First Essay Second Draft Bring the Music Home Newspaper articles are meant to not only informing the readers or entertaining them but also to get them interested. Authors achieve appeal or otherwise known as persuasion in their articles by applying the three elements of appeal proposed by Aristotle (Berlanga, García-García & Victoria, 2013). The items are ethos, logos, and pathos. Ethos is the application of devices of speech that make the article persuasive. Logos, on the other hand, is the ability of the material to be logical, and pathos is the use of stylistic media that make the article emotionally convincing (White, 2014). In this paper, the focus is to discuss the author’s application of the three elements in the article by Eli Rosenberg, published in the New York Times. In the article, the author talks about the music hall in South Bronx as a way to honor the music heritage of the town. According to the article, the town is the founding place of Hip-hop, as well as a nurturing place for a variety of other music genres in the United States and other places. However, over time, the image of the town has been destroyed by the social problems like poverty and unemployment leading to the role of the town being forgotten. Building the music hall as part of a larger housing project will help rebuild the lost glory of the city. The author of the article uses the three elements of persuasion to appeal to the emotional, ethical as well as logical mind of the audience through the use of quotes, examples, proper vocabulary and logical flow of information. Regarding the element ethos, the author points out the moral reasons for sponsors undertaking the project in the town. First, the author says that the town has contributed a lot to the musical culture to the country and the world and cites; examples like Hip Hop and Salsa as two prominent genres that developed in the Bronx. The role of Shedding light of the town gives the audience a chance to understand how much people owe the town, and that it is time to give back. And why it is ethical that from all the cities in the country. Bronx was the right town for the development of the Music Hall. Also, according to the author, the project will help low income people to be able to buy houses. The author says that about five percent of the houses will be reserved for the people live in homeless shelters now. Therefore, the author, on a nonprofit organization standpoint convinces the audience that it is the right thing for the Women’s Housing and Economic Development Corporation (Whedco) to do. The author also gives the example of the problem of people in the town. This example is the cry of the citizens when a former president of the United States of America visited the town, and people shouted at him to give them money and jobs. It shows how much the town needs the intervention that Whedco is undertaking is relevant. Pathos is heavily applied in the article. The author creates an emotional objection to the article by first telling the history of the town and also quoting several sources that speak emotionally about the Bronx. The use of pathos in the article is the title of the article. The title, “In Home of Hip-Hop, a Concert Hall to Honor Its Musical History,” creates an emotional link between Hip-hop and the town. The home is a place where one can identify with as their origin. Calling the town the “home” of the genre of music means that it started from there as it was created there and therefore, there is a bond between hip-hop and the town. The author also uses an article that had been previously published by the newspaper back in 1977 when President Carter visited the place. The author talks about how the buildings were burnt, and people shouted at the president for jobs. Citing the example shows how the place had changed and therefore needed hope. The author also quotes the words of Mark Naison who reckons that the image of the town has been tainted so much that even the inhabitants who are called “Broxites” do not know how it was in the beginning. Finally, the article ends with the words of Mr. Sanabria who says that the souls of the people of the town was resilient, proud and resistant. The use of the word soul as though referring to a single person shows the unity of the people as a group and how much they had survived through the hard times that the town had gone through and still produce amazing musical talent. With the support of the above evidence, the author believes the music hall can provide much benefits to the town. The application of logos is evident from the flow of the article. The author begins by telling the audience about the role of the town in the founding of music genres like Salsa and Hip Hop, before saying that the musical hall would be built as a way of paying tribute to the town’s heritage. The author then describes the proposed project before justifying the reason for the building. To explain the importance of the project, the author quotes other people who have experience regarding the matters of the town to persuade the viewers. The author then concludes the article with a quote that clearly sums up the importance of the project and the nature of the people who will be benefited from the project. The arrangement of ideas in the articles not only makes it easy to understand but also attractive. It can first bring up the audiences’ emotion by reminding them the outstanding position of the town in the music field. Then, tell them the information about what can be done regarding to this spectacular history that they should be proud of. The ideas also flow in such a way that readers understand as they continue reading and therefore get persuaded but the supporting sources. In conclusion, the application of Ethos, logos, and pathos by the author of the article makes it not only appealing but also persuasive to the target audience. The use of the three elements is necessary in such works as it gives them essence. Therefore, artists should always try to apply all the three elements whenever possible to make their works more appealing to their audience, whether in literature or theatre. Works Cited Berlanga, I., García-García, F., & Victoria, J. S. (2013). Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in Facebook. User Networking: New «Rhetoric» of the 21st Century/Ethos, Pathos y logos en Facebook. El usuario de redes nuevo «rétor» del Siglo XXI. Comunicar, 21(41), 127. White, M. S. (2014). AN INTER-DISCIPLINARY LANGUAGE FOR INTER-DISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION: ACADEMIC GLOBALIZATION, ETHOS, PATHOS, AND LOGOS. Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics, 27. Rosenberg, Eli. “In Home of Hip-Hop, a Concert Hall to Honor Its Musical History.” The New York Times 16 Jan, 2017.https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/nyregion/in-home-ofhip-hop-a-concert-hall-to-honor-its-musical-history.html . 17 Jan, 2017. School of Liberal Arts University Writing Center “Because writers need readers” Cavanaugh Hall 427 University Library 2125 (317)274-2049 (317)278-8171 www.iupui.edu/~uwc   The Rhetorical Triangle: Understanding and Using Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Logos, ethos, and pathos are important components of all writing, whether we are aware of them or not. By learning to recognize logos, ethos, and pathos in the writing of others and in our own, we can create texts that appeal to readers on many different levels. This handout provides a brief overview of what logos, ethos, and pathos are and offers guiding questions for recognizing and incorporating these appeals. Aristotle taught that a speaker’s ability to persuade an audience is based on how well the speaker appeals to that audience in three different areas: logos, ethos, and pathos. Considered together, these appeals form what later rhetoricians have called the rhetorical triangle. Logos appeals to reason. Logos can also be thought of as the text of the argument, as well as how well a writer has argued his/her point. Ethos appeals to the writer’s character. Ethos can also be thought of as the role of the writer in the argument, and how credible his/her argument is. Pathos appeals to the emotions and the sympathetic imagination, as well as to beliefs and values. Pathos can also be thought of as the role of the audience in the argument. LOGOS (Reason/Text) ETHOS (Credibility/Writer) PATHOS (Values, Beliefs/Audience) The rhetorical triangle is typically represented by an equilateral triangle, suggesting that logos, ethos, and pathos should be balanced within a text. However, which aspect(s) of the rhetorical triangle you favor in your writing depends on both the audience and the purpose of that writing. Yet, if you are in doubt, seek a balance among all three elements. Questions to help you recognize and utilize logos, ethos, and pathos The following questions can be used in two ways, both to think about how you are using logos, ethos, and pathos in your writing, and also to assess how other writers use them in their writing. Logos:  Is the thesis clear and specific? (for help with thesis statements, see the Revising Thesis Statements handout)  Is the thesis supported by strong reasons and credible evidence?  Is the argument logical and arranged in a well-reasoned order? Ethos:  What are the writer’s qualifications? How has the writer connected him/herself to the topic being discussed?  Does the writer demonstrate respect for multiple viewpoints by using sources in the text?  Are sources credible? Are sources documented appropriately?  Does the writer use a tone that is suitable for the audience/purpose? Is the diction (word choice) used appropriate for the audience/purpose?  Is the document presented in a polished and professional manner? Pathos:  Are vivid examples, details and images used to engage the reader’s emotions and imagination?  Does the writer appeal to the values and beliefs of the reader by using examples readers can relate to or care about? One Final Thought While the above questions can help you identify or utilize logos, ethos, and pathos in writing, it is important to remember that sometimes a particular aspect of a text will represent more than one of these appeals. For example, using credible sources could be considered both logos and ethos, as the sources help support the logic or reasoning of the text, and they also help portray the writer as thoughtful and engaged with the topic. This overlap reminds us how these appeals work together to create effective writing. For Further Learning A Sequence for Academic Writing. Behrens, Rosen, and Beedles.179-184. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Writing, 4th ed. Ramage, Bean, and Johnson. 78-79; 408-410. University of Iowa Rhetoric Department. http://www.uiowa.edu/~rhetoric/morphing_textbook/general/triangle.html United States Naval Academy. http://www.usna.edu/Users/english/mace/index.html Colorodo State University. http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/teaching/commenting/refresher.cfm University of British Columbia. http://www.writingcentre.ubc.ca/workshop/tools/rhet1.htm Iowa State University. