Running Head: MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US Policy Paper: Mental Health in the US 1 MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 2 Purpose of the Policy Paper To draw the attention of policymakers to the challenge of mental health in American society. Introduction Mental health as per the World Health Organization is defined as a state of well-being where an individual is able to realize their potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively, and contribute to societal development. Poor mental health and mental illnesses, also called mental health disorders, is a term used to refer to a wide range of mental health conditions such as depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, addictive behaviors, and eating disorders (Mental Health America, 2020). They alter a person’s thinking, behavior, feeling, and mood and profoundly affect day-to-day living as well as how the sufferers relate with others. Mental health conditions are not necessarily the result of an event. Research shows that they are an outcome of a combination of factors such as genetics, lifestyle, and the environment in which one lives. Stressful environments and traumatic life events make people more susceptible to mental disorders. Poor mental health and mental illnesses are common occurrences in the US. They affect 19% of the adult population, 46% of teenagers, and 13%of children (Mental Health America, 2020). These conditions are burdensome to all those affected, either as patients or caregivers. Findings from research studies reveal that over 50% of Americans are diagnosed with a mental illness or disorder at some point in their life. As of 2019, one in every five Americans was diagnosed with a mental disorder. In the same period, 51.5 million Americans we treated for different mental health problems. The condition has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic with more cases of poor mental health and mental illnesses associated with the effects of the pandemic reported across the country (Loades et al., 2020). In 2020, mental health among the youth was MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 3 getting worse with 9.7% reported to have severe major depression as compared to 9.2 % in 2019. Suicide ideation among adults is on the upwards spiral, with the percentage of US adults experiencing serious suicidal thoughts having increased by 0.15% from 2017 to 2018, and an additional 460,000 as per the 2019 statistics (Mental Health America, 2021). Even with these very worrying trends, there still exists an unmet need for mental health treatments for American youths and adults. In the period 2017-2018, 60% of youth with major depression received no mental health treatment, including in states where access is enhanced, with over 38% of youths not receiving the needed mental health care (Mental Health America, 2021). Only 27.3% received consistent treatment. Among the adults, 23.6 did not receive the needed treatment. This percentage has remained steady since 2011. The number of adults with mental illnesses who are insured and therefore unable to afford health care in 2019 was 5.1 million, increasing for the first time since the Affordable Care Act. Due to complications resulting from mental illness, treatment is twice as expensive as treating other normal health conditions. In children, mental disorders are defined as serious changes in the typical manner in which children learn, manage their emotions, and behave where there is an increase in the distress levels that make it difficult for the child to go through the day. Mental health issues commonly diagnosed in US children manifest in the form of ADHD, (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), depression, behavioral problems, and anxiety. In 2020, 30%, of children aged 2-17 years were diagnosed with ADHD while 30% also exhibited behavior problems. 23% exhibit anxiety while 40% were diagnosed with depression (Child Mind Institute, 2020). All these children are between the ages of 3-17 years. Statistics on children’s mental health are collected using a variety of tools such as the CDC’s National Survey of Children’s Health. MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 4 Mental health is important at every stage of life, whether for children, adolescents, or adults. In recent decades, the general perception of mental illnesses has improved. However, studies reveal that stigma against mental illness is still powerfully prevalent, especially due to media stereotypes and a lack of education. People tend to attach negative stigmas to mental health at a higher rate than they do for other illnesses like cancer and heart disease, which affects access to treatment and exacerbates the problem. This policy paper assesses the background and current state of mental health in the United States. Though there are many determinants of mental health, the paper focuses on social determinants and how they affect mental health. The paper is a recognition that through policy interventions, the US can combine medical and behavioral approaches in order to address the problem of mental health disorders. The cost of mental health in the US is very high. In 2019 alone, the government spent $225 billion, an increase of 52.1% in one decade since 2009( Open Minds, 2020). The policy paper proposes policy interventions, which if implemented could save the country up to $67.8 billion per year. The