WLCHS Historical Happenings and Transformations in Contemporary World Discussion

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Question 1: Using the documents and your knowl transformed diplomacy in the twentieth century. Document 1 Source: The “Loi-Cadre” of June 23, 1956 Without prejudice to the expected reform of Title VIII of the Constitution, in order to give the overseas peoples a more direct share in the management of their own interests, measures of administrative decentralization and devolution shall be introduced within the territories, groups of territories and central services under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of France Overseas. To this end, decrees taken on the basis of the report given by the Minister of France Overseas and, on occasion, by the Minis- ters concerned, may: 1) Modify the role and powers of administration and management of the general governments with a view to transforming them into coordinating bodies... .. 2) Institute government councils in all the territories.. 3) Grant broadened deliberative powers... 4) Determine the conditions of the institution... Document 2 Source: Declaration on Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 1960 General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV), December 14, 1960 The General Assembly: Mindful of the determination proclaimed by the peoples of the world in the Charter of the United Nations to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person,...Solemnly proclaims the necessity of bringing to a speedy and unconditional end colonialism in all its forms and manifestations; And to this end Declares that: 1. The subjec- tion of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights, is contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and is an impediment to the promotion of world peace and co-operation. 2. All peoples have the right to self-determination; by virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. 3. Inadequacy of political, economic, social or educational preparedness should never serve as a pretext for delaying independence. 4. All armed action or repressive measures of all kinds directed against dependent peoples shall cease in order to enable them to exercise peacefully and freely their right to complete independence, and the integrity of their national territory shall be respected. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE II. Practice Test 1 ] Section II Document 3 Source: British Government Statement on its policy In Burma, May 1945 The considered policy of His Majesty's Government of promoting full self -government in Burma has frequently been declared. It Is and has consistently been our aim to assist her political development till she can sustain the responsibilities of complete self-government within the British Commonwealth and consequently attain a status equal to that of the Dominions and of this country. 2. Inevitably Burma's progress towards full self-government has been interrupted and set back by, the Jap- anese invasion and the long interval of enemy occupation and active warfare in her territories, during which she has suffered grave damage not only in the form of material destruction but in a shattering of the foundations of her economic and social life. It is, of course, upon these foundations that a political structure rests, and until the foundations are once' again firm the political institutions which were in operation before the Japanese invasion cannot be restored. ...3. Until these foundations are restored sufficiently, to enable the first essential political process to be undertaken, that is for a General Election to be held, it is not possible to re-establish a Burmese Government as it existed till 1941. It is accordingly necessary, so long as the govern- ment of the country cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the 1935 Act, that recourse should continue to be had to the provisions of Section 139, under which the administration is carried on by the Governor in direct responsibility to His Majesty's Government. ... But though this initial period of controlled government is necessary, His Majesty's Govern ment are anxious that all the functions of government should not in fact be concentrated in the Governor, but that he should be provided with definite means of obtaining Burmese assistance and advice in the discharge of them and have power to associate with himself representatives of Burmese opinion in executive and legislative capacities. Document 4 EUROPE LEBANON 1946 ASIA KOREA (Divided, 1945) Parere NISLA JO MORQUE T956 ISRAEL 1948 KUWAIT L1961 PT. JORDAN 1946 LAOS 1954 TAIWAN (To China, 1945) AERUG MAURIT.NL SENEGAL 1960 ERITREA (TO ETHIOPIA, 1937) NIGER VIETNAM (Divided, 1954) PHILIPPINES 1946 VEN . 1967 GAMBLA 1965 PACIFIC OCEAN ALIA NIOERA GUINEA 1958 CEYLON 1948 CAMBODIA 1954 BRUNEM MALAYSIA 1963- INDIAN OCEAN SIERRA LEONE 1961 IVORY COAST 1960 RWANDA SINGAPORE (From Malaysia, 1965) GHANA 1957 EQ. GUINEA TOGO 1968 1960 DAHOMEY GABON 1960 CONGO (Brazzaville) 1960 BURUNDI 1960 ZANZIBAR 1963 INDONESIA 1948 MALAWI 1964) Colonial Affiliations Before 1945 Independent before 1945 Belgian Japanese ATLANTIC OCEAN MADAGASCAR French Spanish American Dependent states, 1968 British Italian SWAZILAND 1968 Dutch LESOTHO 1966 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 34 For more free content, visit PrincetonReview.com Document 5 Source: President Sukarno of Indonesia's speech at the opening of the Bandung Conference, April 18 1955 ...today we are faced with a situation where the well-being of mankind is not always the primary consideration. Many who are in places of high power think, rather, of controlling the world. Yes, we are living in a world of fear. The life of man today is corroded and made bitter by fear. Fear of the future, fear of the hydrogen bomb, fear of ideologies. Perhaps this fear is a greater danger than the danger itself, because it is fear which drives men to act foolishly, to act thoughtlessly, to act danger- ously. ...All of us, I am certain, are united by more important things than those which superficially divide us. We are united, for instance, by a common detestation of colonialism in whatever form it appears. We are united by a common detestation of racialism. And we are united by a common determination to preserve and stabilise peace in the world. Document 6 Source: Jawaharlal Nehru's December 18, 1956 speech in Washington D.C. I speak of India because it is my country and I have some right to speak for her. But many other countries in Asia tell the same story, for Asia today is resurgent, and these countries which long lay under foreign yoke have won back their independence and are fired by a new spirit and strive toward new ideals. To them, as to us, independence is as vital as the breath they take to sustain life, and colonialism, in any form, or anywhere, is abhorrent ... Peace and freedom have become indivisible, and the world cannot continue for long partly free and partly subject. In this atomic age peace has also become a test of human survival. Recently we have witnessed two tragedies which have powerfully affected men and women all over the world. These are the tragedies in Egypt and Hungary. Our deeply felt sympathies must go out to those who have suffered or are suffering, and all of us must do our utmost to help them and to assist in solving these problems in a peaceful and constructive way. But even these tragedies have one hopeful aspect, for they have demonstrated that the most powerful countries cannot revert to old colonial methods or impose their domination over weak countries. World opinion has shown that it can organize itself to resist such outrages. Perhaps, as an outcome of these tragedies, freedom will be enlarged and will have a more assured basis. The preservation of peace forms the central aim of India's policy. It is in the pursuit of this policy that we have chosen the path of nonalinement [nonalignment) in any military or like pact of alliance. Nonalinement does not mean passivity of mind or action, lack of faith or conviction. It does not mean submission to what we consider evil. It is a positive and dynamic approach to such problems that confront us. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE II. Practice Test 1 AT SA Document 7 Source: Speech at The First Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Conference, Anwar el Sadat, 1957 The idea of Afro-Asian Solidarity did not emanate out of naught, so as to be born and see daylight at Bandung all of a sudden. But before materializing as an historical event, it was an impression and an innate volition instinctively developing in the mind of the colonized and the exploited—the human being whom imperialism had reduced to a typefied specimen of a subjugated specie and bondsman recognisable in every colonized country. Indeed the idea of solidarity, was deeply rooted in the hearts of those subjected peoples, continually aspiring through diverse national movements to smash the fetters of bondage and redeem their salvation. In the course of time these national movements were destined to meet, to consolidate and to react with one another, purposefully in some instances, but unconsciously and spontaneously in the majority of cases. It is evident therefore, that the Bandung Conference was not a haphazard event, but rather a natural psychological factor which led to the awakening of the peoples of Africa and Asia and roused them from their slumber to solve the problem of their very existence and survival, and to resume the struggle for the recovery of their liberty and freedom. ..Gone for ever is the era where the future of war and peace was decided upon in a few European capitals, because today we happen to be strong enough to make the decision ourselves in that respect. Our weight in the international balance has now become preponderant. Only think of the colossal number of our people, our natural resources, the vastness of the area covered by our respective countries, and our strategic positions. Tur NEXT PA
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LEADERSHIP PHILOSPHY PAPER

