LTHE 101 Gannon University Morality of Obligation and The Morality of Happiness Essay

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LTHE 101

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LTHE

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1.Describe the difference between the Morality of Obligation and the Morality of Happiness.

2.Explain the purpose of our conscience and our duty to form the conscience.

3-Describe the term “natural law.”

4- Discuss your view on whether there is a universal moral code and note what are some possible universal moral codes.

5.Explain the Just War doctrine.

6-Explain the term “Communion of Saints.”

7-Discuss these three approaches to morality: Utilitarianism, Kantian Ethics, and Virtue Theory. I will attach 4 powerpoint to help you

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Foundations of Theology and Christian Morality LTHE 101 Seven Deadly Sins 1. P 2. G 3. E 4. W or A 5. L 6. G 7. S or L Role of the Conscience Nature of Conscience A judgement of reason about the moral quality of an action Not a feeling Apply what we know is right or wrong to particular decisions “Voice of God” What is our duty with respect to forming the conscience? 1. We must be open to the truth and what is right (docile). 2. We must study Sacred Scripture and the teachings of the Church. 1. We must examine the facts and background information about various choices. 1. We must prayerfully reflect to discern the will of God. 5. We must listen to the prudent advice and good example of others. 6. Be aware of the authoritative teaching of the Church (magisterium). 7. The gifts of the Holy Spirit help us develop our conscience. 8. Regular examination of conscience is important as well. 2012, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Who will we listen to in forming our conscience? •The culture •Our friends •The Church •Our family Conscience is the ultimate guide. We must always do what our conscience says to do. •Eternal Law – God’s mind •Natural Law – apply to all peoples, at all times, in all places Can be determined by reflecting on the nature of life •Human Law – issued by a legitimate government authority Natural Law Rule of conduct prescribed to us by God in the make-up of the nature which he has given us. Apply to all peoples, at all times, in all places St. Thomas Aquinas, O.P. Dominican 1225-1274 His thinking was the main influence until 1960s Natural Law Natural Inclinations 1. 2. 3. 4. Self-preservation Procreation Seek the truth Social connections Incline Moral Natural Law Immoral Protect our own life and the lives of the vulnerable from conception to natural death Self-preservation Suicide Self-harm Abortion Euthanasia Sexual relations between man and woman open to bearing children Procreation Birth Control Homosexual Acts Sterilization Foundations of Theology and Christian Morality LTHE 101 November 7, 2019 Is there a universal moral code? NO Man's inhumanity to man and the way that animals will even kill their own offspring, show to me that there in no moral code in the universe. Each Culture has their own Belief System and Moral Code which is formed by their history and current society. There is no moral code that is universal to all people. It varies with different cultures and societies. What some may call as "wrong" is actually not "wrong" but simply not falling in place with their ideology/beliefs. Perception is reality – no absolute truth YES The Universal Moral Code is in Our Nature The Universal Code exists just as Mathematics exists! There is a Universal Moral Code but it differs as do most things, sure there are a slightly different set of rules for different places, but they follow the same moral code, Judaism provides an ultimate and eternal moral system passed from G-d Moral values are universal and immutable First through Third Commandments Perjury Idols Blasphemy Superstition Presumption Magic Indifference Sunday services/Eucharist Fourth and Fifth Commandments As long as a child lives at home with his/her parents, the child should obey his parents in all that they ask of him/her when it is for his/her good or that of the family. (CCC 2217) Respect life in all stages and in all situations. Sixth Commandment The result of sexuality -- procreation and unity Marriage is the only relationship in which both results are possible. Seventh through Tenth Commandments Steal Covet Another Bear False Witness Covet Goods What is the greatest commandment? Matthew 22:36-40 • 36 “Teacher, which is the greatest commandment • in the Law?” • 37 Jesus replied: “‘Love the Lord your God with • all your heart and with all your soul and with all • your mind.’[a] 38 This is the first and greatest • commandment. 39 And the second is like it: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’[b] 40 All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments.” • Religious Morality – human beings in relationship to God Four Aspects of Morality • Natural Morality – Human beings in relation to nature • Individual Morality – Human beings in relationship to self • Social Morality – Human beings in relationship to others Common Moral Code DO NO HARM. Do not do to others what you would not like them to do to you. Do not lie. Do not steal. Do not cheat. Do not falsely accuse others. Do not commit adultery. Do not commit incest. Do not physically or verbally abuse others. Do not murder. Do not destroy the natural environment upon which all life depends. DO GOOD. Do to others what you would like them to do to you. Be honest and fair. Be generous. Be faithful to your family and friends. Take care of your children when they are young. Take care of your parents when they are old. Take care of those who cannot take care of themselves. Be kind to strangers. Respect all life. Protect the natural environment upon which all life depends. © Copyright Kent M. Keith 2003, 2018 Oliver Scott Curry Senior researcher at Oxford’s Institute for Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology Morality is always and everywhere a cooperative phenomenon. These seven moral rules appear to be universal across cultures: 1.love your family 2.help your group 3.return favors 4.be brave 5.defer to authority 6.be fair 7.respect others’ property Moral Theories 1. Utilitarianism – The action that brings about the most happiness Triage unit – two patients need immediate care ( 7 yr. old & 72 yr. old) Ignores obligations to certain individuals If torture leads to saving others, then torture is moral 2. Kantian Ethics – Never use humans as instruments for other purposes Intention is the only consideration Recommending someone for medical trial (in their best interest, make $) 3. Virtue Theory – What would a virtuous (good) person do in this situation Aristotle Virtue Theory Foundations of Theology and Christian Morality LTHE 101 What/who is worth dying for? Family Freedom Country Relieve suffering Job People’s Temple 1978 Jim Jones Jonestown, Guyana South America 909 dead; 1/3 children Poison-laced punch Willingly / at gun point “Blind Obedience” Fortitude • fortis, “strength” -- do the right thing, even in the midst of hardship • firmness of mind that allows us to do the good and endure what is evil, especially when our actions involve things that are difficult. Fearfulness Fortitude Fearlessness and Reckless Fortitude does not suppress fear but endures fear. Virtues associated with Fortitude 1. Magnanimity, guides our thoughts and actions to great and not petty things, to things that truly matter and are truly honorable, even though they may be difficult to obtain. 