of the proposal are
missing or sections
are in the wrong
order
• The writing does
not flow logically
either across
sections or within
sections, and the
list of transition
words (posted on
Blackboard and
distributed by
email) were not
used
• The Research
Proposal is somewhat
disorganized
• All sections of the
proposal are present
and the template was
used BUT there are
problems with the
organization of the
sections • The writing
does not flow logically
either across sections or
within sections, and
transition words (see
Transition List on
Blackboard) were not
used.
The Research Proposal is
relatively organized
• All sections of the
proposal are present,
template was used and the
sections are presented in
the correct order
• The writing flows
relatively well across
sections and within
sections, as well as some of
the transition words have
been used.
The organization of
the Research
Proposal is excellent
and the student used
the template with the
JJC logo.
• All sections of the
proposal are present
and the template was
used.
• The flow of the
writing is excellent
across sections and
within sections, and
transition words are
used throughout the
Research Proposal.
Grade Component
(Weight)
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
13. GRAMMAR,
PUNCTUATION, &
SPELLING
0 – 1%
2%
3% - 4%
5%
There are major
grammar,
punctuation, and
spelling errors
• The errors
seriously interfere
with the readability
of the proposal
There are grammar,
punctuation, and
spelling errors
• The Research
Proposal has errors that
the student failed to
change (e.g., errors that
are visible like spelling
errors with the red
squiggly line
underneath a word).
Grammar, punctuation,
and spelling is correct
except for minor errors.
• Evidence of proofreading
is present.
There are no
grammar,
punctuation, or
spelling errors
•The Research
Proposal was clearly
proofread or the
student had the
Proposal reviewed in
the College’s Writing
Center.
The student took the
initiative and reviewed the
Research Proposal for
grammar, punctuation,
and/or spelling errors.
SOC 440-301 (Spring 2021)
Dr./Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx
7 of 9 pages
Research Proposal (final draft)
Grading Rubric
Grade
Component
(Weight)
Grade
Component
(Weight)
SOC 440-301: Dr./Professor Patricia Johnson Coxx
Research Proposal Grading Rubric (Spring 2021)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Does Not Meet
Expectations
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
14. ACCURACY,
CLARITY, &
CONCISENESS
The student presented an
accurate, clear and
effective Research
Proposal that is concise
(using the fewest words to
clearly convey the
information required in
each subsection of the
Research Proposal.
0 – 1%
2%
3% - 4%
5%
• Many factual
errors exist within
the Research
Proposal.
• The Research
Proposal is not
clearly written.
• The writing is
not concise and the
content of the
Research Proposal
is irrelevant (based
on the
topic/subject
covered in the
Introduction).
Most facts presented in
the Research Proposal
are accurate and the
research (along with intext ctations) is
discussed is accurate
but some issues still
remain unclear.
• The Research
Proposal is not clear
and there are portions
of the Research
Proposal that are
difficult to understand.
• The writing is
reasonably concise and
relevant, although some
of the content could
have been re-organized
either in chronological
order or in order based
on the significance
(importance) of the
subtopic.
Almost all facts presented
in the Research Proposal
are accurate and the
research (along with in-text
citations) is generally
accurate.
• The Research Proposal is
written with reasonable
clarity although there are
still a small number of
issues in the Research
Proposal that are difficult
to understand
• The writing is generally
concise and relevant.
All of the facts
presented in the
Research Proposal are
accurate and the
research and in-text
citations are accurate.
• The Research
Proposal is clearly
written and very easy
to analyze a) why it is
important in the
discipline of
criminology, and b)
easy to review and
analyze why the
problems and issues
related to the
research should be
conducted.
• The Research
Proposal is
appropriately concise
and relevant in the
discipline of
criminology, in
particular during the
global pandemic.
SOC 440-301 (Spring 2021)
Dr./Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx
8 of 9 pages
Research Proposal (final draft)
Grading Rubric
Grade
Component
(Weight)
SOC 440-301: Dr./Professor Patricia Johnson Coxx
Research Proposal Grading Rubric (Spring 2021)
Does Not Meet
Expectations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Approaching
Expectations
Meets Expectations
Exceeds Expectations
1. Title
2. Introduction
• Statement of the
Purpose
3. Introduction
• Statement of the
Problem
4. Key Term
5. Literature Review
6. Methodology
Quantitative
Qualitative
Mixed Methods
7. Methodology: During
the Pandemic
8. Discussion
9. Recommendations
10. Bibliography
11. Citation Format
12. Organization
13. Grammar,
Punctuation & Spelling
14. Accuracy, Clarity &
Conciseness
TOTAL OF SECTIONS
FINAL SCORE
FINAL GRADE:
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
SOC 440-301 (Spring 2021)
Dr./Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx
9 of 9 pages
Research Proposal (final draft)
Grading Rubric
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
ERASE ALL HIGHLIGHTED TEXT
SAVE THIS DOCUMENT SOC440YOURNAME052021
RESEARCH PROPOSAL (FINAL DRAFT) TEMPLATE
SOC 440-301
[ADD YOUR FULL NAME]
TITLE: [ADD THE TITLE OF YOUR RESEARCH PROPOSAL]
INTRODUCTION: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
The statement of the problem is
INTRODUCTION: STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE:
The statement of the purpose is
KEY TERMS:
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-1 of 25-
Research Proposal: FINAL DRAFT
(Spring 2021)
LITERATURE REVIEW:
(Summarize only 20 sources, 20 paragraphs)
Make sure you have included this citation in your Bibliography along with the Link so your
reader can easily read the article.
