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Xiaoya Zhou
Dr. Melinda Guillén
MCWP 50 section 048
31 March 2021
Annotated Bibliography
Bridges, George S., Robert D. Crutchfield, and Edith E. Simpson. "Crime, social structure
and criminal punishment: White and nonwhite rates of imprisonment." Social
Problems 34.4 (1987): 345-361.
The authors’ central claim is that individuals of low social-economic standing are more
likely to be punished than those of high socioeconomic status. One sub claim is that most whites
have a good economic background compared to the nonwhites, and their level of incarceration is
lower. Bridges and colleagues wanted to know how the various attributes of a society’s social
structure impacted or affected criminal punishment. As a result, they carried out a study to
examine the relationship between the two. The results of the study are in line with what Marxist
theorists stipulated and to be more specific that punishment is given according to an individual’s
economic level and that law is a tool used by the elites in the society to control the poor and the
powerless (129).
This study is relevant to this research as it helps show the relationship between the socialeconomic standing of an individual and the punishment likely to be awarded in court. The
sample size used in the study was large, which increases the credibility of the results attained.
Also, the procedure followed did not leave room for bias which increases the credibility of the
results. All three researchers were sociology professors at the University of Washington making
the study credible. Oxford Academic published the work in 2014 after confirming the validity of
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the study and was meant for people in position of power who can enact the recommendation. The
only limitation is that not all the States were considered in coming up with the sample (123).
The main reason I picked this article is that the study shows the relationship between
social-economic background and incarceration. It will aid to portray the disparity in punishment
awarded in court based on an individual's economic standing in a society. The poor are more
likely to be incarcerated than the wealthy even though they have committed the same illegal act.
The information presented in this study is in line with the argument and evidence presented by
Garland and colleagues in their journal article. To be more specific, the poor are more likely to
receive punishment such as incarceration compared to their wealthy counterpart (103).
Garland, Brett E., Cassia Spohn, and Eric J. Lodahl. "Racial disproportionality in the
American prison population: Using the Blumstein method to address the critical
race and justice issue of the 21st century." Justice Policy Journal 5.2 (2008): 1-42.
Garland and colleagues’ main claim is that the Blumstein method can be used to address
injustice the poor people of color face in the criminal justice system. One subclaim is that one of
the significant issues in contemporary criminal justice is the inequality the poor face. More
specifically, the disadvantaged Hispanic and African Americans due to their wanting economic
backgrounds have a higher incarceration rate compared to the wealthy Whites. Using evidence
from various studies and reputable sources, they provide a recommendation of how to deal with
the discrimination the poor minority races face in the justice system. To be precise, they prove
that the Blumstein method can be used to address this injustice the poor people of color face. The
method can be instrumental in identifying, monitoring, and predicting locations in the justice
system where discrimination based on race and class is likely to occur (146).
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This peer-reviewed article is relevant to my research as it provides a key recommendation
that can eliminate the inequality the poor face in the justice system. All three authors are senior
professors of criminology, which makes it credible. Garland is a professor at the Missouri State
University, Spohn is a professor at Arizona State University, and Wodahl is a Professor at the
University of Wyoming. The article was published in 2008 in the Journal Polity Journal. They
also quote different renowned individuals in the field like Alfred Blumstein, which increases the
credibility of their arguments. Even though his article is more than a decade old, the
recommended method to reduce the inequality the poor face in the justice system is still sound
(122).
The main reason I picked this article is that the authors depict the relationship between an
individual's economic background and their incarceration rate. They also outline a sound solution
to help deal with the predicament which is adopting the Blumstein method to identify, monitor
and predict locations in the justice system where discrimination based on race and class is likely
to occur. Like the article by Taylor and colleagues and Garland and colleagues, the authors
provide a recommendation on how to end the injustice the people of color face in the judicial
system face due to their wanting economic background (100)
Reiman, Jeffrey, and Paul Leighton. The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Thinking
critically about class and criminal justice. Routledge, 2020.
The authors’ main claim is that the justice system is flawed, and the prisons are full of
economically disadvantaged individuals when the wealthy who actually cause a lot of harm with
their greed and predator behavior are not punished. The first sub claim is that even though the
United States claims that it is tough on crime, the evidence of its efforts is very limited. The
second sub claim is that the wealthy individuals who commit illegal acts use their corporate
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leadership, power, resources, and influence to manipulate situations in the justice system, like
evidence tampering or paying off the judges, to avoid going to jail. The last claim is that due to
lack of accountability on their part, the wealthy deem themselves untouchable and continue
engaging in crime, and the poor are at a disadvantage (136).
This work is helpful in my research as it will helps depict why even though the poor and
the rich may engage in the same illegal acts in the streets when caught, only the poor man is
likely to be incarcerated. The arguments presented in this peer review piece of work are
supported by solid evidence hence is reliable. Also, the book was published last year by the
renowned publisher Routledge, which makes the information valid and up to date. It was meant
for scholars seeking to understand the injustice in the system. The authors are also renowned
sociology and criminology professors and researchers from the University in Washington and
Eastern Michigan University, which make the information from the work credible (121).
This work will help shed light on the disparity that exists between the poor and the rich in
the justice system. To be more specific, it helps indicate that due to their corporate leadership,
resources, power, and influence, the rich are hardly ever incarcerated. The poor, on the other
hand, lack the resources to buy out their way. It a reason why even though the wealthy and the
poor may perform the same criminal act, the poor man is more likely to be incarcerated while the
rich man is set free. This information is in line with the evidence provided in the article by
Bridges and colleagues (107)
Taylor, Evi, Patricia Guy-Walls, Patricia Wilkerson, and Rejoice Addae. "The Historical
Perspectiv...