2. Patience and perseverance 3. Magnificence, to try to make or build great things The greatest example of the virtue of fortitude is to lay down one’s life. Martyr – someone killed for his/her faith An act of fortitude -1. Person is vulnerable – has something to loose 2. What he/she does matters – it doesn’t guarantee the situation will be improved Suffering is not praiseworthy; the willingness to suffer for a cause is praiseworthy Serenity Prayer Temperance Moderates desires and pleasures, providing a balance in life. Moderation and restraint in diet, entertainment, technology, relationships, and sex Without temperance, there is no guard against the capital sins Vices – Indulgence, Gluttony, Lust, Drunkenness Virtues -- Sobriety, Chastity, Self-restraint, Modesty Emotions Our judgements of situations automatic and non-conscious Ways to shape our emotions 1. Rise up automatically, but are sustained by us encouraging them 2. Intentionally put ourselves in situations where predictable emotions will be aroused 3. Beliefs prompt certain emotions. Change beliefs – change emotions Foundations of Theology and Christian Morality LTHE 101 Big Questions • What happens after death? • Why am I here? • What is my purpose? • Why bother trying to live a “good” life? • In the end, does any of it really matter? FAITH PRUDENCE How will I live my life? Inwardly decisions What is the purpose of life? Outwardly decisions What do you believe is true without being able to verify? • Future events – “I believe this job I am taking is going to be satisfying.” • Information provided by others – “I could hardly believe that news story.” “Science has discovered life on another planet.” • Opinions that we have formed - “I believe she is an honest person.” “I believe my mom has my best interest in mind.” For the big questions … • Consider the evidence • Keep an eye out for contradiction and inconsistency • Consider ramifications of positions Maturity is making the worldview you have been given your own or choosing to reject it and developing your own perspective. Believe To cling firmly to something as true Accept something as true without being able to verify Faith Virtue by which we believe in true things about God and God’s relationship to humanity 1. Personal faith Communal nature “church” “Communion of Saints” 2. Relationship initiated by God – we know because God has revealed Himself 3. Transcends our unaided capacities Makes us more than we could be on our own 4. Answer to a natural human longing Completes and elevates human reasoning Theological Virtues Most ancient of Christian symbols “Theos” – God Virtues directed toward God Faith Love Hope "as an anchor of the soul, sure and firm" (Hebrews 6:19-20) Hope – A supernatural gift Definition: The confident expectation of divine blessing and the beatific vision of God We desire the kingdom of heaven and eternal life as our happiness Hope keeps us from discouragement Hope sustains us in times of abandonment Hope allows us to strive for heaven as something that is possible, but not guaranteed Restlessness – we hunger for more; we are never fully satisfied • Another person cannot fulfill all your needs • Get disappointed and believe the issue is with the person or object Don’t have another person be your world; your source of happiness 1. They become your god – sell out to keep them happy 2. You become satisfied with less Yearn for union with God as your true destiny Sins (Vices) against hope 1. Despair Ceases to hope for salvation from God Help from God Forgiveness of sins 2. Presumption Presumes upon his own capacities (without help from God) Presumes upon God’s power and/or mercy (without conversion) Heaven and Eternal Life • Eternal life is not this life just longer • There will be nothing more to long for; longings are gone • No longer need hope and faith • Living fully • No one says, “I want hell,” but want things on their own terms; selfserving not truly loving Communion of Saints 1. Church on Earth 2. Blessed in Heaven 3. Suffering in Purgatory Judgement Not a pass/fail test We all want happiness Desire true happiness - - heaven Desire happiness on our own terms – hell Purgatory Catholic not a protestant concept Purging in preparation for full union with God Not a temporary jail sentence A necessary and painful purging which leads to a joyful healing and transformation to unite us with God
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1. Describe the difference between the Morality of Obligation and the Morality of Happiness.
The difference between morality of obligation and morality of happiness is based on the
person’s sentiments between the two of the positive and negative situations. The morality of
obligation has the sense of duty or what has someone is ought to do. Most people see it as
something that has to be done no matter what. It’s the requirement of imposing someone else’s
will over one’s own. Thus, one sees it as burden and making the person unhappy. On the other
hand, morality of happiness includes the things that one makes feel good—enjoying the life. It
doesn’t feel restrictive and the person does whatever one likes preferably without any negative
consequences on one’s part or with other people. It is what makes on happy so the person can
repeat doing it again.
However, the two does not have to be too exclusive. If what is obligated to the person can
make himself/herself happy, then he/she is happily obligated to do it. Therefore, even if moral
obligation cannot bring that person moral happiness, he/she can view it as something for the
greater good than personal happiness. Then the attitude will not be out of burden because it is
what was ought to do but of love and willingness, he/she will do it.