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~drrussel/rhet_analy_105/analy/homepage.htm University of Texas at Austin. http://www.drw.utexas.edu/roberts-miller/handouts/rhetorical-analysis Prepared November 2009 by Jaclyn Lutzke and Mary F. Henggeler. SCHOOL OF LIBERAL ARTS INDIANA UNIVERSITY University Writing Center Content Thesis Statements A thesis statement articulates the purpose of your paper. It tells the reader what your paper will be about and what your stance will be on the paper’s topic . Strong thesis statements are specific and limited in scope. This limited scope will not only give direction to your readers, it will also give direction to your writing process by providing a focus for your research, outlining, and writing. Here are some tips on how to create a thesis statement and use it effectively. Developing a Thesis Statement • Use a series of questions to develop your thesis statement. Decide which aspect of a topic interests you most. What is your stance or position on the topic? State this as a complete sentence. Why do you believe this? State your reasons in a “because” clause. Why would someone disagree with this? State the opposing opinion in an “although” clause. See the following example. ⇒ Topic: US culpability for not bombing and destroying the Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz ⇒ Stance: The US could not have effectively targeted and destroyed Auschwitz directly. ⇒ Why do you believe this? Because the US lacked the technological precision and intelligence necessary to destroy the camp’s death houses without also destroying many or most of the Jewish captives ⇒ Opposing opinion: Although the US possessed sufficient firepower and information to attack Auschwitz’s industrial sector… ⇒ Although + Stance + Because: Although the US possessed sufficient firepower and information to attack Auschwitz’s industrial sector, the US could not have effectively targeted and destroyed Auschwitz directly because the US lacked the technological precision and intelligence necessary to destroy the camp’s death houses without also destroying many or most of the Jewish captives. • Now you have a trial thesis. You may need to revise or clarify it at a later date, but the trial thesis will provide you with a blueprint for the rest of your essay. • Before you begin writing, make sure that your trial thesis matches the instructor’s intended purpose for your essay. Watch for key words and phrases that indicate the aim your instructor has in mind. If you are asked to analyze, illustrate, or discuss a topic, your main goal should be to make your reader understand your thesis. If you are asked to argue, convince, evaluate, take a stand, or develop an opinion, your purpose is argumentative, and your thesis should be a debatable claim you will have to support in order to win the reader’s sympathy. Connors Writing Center 7Hamilton Smith Hall . UNH . writing@unh..edu 603-862-3272 Writing with a Thesis Statement • Mark the passages in your research, freewriting, journal, or rough draft that support your position. • Create an outline for your essay using your thesis statement as a guide. • No matter what thesis statement you develop, you will need enough relevant information (research, lab results, textual evidence, etc.) to support it credibly and clearly. As you write and revise, check your thesis statement often to see if you have drifted away from it. It is important that each paragraph relate closely to the thesis statement. • Usually, the thesis statement appears in the first or second paragraph of an essay. The advantage of putting your thesis in the first paragraph is that readers know from the beginning what you are writing about and where the essay is going. Tips to Strengthen or Clarify your Thesis Statement • A well-developed thesis should... be a complete sentence summarize the point of view you will take in your paper signal the main purpose of your essay say something important about your topic be specific enough for an essay of the assigned length serve as a organizational blueprint for your essay • As you clarify your thesis statement, try to make it as specific as possible while still giving yourself enough subject matter to work with. TOO BROAD: In this essay I will discuss the effects of depression on first-year college students. BETTER: When first-year college students are depressed by their inability to meet unfamiliar academic and social demands, their depression makes it even harder for them to satisfy those demands. TOO BROAD: Young people are too influenced by the media. BETTER: The frequent use of unusually thin models in television and magazine advertisements has contributed to the rise of eating disorders among adolescent girls and boys in the United States. • Your thesis should make a definite point you can support with conviction. Do not make an unassertive, weaseling thesis that makes a limp, indecisive statement. To make sure you have a substantial idea, ask yourself whether your classmates would willingly read an essay based on your thesis. Would it challenge them to think? Would your main point secure their interest? Would it tell them something new or give them a fresh perspective on a familiar topic? Be especially wary of a sentence that states the obvious or merely announces a topic. Connors Writing Center 7Hamilton