saAnnotated Bibliography and outline assignment
In this course, you must be able to conduct database research in at least two different
UWT databases. I suggest using Academic Search Complete and search by subject.
The goal of the annotated bibliography assignment is to ensure that you find and
evaluate good sources and that you begin planning out your 10-12 page argument
paper that you started with paper 1. It is important to keep in mind that you should be
researching the question and subquestions that your research paper asks. The answer
to the main question is your thesis.
Assignment: This is a two-part assignment. Part one is to create an outline or writing
plan. Your final paper will have its own structure, but these questions should get you
started. Part two of this assignment is your actual annotated bibliography.
Part 1: Write out the answer to these questions: I encourage you to revisit the
ABCs lecture and consider Teresa’s example linked there.
1. What are your plans for introducing the problem you are writing about?
What action, anecdote (such as the intent or content of paper 1), or
antithesis (such as the intent or content of paper 2, the naysayer view of
paper 2) do you plan to use to hook the reader’s attention?
2. Once you have readers’ attention, what background info (definitions,
contexts, current events, personal disclosures) will you write about to
further show the urgency of your topic or narrow the scope of your paper?
By narrowing the scope, you may write something to the effect that
“although broader aspect X is important, for the sake of this paper, I am
going to focus on this narrower aspect of X.” Ways to focus include by
industry, location, type or symptom of climate change, or by people.
3. What questions will your paper ask, and what is your main conclusion, or
your resolution for debate--See debate lecture. If the paper is asking what
should be done about X, your thesis would briefly answer that question.
4. What other reasons and evidence (stats, studies, cases, anecdotes) can
you provide to support why you think it is a problem? You don’t need to list
all your data, but you should have some sources in mind, or find some. If
you realize you need to find a source to address this or any other
question, then this exercise is doing what it intended.
5. What reasons and evidence can you provide to show the causes and/or
effects of the problem? Did you find any studies to support your findings?
6. What counterarguments (alternative views) might explain other causes
and/or effects of the problem?
7. What proposals, solutions, or actions would address the problem?
8. Have you considered any creative solutions or actions that could be a winwin for all sides? (Note: In the ABC’s lecture I provide an Option 3
argument to elaborate on this idea.)
9. What objections are there to the proposed solutions or actions?
10. What is your preferred solution or course of action? Why?
11. What else do you think your audience (especially an audience of the other
side) needs from you to be persuaded?
Part 2
Now that you’ve potentially mapped out a sketch of your paper’s structure, create an
annotated bibliography, which consists of a work cited page with 6 new sources you
plan on using for your 10-12 page paper, interspersed with a paragraph describing that
source. It should be formatted in MLA format in alphabetical order with hanging indent,
as described in this video: https://youtu.be/1psBXzfr57s?t=331
Four of your six sources must be peer reviewed scholarly articles. All your sources may
be peer reviewed. Read them carefully and completely, as they may be your best
sources of evidence. In the image below, source number two would be considered a
scholarly (peer reviewed) journal article. In the Limit To box on the left, I recommend
checking the “Full Text” box and the “Scholarly (Peer Reviewed ) Journals box, and
then updating your search. You may also use periodical sources.
What is an annotated bibliography? To answer this simply, it is a work cited entry
followed by one or more paragraphs explaining the thesis of the source, why you know
it is an authoritative source, and how you think it will be used in your paper. You can
also reflect on how reading the source inspires you to do additional research. See the
picture below.
Questions to answer in your annotations. Note this should be written as a
complete paragraph, not a list of questions and answers.
1. What was the name of the database you used to find the article? Using the Cite
tool on the right it doesn’t always get all the details right. EBSCOhost is the host,
not the name of the database. Also, when using cite tool, select MLA format:
2. Summarize the source’s thesis, purpose, and audience. Reading tips: print out
your source and take notes. Take the time to read the whole article. If it is
3.
4.
5.
6.
particularly long, I suggest reading the intro (first section), then the conclusion
(the last section), and then start again at the top. If you get bogged down in the
research or data sections, skim quickly through the tedious data parts, since you
already know the research questions and conclusions. Take notes along the way.
Do not rely on the abstract.
Evaluate the trustworthiness of the text, the credentials of the author(s), and any
other limitations or biases. You might need to Google the author(s). The CRAAP
test may also be useful
Who is the apparent audience of the source and how do you know?
How do you think you will use the source in your actual research paper?
How does the source inspire further research? If you aren’t too sure about
this answer, I suggest reading the source’s references page. What titles do you
find of interest?
For this assignment, repeat the 6 questions for 6 sources, at least 4 of which
should come be Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journal Sources. Note that the
sources should be in alphabetical order.