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Evaluate the extent to which decolonization transformed diplomacy in the twentieth century
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LEADERSHIP PHILOSPHY PAPER

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Evaluate the extent to which decolonization transformed diplomacy in the twentieth century
The contemporary world is a product of historical happenings and transformations.
Decolonization is one such phenomenal transformation, reflecting historical changes that mark
the independence of colony states or countries. Arguably, the transition from colonies to
independent states resulted from diplomatic actions. Through modification of government
powers, administrate units, global institutional and assemblies, and deliberate powers, there an
overall diplomatic decolonization movement. The whole diplomatic mission against colonialism
was driven by inherent ills of colonialism such as alien violation of human rights, subjugation,
imperialism, and exploitation in the twentieth century.
The diplomacy efforts geared towards independence were partly anchored on human
values and principles. Various global institutions strive to strike diplomatic negotiations and
talks to end colonialism while citing violations of human values, rights, and principles as some
of the core reasons informing the end of colonialism. The Charter of the United Nations
reaffirmed the tenets of human rights and dignity as the fundamental reasons necessitating an
urgent and unconditional stop to colonialism and its manifestation (Declaration of Granting
Independence to Colonial Countries and People,1960). The exposure of people to alien
subjugation, exploitation, and domination culminates in human rights infringement. Thus,
colonialism violated the Charter of the United Nations' principles and constituted a threat to
world peace and cooperation (Declaration of Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and
People,1960).
Furthermore, during the First Afro-Asian speech conference in 1957, the wide
condemnation against imperialism and exploitations, where the white few European capitalists
were no longer considered necessary because they were a threat to global peace and fundamental

LEADERSHIP PHILOSPHY PAPER

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human rights. The Jawaharlal Nehru speech of 1956 echoed similar sentiments against
colonialism where he expressed a desire to pursue non-alignment policies in India to prevent
colonial strategies that threatened global peace. The speech by Jawaharlal Nehru illustrated
administrative and diplomatic pursuits of people and global cooperation. The whole spectrum of
colonialism was driven by a desire to control the world, thereby contributing partially to the
world being devoid of “humanity ” (President Sukarno,1955). President Sukarno talked about
fear and desire to control the world as factors that make people act unreasonably, including
bombing others, but argued that people are unified in condemnation against colonialism and
racism. Thus, the colonial happenings culminated in a significant threat towards liberties,
freedoms, and fundamental rights, as manifested in exploitation and colonial domination. These
reasons led to decolonization packaged in diplomatic movements. It appears that the whole
decolonization movement in the twentieth century had an overarching interplay of world
institutions and organizations, and nations, as evidenced by a global organization such as the
Charter of the United Nations, states such as India, and organized movements including the
Afro-Asian conference.
The movement against colonialism led to diplomacy-anchor...

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