Smith Hall . UNH . writing@unh..edu 603-862-3272 A thesis statement IS: • A thesis statement is limited so it can give direction to the paper. The thesis statement sets limits on the scope of what you will cover in the paper, so it should reflect the contents accurately. UNLIMITED: Several factors extend human life. LIMITED: Technological developments that prolong human life are not necessarily desirable for all patients and their families. • A thesis statement is specific. See the example regarding media on the previous page. • A thesis statement is an organizational aid. If you stick to the thesis statement when you create your outline and write your paper, you will keep yourself from straying from your main ideas. When you write the outline, check it against the thesis statement and leave out anything that doesn’t directly relate to the thesis. A thesis statement is NOT: • A thesis statement is NOT a promise or statement of purpose. In the following example, the promise shows that you have expectations for your essay. The thesis shows that you have fulfilled those expectations. PROMISE: In this paper I am going to show that pro football salaries are not too high. THESIS: Because the money that goes for pro football salaries puts money into the economy by supporting many people and businesses, players’ high salaries are justified. • A thesis statement is NOT a topic or subject. The topic or subject only tells what the paper is about, not what you have to say about the matter. A thesis, however, will tell the reader what you have to say about the subject. SUBJECT: The fitness craze in the United States THESIS: The fitness craze in the US has resulted in a population more aware of the role of exercise and good eating habits in lengthening people’s lives and in making them more productive. Connors Writing Center 7Hamilton Smith Hall . UNH . writing@unh..edu 603-862-3272 A thesis statement is NOT (continued): • A thesis statement is NOT a question. However, a question could help you to eventually find your thesis. QUESTION: What will Maya Angelou’s place in literature be? ANSWER: Maya Angelou will have a secure place in several genres of literature. THESIS: Maya Angelou is an accessible writer whose prose, poetry, and film scripts will long be read because they deal with human conditions, not just with the problems of African Americans. In this example, the question paves the way for the creation of a working, arguable thesis statement. The answer to the question provides a weak thesis statement. This statement is weak because it is vague. A reader would want to know what is meant by a “secure place” and what the “several genres” are. This statement would not help a writer organize information to include in his/her paper; therefore, it is not a useful thesis statement. However, by modifying the weak thesis to include specific wording, you are creating a thesis that will give your paper direction. It would be easy to develop an outline from this thesis, which presents substantial information in a logical order. This handout was adapted from the following resources: Crews, Frederick, Sandra Schor, and Michael Hennessy, eds. The Borzoi Handbook for Writers. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993. Fulwiler, Toby and Alan R. Hayakawa. The Blair Handbook: Instructor Copy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007. Glenn, Cheryl, Robert Keith Miller, Suzanne Strobeck Webb, and Loretta Gray, eds. The Writer’s Harbrace Handbook. 2nd ed. United States: Thomson Heinle, 2004. Hendengren, Beth Finch. A TA’s Guide to Teaching Writing in All Disciplines. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. Roth, Audrey J. The Research Paper: Process, Form, and Content. 7th ed. Albany, NY: Wadsworth, 1995. Connors Writing Center 7Hamilton Smith Hall . UNH . writing@unh..edu 603-862-3272 Laney College—English/ESL Workshop Fall 2006—Weidenbach THE THREE-PART THESIS STATEMENT: A MORE COMPLEX—AND HELPFUL!—THESIS STATEMENT A three-part thesis statement allows a writer to: • respectfully recognize a controversy; • make a clear, articulate claim; and • introduce reasoning that supports that claim. It can be written in one sentence, consisting of three clauses: • The "although" clause acknowledges that your idea is truly controversial, and that you recognize potential objections to your position. • The assertion clause is the heart of your thesis statement, your argumentative claim. • The "because" clause briefly introduces the reasons why your thesis is valid. EXAMPLE: Although the cost of going to college may be high, the knowledge and experience students gain are worth the price of admission; college graduates generally earn more than nongraduates, and the interactive [and] specialized learning that takes place in college courses is not easily available outside of colleges. How A Three-Part Thesis Statement Helps In Writing An Essay • The three clauses can serve as an outline for the structure of a thorough essay. The thesis statement is the main ingredient in an effective introductory paragraph, and each clause can serve as the main idea (or topic sentence idea) of a substantial paragraph. • The "because" clause is often the key to the organization of an essay: it introduces the two or three major reasons that support the thesis. The reasons listed need to be explained more completely and convincingly. Each of them can be expanded upon (. . .) in later paragraph[s]. 
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