You are intentionally doing this BEFORE you write the paper. Research indeed has a
purpose, and it should help guide your argument. Research should not be used alone to
simply just confirm what you already think. Use research to learn answers to your
questions and curiosities. Or create more questions. Also, be receptive to further
reading and even better poster children whose experiences add emotional appeal to
your argument.
If you would like more examples of annotated bibliography, look on the Online Writing
Lab at Purdue:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/annotated_bi
bliographies/annotated_bibliography_example.html
The rubric for this assignment will be rather straightforward:
An “A grade” annotated bibliography and outline does everything requested and
thoroughly analyzes its sources and has a solid plan of action. It is formatted correctly in
MLA format. It has at least 4 scholarly (peer reviewed) journal sources, and the other
sources also pass the CRAAP test, for at least 6 annotated sources. (Your paper needs
10+)
B is a less developed plan or annotations, and/or has other formatting issues. A C, D, or
F is missing proportionately significant substance, ie, not following assignment.
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Umkulthom Abdullah
Professor Jacob Martens
04 April 2021
Opioid Drug Misuse
Drug abuse is a significant public health concern among teenagers and youth in today's
society. Incidences of drug abuse get more severe as time goes by. The misuse of prescription
drugs is the use of the drugs in any other way other than the one prescribed by a medical
practitioner. It also includes taking someone else's dose even if they exhibit the exact symptoms
as the prescription owner. According to O'Donnell et al. (pg. 1189), the most commonly abused
drugs are stimulants and opioids. Stimulants prescription is to treat mental disorders, such as
Adderall. Other abused drugs are opioids, used to treat severe unbearable pain. Adderall is the
most abused stimulant, while opioid is the most abused pain medication (O'Donnell et al.,
pg.1189). These drugs have a high risk of addiction; thus, their use should be regulated and
monitored closely.
The opioid prescription was in the past only limited to relief of conditions related to
terminal illnesses and acute pain due to soft tissue injuries. Medical practitioners started
prescribing the medicine to treat less severe pains after discovering that chronic pain users
rarely developed an addiction to the medication. Prescribers thus became more willing to
prescribe opioids to relieve any pain regardless of the severity (Rummans et al., pg. 344-350).
The prescription was determined by the patients' discernment of unbearable pain. Such
prescriptions led to decreased pain tolerance among patients due to the ease of getting stronger
pain medications. Patients thus developed dependence and, as a result, moved to seek more of
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the drugs from illegal alternative sources since prescriptions limit the amount of medicine given
to a patient.
The highest prevalence of opioid abuse is found in individuals between the ages of 1130 (Jordan et al., pg. 31-37). Over the years, opioid abuse among teens and youth has become
an issue perceived by some as an epidemic. Abuse of drugs among teens is a factor of
ignorance. The assumption is that the drug has limited adverse effects because people use it on
prescription (Johnston et al., pg. 31-37). Also, the abusers lack knowledge about the long-term
impact of misusing pain medication. People mostly perceive prescription drug misuse as a
problem in society. The issue is ranked fifth among the leading national health problems in
America (KFF). A survey to determine public perception of opioid abuse showed that 53% of
people think it is a national issue (Blendon et al., pg. 407-411). Young people, who are also the
victims of this looming epidemic, are less likely to agree that the issue is a national concern.
They claim that opioid abuse is getting more attention than it needs, and people should focus
on more important matters.
Drug abuse among teenagers and youth are greatly influenced by the prevailing
microeconomic conditions that lead to increased unemployment rates (Hollingsworth et al., pg.
222-233). The economic crisis has driven these individuals into depression, and they, therefore,
seek refuge in drugs for recreational purposes. Reports also indicate that half of the opioid
prescriptions given in America are taken by 16% of the people with mental health disorders
(Davis et al., pg. 407-417). They, however, end up in hospital emergency rooms after
overdosing on the drug. The death rate stands at 3.6%, while the overdose rate reported by the
hospitals' Emergency Department is at 7% per hundred thousand people (Hollingsworth et al.,
pg. 222-233). The issue is as well influenced by the failure of various government stakeholders
to perform their due diligence. Lawmakers have failed to create laws that effectively guide the
manufacture and distribution of prescription medicines. Despite being recommended, family
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nurse practitioners fail to implement risk management procedures among patients receiving
opioid therapy (Chaudhary et al., pg. 95-104).