Current State of Affairs The prevalence of poor mental health on a global and in the US, in particular, has generated worrying trends among populations that are or have been affected by mental conditions like de- pression, anxiety, bipolar, and schizophrenia. These conditions are among the leading causes of mental disorders and are hurdles to health-promoting behaviors in many US states (Mental Health America, 2020). If the disorders are not well managed through treatment and other behavioral interventions, these disorders could cost the country billions of dollars annually due to lost productivity. Mental illnesses present in various forms and vary in the degree of severity from mild to severe. MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 5 Prevalence of Mental Disorders Global statistics on mental health as per the World Bank reveal that 10% of the global population is affected by mental illnesses of whom 20% are children and adolescents suffering from a type of mental disorder. The situation is aggravated in global nations that are fragile, experiencing conflict and violence. Statistics reveal that in such countries, the number of the mentally ill has risen significantly to 22.1%, which is one in every five individuals(National Institute of Mental Health, 2021). Those most vulnerable to mental illness are women and children who have been victims of violence, soldiers returning from war, displaced migrants and refugees, the poor, and those belonging to disadvantaged groups. The World Health Organization data indicates that mental illness is the cause behind 30% of the non-fatal disease burden and 10% of the whole disease burden on a global scale, inclusive of death and disability. In 2019, approximately 51.5 million adults in the US of 18 years and above were reported to have Acute Mental Illness (AMI). This is representative of 20.6 % of all US adults. The prevalence of AMI was greater in females, at 24.5%, in comparison to in males at 16.3%. Young adults aged between 18-25 years recorded the highest prevalence which stood at 29.4%. The prevalence of AMI in adults of 26-49 years stood at 25.0% and in those aged 50 and above, it was 14.1%. Using race classification, AMI was highest among people of color at 31.7%, whites at 22.2%, and Asians at 14.4%. With respect to treatment, 23.0 million (44.8%) of the 51.5 million adults reported to have received the mental health services they needed(National Institute of Mental Health, 2021). The services included inpatient or outpatient treatment, prescriptions, and counseling (HHM, 2020). The number of females (49.7%) who sought mental health services was higher than that of males (36.8%). MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 6 Records from HHM indicate that in 2020, 13 million adults were reported to have Severe Mental Illness (SMI) in 2019. The prevalence of SMI was greater in females (6.5%) than in males (3.9%). Young adults of 18-25 years recorded the uppermost prevalence (8.6%) in comparison with those in the age range of 26-49 years (6.8%). Concerning treatment for SMI, 8.6 million (65.5%) of the 13.1 million adults received treatment. More females (70.5%) received treatment for SMI as compared to males (56.5%) while 56.4 percent of young adults actively sought specialized medical care. Furthermore, an estimated 49.5% of adolescents and 13% of children had any mental disorder while 22.2% had severe impairment. In children aged 3-17 years, statistics from the CDC National Survey of Children’s Health data indicated that 3.2% (about 1.9 million) had depression, 7.1%9about 4.4 million) had anxiety problems, while 7.4% (about 4.5 million) had behavioral problems. There were differences in severity. 13% were rated as severe, 45% as mild or moderate. The prevalence was also affected by sociodemographic and other health-related factors. For instance, the prevalence of behavioral problems was higher in boys than in girls and peaked during middle childhood (6-11 years). Depression prevalence was higher among children living in poor households (Ghandour et al., 2017). The prevalence was assessed using responses by parents/caregivers to questions on whether they had ever received information from a doctor or healthcare provider to the effect that their children had depression, anxiety, or behavioral issues. Statistical Methodologies The findings reported in this policy paper are a product of a survey conducted by the National Initiative of Mental Health. Estimates were generated based on a prediction model whose design employed clinical interview data collected on an adult NSDUH subset of respondents who filled in an adapted version of the structured clinical interview for the year 2019. The assessment MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 7 was based on diagnostic modules relating to mood, anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse, adjustment disorders, and screening of psychotic symptoms. Theoretical Context: Social Causation and Social Selection The social causation and social selection theories suggest a correlation between levels of socioeconomic status and mental illness, though the specific direction of this relationship is not yet fully determined. The social causation theory asserts that when an individual experiences economic hardship, they increase their risk for subsequent mental illness. The social selection theory on the other hand suggests that mental illness is an inhibitor