Kinner, S. A., Young, J. T., Snow, K., Southalan, L., Lopez-Acuña, D., Ferreira-Borges, C., &
O'Moore, É. (2020). Prisons and custodial settings are part of a comprehensive response
to COVID-19. The Lancet Public Health, 5(4), e188-e189. Retrieved from
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(20)30058-X/fulltext
Go to About for the journal and read what the journal is about.
The Lancet Public Health is an online-only, open access title in The Lancet's growing family of
specialty journals. Building on the foundation of The Lancet as a champion of public
health research, this monthly journal is committed to publishing high-quality original
Research Articles, Editorials, Comments, and Correspondence that contribute to
advancing health equity, public health practice and policy making worldwide. The
journal is indexed/abstracted in the DOAJ, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and in the
Journal Citation Reports.
Paragraph Example #1:
In the public health article “Prisons and custodial settings are part of a comprehensive
response to COVID-19,” published in The Lancet Public Health, the authors discuss [ or use
words that describe the authors’ writing (e.g., examine, review, compare, critique]… [add the
in-text citation at the end of the sentence inside the period].
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-2 of 25-
Research Proposal: FINAL DRAFT
(Spring 2021)
Paragraph Example #2
The authors of The Lancet Public Health article published earlier this year examine
[ or use words that describe the authors’ writing [e.g., compare, critique, review]…[add the intext citation at the end of the sentence inside the period].
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-3 of 25-
Research Proposal: FINAL DRAFT
(Spring 2021)
METHODOLOGY:
METHODOLOGY: DURING THE PANDEMIC
USE THE CHART BELOW: INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CHART
STEP 1: Count and make sure you have 20 sources that have been summarized in your
Literature Review.
STEP 2: Categorize the 20 sources as Peer-Reviewed articles (1st 2 columns) or Reports
(Magazine articles or other sources, basically your secondary sources) in the last 2 columns.
STEP 3: Make sure column 2 and column 4 add up to 20.
STEP 4: Review your Peer Reviewed articles and determine the following:
•
•
•
•
How many peer-reviewed articles have an abstract? (Second row)
How many peer-reviewed articles are available online?
How many peer-reviewed articles were published from 2015-2019?
How many peer-reviewed article are directly related to your topic?
STEP 5: Review your Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) and determine the
following:
•
•
•
•
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) have an abstract? (Second row)
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) are available online?
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) were published from 20152019?
How many Reports (Magazine articles or other sources) are directly related to your
topic?
STEP 6: Underneath your Chart, explain the reason for this type of Methodology, along with the
various databases used to locate your materials.
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-4 of 25-
Research Proposal: FINAL DRAFT
(Spring 2021)
Methodology Chart: During the Pandemic
Inclusion
Exclusion
Based on the relevance and inclusion criteria Based on the relevance and exclusion criteria
for this Research Proposal, 16 peer-reviewed
for this Research Proposal, four additional
articles qualified and were analyzed in the
sources did not qualify but were analyzed in
Literature Review.
the Literature Review.
Peer-Reviewed
Reports (Magazine
Articles 2020-2021
articles or other
related sources)
Published During the
Pandemic
(March 2020 –
Present)
Articles with an
Reports (Magazine
Abstract
articles or other
sources) containing
cited sources (or
other scientific
evidence)
Articles available
Reports (Magazine
online
articles or other
related sources)
available online
Articles published
Reports (Magazine
2015-2019
articles or other
related sources)
published prior to
March 2020
Articles directly
Reports (Magazine
related to the
articles or other
Research Proposal
related sources)
Topic
directly related to the
Research Proposal
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-5 of 25-
Research Proposal: FINAL DRAFT
(Spring 2021)
DISCUSSION:
RECOMMENDATIONS:
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-6 of 25-
Research Proposal: FINAL DRAFT
(Spring 2021)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ERASE THESE INSTRUCTIONS: List all of the sources you used to generate your ideas about the
topic
including sources cited in your assignment, as well as source you did not cite but used
for background information. Your citation should be indented similar to the citations
below and include the website link. See examples below. ERASE ALL HIGHLIGHTED TEXT.
Kinner, S. A., Young, J. T., Snow, K., Southalan, L., Lopez-Acuña, D., Ferreira-Borges, C., &
O'Moore, É. (2020). Prisons and custodial settings are part of a comprehensive response
to COVID-19. The Lancet Public Health, 5(4), e188-e189. Retrieved from
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(20)30058-X/fulltext
Mohler, G., Bertozzi, A. L., Carter, J., Short, M. B., Sledge, D., Tita, G. E., Uchida, C. D., &
Brantingham, P. J. (2020). Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on
crime in Los Angeles and Indianapolis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 68,
101692.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101692 Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235220301860
Mohler, G., et al. (2020). Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on crime in Los
Angeles and Indianapolis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 68, 101692.Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235220301860
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-7 of 25-
Research Proposal: FINAL DRAFT
(Spring 2021)
Prof. Patricia Johnson Coxx (SOC 440-301)
-8 of 25-
Research Proposal: FINAL DRAFT
(Spring 2021)
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