One would ask why opioid abuse is indeed a problem. It is by now apparent that drug
abuse using opioids is often overdosed by its users. Besides death, the addictive effects of the
drug are very disheartening and severe. Opioid addiction among our youth robs society of its
most productive members. Addiction among youths leads to job losses, family disputes,
dependency on family and friends for finances, and depression. Students often end up dropping
out of school and engaging in antisocial behavior like drunkenness, violence, theft, and
vandalism. The burden of addiction on parents down to their children. Opioids abuse among
parents also severely affects the infants' mental health and physical development under their
direct care (Spehr et al., pg. 695-702). This is where Child Protective Services come in to
protect the rights of any child being abused or neglected. These children live in foster care as
their parents are taken to rehabilitation centers or correctional facilities. The fate of drug users
who also engage in antisocial behavior is often prison. Their admission into correctional
facilities also puts a burden on the government as it stretches its budget to accommodate the
growing number of prison inmates.
Medical service providers typically face the predicament of prescribing opioids to treat
pain and minimize the patient's risk of developing an addiction. The number of opioid overdose
casualties is predicted to stay the same for the next ten years (Ballreich et al., pg. 2023677).
The need to come up with more stringent measures to control the issue is rising. Current
mitigation measures to prevent adverse opioid abuse and overdosing include prescription
reductions and the use of deterrent formulations (Rauck, pg. 443-454). Formal screening of
patients is done to gauge the risk of opioid abuse and reduce misuse before writing
prescriptions. The screening applies even to patients undergoing treatment for chronic
malignant pain treatment (Chaudhary et al., pg. 95-104). Education on mitigating risk
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procedures is being passed on to medical students to ensure that they are better equipped to
make informed diagnoses and prescriptions (Klapheke and Magdalena, pg. 13).
Despite the mitigation measures put in place by medical practitioners to prevent wrong
prescriptions of opioids, the problem persists. This is because the matter goes beyond the reach
of medical practitioners. Even if medics limit prescriptions, opioids will still end up in the
hands of youthful abusers. Law enforcers should ensure that opioid manufacturers can account
for each pill produced by ensuring proper traceability of the drugs from production to the enduser.
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Works cited
Ballreich, Jeromie, et al. "Modeling mitigation strategies to reduce opioid-related morbidity
and mortality in the US." JAMA network open 3.11 (2020): e2023677-e2023677.
Blendon, Robert J., and John M. Benson. "The public and the opioid-abuse epidemic." New
England Journal of Medicine 378.5 (2018): 407-411.
Chaudhary, Sahil, and Peggy Compton. "Use of risk mitigation practices by family nurse
practitioners prescribing opioids for the management of chronic nonmalignant
pain." Substance abuse 38.1 (2017): 95-104.
Davis, Matthew A., et al. "Prescription opioid use among adults with mental health disorders
in the United States." The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 30.4
(2017): 407-417.
Firth, Jamie, Ashley Kirzinger, and Mollyann Brodie. "Kaiser health tracking poll: April
2016." The Kaiser Family Foundation April 28 (2016).
Hollingsworth, Alex, Christopher J. Ruhm, and Kosali Simon. "Macroeconomic conditions and
opioid abuse." Journal of health economics 56 (2017): 222-233.
Johnston, Lloyd, et al. "Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2019:
Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use." (2020).
Jordan, Ashly E., et al. "Past-year prevalence of prescription opioid misuse among those 11 to
30 years of age in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal
of substance abuse treatment 77 (2017): 31-37.
Kaiser Family Foundation. "Kaiser Health Tracking Poll: November 2016." (2016).
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Klapheke, Martin, and Magdalena Pasarica. "Opioid risk mitigation strategies and overdose
resuscitation." MedEdPORTAL 13 (2017).
O’Donnell, Julie, et al. "Vital signs: Characteristics of drug overdose deaths involving
opioids and stimulants—24 states and the District of Columbia, January–June
2019." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69.35 (2020): 1189.
Rauck, Richard L. "Mitigation of IV abuse through the use of abuse‐deterrent opioid
formulations: an overview of current technologies." Pain Practice 19.4 (2019): 443454.
Rummans, Teresa A., M. Caroline Burton, and Nancy L. Dawson. "How good intentions
contributed to bad outcomes: the opioid crisis." Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Vol. 93. No.
3. Elsevier, 2018.
Spehr, Michelle K., et al. "Parental opioid abuse: Barriers to care, policy, and implications for
primary care pediatric providers." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 31.6 (2017): 695702.