of socioeconomic attainment, which makes people slide into lower social class from which they are never able to escape (Mossakowski, 2017). These two theories inform the analysis of the social determinants of mental health discussed in this policy paper. Social Determinants of Mental Health Drivers of mental illnesses can be social, environmental, genetic, and behavioral risk factors. In view of social determinants, race and other forms of discrimination, social exclusion, and adverse early life experiences including child abuse, sexual assault, and being a witness to violent episodes are fundamental to the development of mental health, especially among children. Other variables are low quality of education, unemployment, lack of job security, poverty, income ine- qualities, neighborhood deprivation, inadequate access to sufficient healthy food, awful housing conditions, instability in housing, and inadequate access to quality healthcare (Compton & Shim, 2015). In a majority of the cases, such social determinants have a direct link with chronic physical health conditions which aggravate the mental challenges. MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 8 An individual who is a victim of one or more social determinants is prone to making poor choices and engaging in risky health behaviors as life options from which they can choose alternatives are limited (Lund et al., 2018). This typically occasions the onset of poor eating habits, drug and substance abuse, and other self-ruining lifestyles that accentuate mental instability. Away from making poor choices and engaging in risky health behaviors, individuals who live in adverse social conditions lead stressful lives which trigger familiar psychological and physiological responses to stress-related factors such as allostatic load, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, and inflammation (Freeman, 2018). All these responses result in an increased risk for several mental illnesses. Social determinants can also exacerbate biological determinants of mental health. Social determinants are typically an outcome of unequal distribution of opportunities. This presents as a social justice and not a clinical issue. Unequal distribution of opportunity, which may imply inequity in resources, money, power, voice, and choices at the level of societal structure (translating into effects at the individual level) is motivated by both public policies and social norms (Compton & Shim, 2018). Regrettably, both public policies and social norms in the American perspective are pervasive, and enduring social factors. The unequal distribution of opportunity additionally plays out in relation to education, political power, and other scopes of civic life. Public policies that present diverse downstream bearings on physical and mental health are inclusive of tuition charges for higher education, the minimum wages as stipulated by the federal government legislation, as well as city and county zoning edicts. Though these public policies ordinarily do not appear like health policies, they are drivers of the social determinants of mental health, which by extension drive risk and in the end, mental health outcomes. Social norms, which are beliefs and opinions which include political philosophies and acuities on demographics like MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 9 class, race, ethnicity, and gender also provide an enabling environment for mental illnesses (lee et al., 2018). Cooperatively, public policies and social norms underpin and reinforce one another. They are driving factors behind unequal distribution of opportunity and are consequently the chief social determinants of mental health. In children, studies have shown that mental health problems are rarely treated. Less than half of children with mental health problems actually get treatment. The tendency to undertreat mental health problems is particularly detrimental for children (Becker et al., 2018). This is because depression, ADHD, behavioral problems, and anxiety have been proved to negatively bear not only on a child’s current well-being but also on their educational achievement as well as future job performance, essentially, therefore, with future economic and psychosocial well-being (Thomeer, 2021). Unfortunately, social determinants trigger the onset of mental health disorders early in life, which stretch into adulthood. In most cases, also, children’s development of mental health problems is slow and subtle, making it difficult to distinguish the disorders from normal behavior. Besides, children are unlikely to seek treatment for mental illnesses on their own. They have to depend on their parents to make decisions on whether or what type of treatment they should receive. Research has also revealed that the type of family also has an impact on mental health. Households, where there is a father, have lesser instances of behavioral problems in children. Single mother households are 70% more likely to seek treatment for mental health problems (Lee et al., 2018). Also, parents are likely to seek treatment for mental health problems for their boy children more than they would for their girl children. Current Policies and Their Deficiencies MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 10 Addressing mental health obliges combined efforts from state and federal governments, mental health practitioners, social workers, individuals, and institutions. The