2. Explain the purpose of our conscience and our duty to form the conscience.
The purpose of conscience is for us people to be able to think on our own and know what is
right or wrong, what is moral or not. Rationality in our conscience is what sets us apart from
animals. It makes us perceptive and be able to control, monitor, and evaluate our actions. With
our duty to form the conscience, it would make our lives harmonious as well as our relationship
with others too. Vélez (2009) says that a well-formed conscience is effective because it makes
practical judgments with relative ease or after seeking advice. It is our duty to examine our
conscience and evaluate our actions that is to be and has been done.

3. Describe the term “natural law.”
Natural law is a rule of conduct that are inherent to us humans and is conferred by God,
reason, or nature. It is innate for us humans and is also influenced by our families and teachings
that we got as grow up. Just like it is natural for us not to kill or harm other people because we
were taught that it is wrong, bad, and immoral. Basically, natural law is what initially influences
our conscience to discern what is right.

4. Discuss your view on whether there is a universal moral code and note what some possible
universal moral codes are.
I believe that for something to be labeled as universal, it must apply to all. I think that
caring is a universal moral code. Regardless of the culture, religion, or race, people care a lot.
Sometimes, it may not be with respect to other people, but towards oneself. It doesn’t have to

specifically mean that we people care about one another because realistically speak...


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