Surname 1
Name
Institution
Instructor
Date
The Myth of the Non-Existence of Climate Change
The rising of sea levels and extreme weather events are all occurrences that are
increasingly common in the present world. Human activities have been blamed for quite a long
time for these events. There has increasingly been the call to rectify this. However, there are a
group of individuals who believe that this is all a myth. A 2014 article in the Guardian states
explicitly that the issue of climate change is being perpetrated by "fear-mongering governments
and corrupt scientists brainwashed into thinking that climate change is real" (Burnett n.p). The
lawmakers have also not been left behind in doubting climate change, with over 100 members of
Congress in 2019 doubting and being skeptical about climate science. This stands in the way of
actualizing the recommended climatic change strategies by more than 97 percent of the scientists
(Cranley n.p). It is pretty disheartening that despite the scientific information being out in the
public realm, many people continue to reject the truthfulness of climatic change. This is both a
societal and a scientific problem. A literate audience is vital in ensuring that all of such issues
continue to be addressed and help them understand that climate change is real. However, this is
never easy, especially when dealing with a scientific and societal problem. For this paper, the
approach is to train the naysayers of climate change to assess from experience the various events
happening in the world that reflect climate change.
Many climate naysayers will often indicate that it is a liberal scheme (Dunlap 693).
Governments worldwide spend a lot of money in attempting to protect their citizens from various
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catastrophic events. When it comes to climate change, governments have spent considerable
amounts of money trying and reducing the speed at which it is happening. Climate change
naysayers indicate that this is another item on the environmental activists’ agenda and will be
pretty costly for the governments. On the other hand, the citizens are going to be most affected
and inconvenienced as it is their taxes that will be doing this work.
Almost everyone can agree that some of the initiatives that governments undertake are
pretty irrelevant and have many. It is therefore understandable for people to think that this is
another one of the government's stints. However, the climate naysayers should look back a
decade or even five years ago. How were the temperatures? When are the trees flowering? What
about the birds and their egg-laying? All these are questions that would help to shed light on the
issue of climate change. Those who are honest enough can admit that it has been getting warmer,
the trees have been flowering earlier, and birds are laying eggs sooner. These elements are
working as natural thermometers, and therefore it would be inaccurate to indicate that NASA and
the government is duping people by talking about climate change. This is unless people admit
that they are deluding themselves from their observations, which may be an impossibility.
The other common thing that naysayers talk about is that climate change is only a
scientific fantasy and that the science of climate change has not yet been settled. The argument
indicates that climate change is just but a natural cycle, meaning that this phase will soon be
over, and the world is back to normal. The other point of attack from the scientific view is that
carbon dioxide is often discussed and mentioned. At the same time, it is only a tiny part of the
environment, meaning that it wouldn't have that much of an effect on the environment. It is
pretty accurate that carbon dioxide is such a small part of the environment- the natural
environment. However, the naysayers should consider the number of industries that cropped up
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and their emissions to the environment. This is another natural thermometer. Over the past five
years, individuals should assess the air quality in their localities. Undoubtingly, this has changed.
It has been due to industrialization and, more specifically, carbon emissions that cause climate
change.
There have also been accusations that climate scientists are not likely to take too lightly
that there is a global conspiracy to fix the data on climate change. While nothing is impossible
under the sun (as we like to tell ourselves), an international scheme would have to take more than
100 countries to pull off. The naysayers indicating this are well within their rights, although there
is the need to understand that climate change models used by climate scientists have remained
the same over the past thirty years. This means that if this were true, then this large pool of
scientists has conspired for over three decades which even naysayers would find hard to believe.
Most importantly, the sources of information for naysayers are far-reaching. These
sources have different opinions beginning with the conspiracy issue and the lack of enough
proof. It is essential for naysayers not only to accept these opinions presented in the articles
blindly. Evidence should be credible and from reliable sources. For instance, recently, an online
petition was signed by 31,487 American scientists agreeing that humans are not the cause of
global warming (Global Warming Petition Project n.p). First, such a petition has already
acknowledged that there is global warming which points towards climate change. However, the
argument that humans are not the source of global warming leaves some questions. Imagine a
world without human beings. The rivers would be flowing freely, free from pollution, and the
world would be rich in biodiversity. Human beings have made this impossible through their
activities which pokes holes into this argument.
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Further, on the credibility, only 3,800 of those who signed this petition were trained in
fields related to climate change. Often, this is what happens. Naysayers get opinions from
sources that are not credible and then believe this information. It is essential to assess from
experience and credible sources the truthfulness of their claims.
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Works Cited
Burnett, D. “Climate change is an obvious myth – how much more evidence do you need?” The
Guardian. 2014. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/science/brainflapping/2014/nov/25/climate-change-is-an-obvious-myth-how-much-more-evidence-doyou-need
Cranley, E. “These are the 130 current members of Congress who have doubted or denied
climate change”. The Insider. 2019. Retrieved from
https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-and-republicans-congress-globalwarming-2019-2?IR=T
Dunlap, R. “Climate Change Skepticism and Denial: An Introduction.” American Behavioral
Scientist. 2013. 57. 691-698
Global Warming Petition Project. n.d. Retrieved from http://www.petitionproject.org/index.php
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