interventions can be implemented at individual and societal levels in a clinical setting or through policies. Most existing policies adopt clinical approaches to intervention in mental health problems. Clinical interventions, though salient and responsive to patients at an individual level, cannot result in long-lasting changes in the population. Also, they will not exhaustively address the impact of social determinants of mental health disorders (Lee et al., 2018). To successfully deal with the social determinants of mental health and social justice, the interventions must be carried out at the policy level upstream. Federal programs whose focus is on alleviating poverty levels, including Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and the Earned Income and Child and Dependent Care tax credits, have aided in bridging the unequal access to opportunities. Despite the apparent benefits, it is regrettable that contemporary political dialogues and activities have endorsed cutting these federal programs rather than scaling them up. To effectively manage the increasing cases of mental illnesses due to inequalities, all players must advocate for programs and policies that reduce poverty while enhancing socioeconomic equality in American society. On the global scale, there are many international organizations that have established programs intended to mitigate the problem of poor mental health and mental illness. The World Bank Group, for example, is in partnership with WHO and other national and international entities to lend support to the effort to position mental health as the focus of the global health and development agenda. There are measured awareness creation campaigns and programs like the Moving the Needle: Mental Health Stories from Around the World, whose principal goal is to augment MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 11 mental health awareness, emphasizing how the plight is a developmental challenge at the socioeconomic level (HHS, 2020). The World Bank also accounts in its research reports that technology can profoundly mitigate mental health. If more people can access technology, the more they are likely to benefit from enhanced access to and better quality of mental health treatments that utilize both traditional and digitally-enabled services. The WHO recommends that governments drastically shift in their approaches to the management of mental illnesses, away from long-term institutionalization towards community-based mental health care. Policy Recommendations The recommendations in this policy paper are guided by the principle of health equity. Health equity is about making sure that everyone has a fair and just opportunity to be as healthy as they can be (lee et al., 2018). This is inclusive of behavioral health. Apart from offering quality healthcare services, the approach will include addressing social determinants like unemployment, housing stability, insurance status, and culturally responsive approaches to care (Hann et al., 2018). Equity refers to fairness or justice in the distribution of the cost of policy, benefits, and risks across subsections of populations (Akand, 2020). The overriding principle of outcome equality requires government transactions to be beneficial to the most disadvantaged. Based on these criteria, this policy paper proposes policy reforms that can aid in solving the problem of mental illness in the US. The following are the recommended policies that offer a pathway for the treatment, management, and improvement of mental health in the US. 1. Cooperation between federal and state governments to provide comprehen- sive and integrated physical, mental, and behavioral health insurance coverage that is accessible to all persons affected by poor mental health and mental illnesses. MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 2. 12 Cooperation between federal and state governments and the private sector in the instituting of mental health training and self-assessment tools installed in communities where the general public can easily undertake self-assessment (Yang et al., 2018). 3. Use of the workplace as an entry point for the initiation of activities de- signed to improve mental wellbeing among working American adults. 4. Initiation of workplace wellness programs that identify persons most at risk of mental disorders and helping them seek professional help. 5. Engendering support systems in communities, schools, and at the workplace to help in the reduction and management of life stress (Moon, 2017). 6. Reducing mental healthcare costs through advocacy programs that educate the people about mental health. 7. Establishment of policy-backed quarterly free or subsidized clinical screen- ings for mental health done by qualified mental health professionals in communities and schools. This should have a follow-up program of directed feedback that will advise clinical referral where necessary. 8. Creation of rigorous, dedicated school mental health programs to assist in the identification and referral of children with mental health disorders. 9. Institute interventions that will sensitize parents, particularly fathers, on the need to consider their children’s mental health needs with the attention they deserve, particularly the girls. This calls for mainstreaming gender in the treatment of mental health. MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 13 References Akand, M., & Savar, D. A Critical Analysis of the Concept of Liberty and Equality in John Rawls’ Theory of Justice (2020). Retrieved 23rd February 2021, from https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-assets/58352_book_item_58352.pdf Becker, K. D., Boustani, M., Gellatly, R., & Chorpita, B. F. (2018). Forty years of engagement research in children’s mental health services: Multidimensional measurement and practice elements. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(1), 1-23. Child Mind Institute. (2020). 2020 Children's Mental Health Report: Telehealth in an Increasingly Virtual World. Child Mind Institute. Retrieved 28 April 2021, from https://childmind.org/our-impact/childrens-mental-health-report/2020-childrens-mentalhealth-report/. Compton, M., & Shim, R. (2015). Retrieved 22 February 2021, from https://focus.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.focus.20150017 Ghandour, R., Sherman, L., & Vlandutiu, C. (2017). Prevalence and Treatment of Depression, Anxiety, and Conduct Problems in US Children. Jpeds.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021, from https://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(18)31292-7/pdf. Hahn, R. A., Truman, B. I., & Williams, D. R. (2018). Civil rights as determinants of public health and racial and ethnic health equity: health care, education, employment, and housing in the United States. SSM-population health, 4, 17-24. MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 14 Lee, J., Schram, A., Riley, E., Harris, P., Baum, F., Fisher, M., ... & Friel, S. (2018). Addressing health equity through action on the social determinants of health: a global review of policy outcome evaluation methods. International journal of health policy and management, 7(7), 581. Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., ... & Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Lund, C., Brooke-Sumner, C., Baingana, F., Baron, E. C., Breuer, E., Chandra, P., ... & Saxena, S. (2018). Social determinants of mental disorders and the Sustainable Development Goals: a systematic review of reviews. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(4), 357-369. Mental Health America. (2021). The State of Mental Health in America. Mental Health America. Retrieved 28 April 2021, from https://www.mhanational.org/issues/state-mental-healthamerica. Moon, J., Williford, A., & Mendenhall, A. (2017). Educators' perceptions of youth mental health: Implications for training and the promotion of mental health services in schools. Children and youth services review, 73, 384-391. Mossakowski, K. N., Wongkaren, T., & Uperesa, F. L. (2017). It is not Black and White: Discrimination and distress in Hawai ‘i. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(4), 551 National Institute of Mental Health. (2021). NIMH » Mental Illness. Nimh.nih.gov. Retrieved 28 April 2021, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml. MENTAL HEALTH IN THE US 15 Open Minds. (2020). 2019 U.S. Mental Health Spending Topped $225 Billion, With Per Capita Spending Ranging From $37 In Florida To $375 In Maine - OPEN MINDS Releases New Analysis. Retrieved 28 April 2021, from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2019-us-mental-health-spending-topped-225-billion-with-per-capita-spendingranging-from-37-in-florida-to-375-in-maine--open-minds-releases-new-analysis301058381.html#:~:text=All%20ProductsSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP20-07-01-001). Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29393/2019NSDUHFFRPDFWHTML/2019NSDUHFFR1PDFW090120.pdf. Thomeer, M. B., & Clark, K. O. (2021). Health and the Family. The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology, 349. Yang, B. X., Stone, T. E., & Davis, S. A. (2018). The effect of a community mental health training program for multidisciplinary staff. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 32(3), 413-417. Your paper is in conflict with the assignment requirements so it needs considerable revision. Here are the problems with the draft: 1) As I pointed out in your topic assignment, the focus of the paper needs to be children or teens--not adults but this paper is mainly focused on adults. In fact, you state that the findings reported in your paper are from of a survey conducted with adults and many of your policy suggestions are for adults (e.g, in the workplace). Additionally, your stated purpose of the paper is "to draw the attention of policymakers to the challenge of mental health in American society" it doesn't appear that there is a singular focus on children and teens. 2) The assignment instructions also explicitly indicated that it was to be about a US or CA policy--the focus of this paper is definitely not CA and is even at times on worldwide issues and organizations (e.g., The World Bank and WHO). 3) Related to #2, there should be an evaluation of a particular US or CA policy/law (see the handout and especially my detailed Announcement that I sent to everyone after the topic assignment). I don't see any specific policy that you are evaluating. 4) Research on *children (not adults)* should be guiding your evaluation. This paper reads as more of an economist's or political scientist's approach to talking about mental illness than a child developmentalist's evaluation of a policy related to children's (or adolescents') mental health. Be sure that you read and follow the instructions for the paper and see the Announcement and my comments on your policy paper topic assignment. Policy Paper (1) Criteria Ratings Pts Introduction to Paper 1. Introductory paragraph laid out the format and direction of the entire paper 2. Clearly states the topic studied/explored in the paper 3. All key terms are defined 4. Briefly discusses the importance of the topic within the context of child and adolescent development 10 pts Current State of Affairs 20 pts 1. Reviews the present state of affairs on the topic-including current key statistics from highly credible sources 2. Reviews current policies and/or laws that are related to the topic Deficiencies in Current Policy 1. Discusses the problems with the current situation 2. Reviews related research and theory in child/adolescent development that supports the shortcomings of the current policy using scholarly/peer reviewed journals 25 pts Statement of Policy Suggestions 1. Presents and discusses credible ideas on how to address the problem 2. Shows a specific connection between policy suggestions and the research and theory that was reviewed 3. The research and theory clearly provides the evidence that the policy suggestions will be more likely to produce positive outcomes than have the current/existing policies 15 pts Overall Quality of Paper 1. The topic is thoughtfully and fully developed 2. Writing is clear and paper is well organization 3. Quality of syntax and grammar is consistent with standard expectations in a senior/capstone course 4. Quality of discussion posting and response 25 pts APA Format 5 pts 1. Overall organization of the paper meets requirements of APA 2. In-text references, numbers, headings, spacing, etc. are all correctly formatted 3. Reference section is properly formatted Total Points: 100 由Xnip 截图 Topic Ideas The following list represents just a few of the general topic areas that could be developed into a 10- to 12-page policy paper for this class. I encourage you to explore topics beyond this brief list and to select one that is truly meaningful to you. Please do not forget that you must have your topic approved or you will not receive credit for your paper. You may not write on a topic or use readings that we have covered in our seminars. . . Children's health care programs Mental health programs Child care School intervention programs for young children Children's health insurance National standards for teachers Family leave Sexual abuse of children or teens Maternal drug use • Welfare reform Bullying Dental health Food assistance programs for children Developmental assistance programs for children with autism Violence at school • Foster care . . . . Note: All policies should be either for the US as a whole or specific to California. Format and Points for the Policy Paper = 100 Points Total (Note that this is an outline for your paper--be sure to use the terms in blue in your paper as headings) Introduction to Paper (10 Points) [paper title = heading for this section; there is no heading called "Introduction" in APA format] . Begin with an introductory paragraph that lays out the format and direction of the entire paper Statement of topic studied Define any key concepts Briefly discuss the importance of the topic within the context of child development . Current State of Affairs (20 Points) O Review the present state of affairs on your topic-include any key statistics (be sure to use as current as possible sources for this; also be sure they are highly credible sources). Review any current policies and/or laws that are related to your topic . Deficiencies in Current Policy (25 Points) Discuss the problems with the current situation • Review related research (look at actual research reports rather than literature reviews of research) and theory in child development that supports your view of the shortcomings of the current policy (you must you scholarly/peer reviewed journals for this) Statement of Policy Suggestions (15 Points) . Present and discuss your ideas on how we should address the problem--You can list them in a numerical format for clarity if you like • Be sure to show a specific connection between your policy suggestions and the research and theory that you have reviewed. The research and theory should provide the evidence that your ideas will be more likely to produce positive outcomes than have the current policies APA Format (5 Points) • Overall organization of the paper (be sure to include an abstract) • In-text references, numbers, headings, spacing, etc. • Format the reference section Overall Quality of Paper (25 Points) . . Importance of topic Extent to which the topic was developed Clarity of writing and degree of organization Quality of syntax and grammar . . Exam Information Final Essay Exam (I will post in "Assignments" on 5/17 @ 9A due 5/21 @11:59P) 1. Students will also submit a (~250-300 word) response to a Final Exam question posted by the instructor through the Assignments function on Canvas. 2. The response to the instructor's question should reflect the requirements listed in the question as well as a focus on; a) the readings-your ideas and comments must bring in the research, statistics, and concepts of any related articles; b) a quality of thought and understanding of the information covered this term that is consistent with your senior status; C) proper grammar, syntax, and spelling. (Also in APA format!) ********************************************************* Examples of Professional Policy Papers
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