Programming
program c " game "
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LAB 4: Guessing Game Flow Chart
START
Predefined Process
main();
Display Options
User
Selection
input
Selection
If option = 1
Predefined Process
User Instructions
PLAY GAME
Else option = other digit
Predefined Process
Good Bye!
Exit Program
exit(0)
END GAME
If A>B
PLAYER1
input: A
Data
Storage: A
PLAYER2
input: B
Clear Screen
Process and
Instructions
PLAYER 2 WON!
Compare
Else A = B
PLAYER 1 WON!
main();
Else if A
>=
!=
Relational/Equality Operators
Description
Sample Usage
Less than (eg. x < 10).
bool result = (4 < 7)
Less than or equal to (eg. x <= 10).
bool result = (41.1 <= 42)
Equivalence (eg. x = = 10) (important) bool result = (11 == 8)
Greater than (eg. x > 10).
bool result = (3.2 > 3.1)
Greater than or equal to (eg. x >= 10).
bool result = (41.1 >= 42)
Not equivalent (eg. x != 10).
bool result = (12 != 12)
Logical Operators
Operators
Sample Usage
Logical AND (&&)
bool result = (0 && 1)
Logical OR (||)
bool result = (0 || 1)
Logical not (!)
bool result = (0 != 1)
Result
true
false
false
true
false
false
Result
false
true
true
LOGICAL NOT
Page 1 of 18
Lecture 3
LOGICAL AND
Cloudy and working lights
Cloudy and busted lights
Cloud && Bulbs = Lights ON
Cloud && Bulbs = Lights OFF
1
&&
1 =
1
1
&&
0
=
0
Sunny and busted lights
Sunny and working lights
Cloud && Bulbs = Lights OFF
Cloud && Bulbs = Lights OFF
0
&&
0 =
0
0
&&
1 =
0
Page 2 of 18
Lecture 3
LOGICAL OR
Night OR Cloudy
Cloudy || Night = Lights ON
1
||
0
=
1
Night OR Cloudy
Cloudy || Night = Lights ON
0
||
Night OR Cloudy
Cloudy || Nights = Lights ON
1
||
1
=
1
1
=
1
Daytime OR Sunny
Cloudy || Night = Lights OFF
0
||
0 =
0
Page 3 of 18
Lecture 3
Let see an example:
/* A Program that determines if the two entered numbers are equal or not */
So in C where can we use these Boolean
Expressions and Comparison Operators?
Page 4 of 18
Lecture 3
How about Branching Mechanisms?
Let's say you are writing software for a bank ATM (automated teller machine). A
customer makes a request for a certain amount of cash, and your responsibility is
to determine if they should be allowed to withdraw that amount. You could decide
to use the following algorithm:
"if the amount requested is less than the account balance, that amount
should be withdrawn; otherwise, the customer should be notified and no
money should be withdrawn." Makes sense, right? So, the next step is coming
up with some pseudo-code. Once you have pseudo-code, writing the C code will
be easy.
Amount <
Total Balance
Take
Cash!
Amount >
Total Balance
NO
CASH!
Pseudo-code for the ATM problem might look like this
if the amount requested < account balance then
withdraw the amount requested
otherwise
withdraw nothing and notify the customer
Now that we have pseudo-code, writing the C code is as simple as "translating"
your pseudo-code into C. In this case, it's easy:
C Code for the ATM problem
if (amountRequested < accountBalance) {
withdraw(amountRequested);
}
else {
withdraw(0);
notifyCustomer();
}
Page 5 of 18
Lecture 3
You'll notice some new syntax in this example, but don't worry about it too much.
Pay close attention to the very first line, which checks to make sure that the
amount requested is less than the account balance. The way it works is, if the
expression between parentheses (amountRequested < accountBalance)
evaluates to true, then the first block of code will be read. That is, the code
inside the first set of curly braces { withdraw(amountRequested); } will be
executed. If the expression in parentheses evaluates to false, on the other hand,
then the second block of code, the code following the word else will be read. In
this case, the first block of code withdraws the amount requested by the
customer, while the second block of code withdraws nothing, and notifies the
customer.
That wasn't so hard! All we did was take the original English description of how
we would solve the problem, write some pseudo-code for the English description,
and translate the pseudo-code into C.
FLOW CHART FOR ATM PROGRAM
start main
Amount Request
Amount < Balance
Withdraw Cash!
Sorry. NO Cash.
stop main
Page 6 of 18
Lecture 3
Pseudocode Notation and Flowchart Symbols
Page 7 of 18
Lecture 3
If and else conditional statements
The ability to control the flow of your program, letting it make decisions on what
code to execute, is valuable to the programmer. The if statement allows you to
control if a program enters a section of code or not based on whether a given
condition is true or false. One of the important functions of the if statement is that
it allows the program to select an action based upon the user's input. For
example, by using an if statement to check a user entered password, your
program can decide whether a user is allowed access to the program.
Without a conditional statement such as the if statement, programs would run
almost the exact same way every time. The if statements allow the flow of the
program to be changed, and so they allow algorithms and more interesting code.
Before discussing the actual structure of the if statement, let us examine the
meaning of TRUE and FALSE in computer terminology. A true statement is one
that evaluates to a nonzero number. A false statement evaluates to zero. When
you perform comparison with the relational operators, the operator will return 1 if
the comparison is true, or 0 if the comparison is false.
For example, the check 0 == 2 evaluates to 0. The check 2 == 2 evaluates to a 1.
If this confuses you, try to use a cout statement to output the result of those
various comparisons (for example cout<< ( 2 == 1 );)
When programming, the aim of the program will often require the checking of one
value stored by a variable against another value to determine whether one is
larger, smaller, or equal to the other.
There are a number of operators that allow these checks and they are called
relation operators as discussed earlier.
Here are the relational operators, as they are known, along with examples:
> greater than
< less than
>= greater than or equal
<= less than or equal
== equal to
!= not equal to
5 > 4 is TRUE
4 < 5 is TRUE
4 >= 4 is TRUE
3 <= 4 is TRUE
5 == 5 is TRUE
5 != 4 is TRUE
Now that you understand TRUE and FALSE in computer terminology as well as
the comparison operators, let us look at the actual structure of if statements.
Page 8 of 18
Lecture 3
Structure of an if statement
The structure of an if statement is as follows:
if ( TRUE )
//Execute the next statement
To have more than one statement execute after an if statement that evaluates to
true, use braces, like we did with the body of a function. Anything inside braces is
called a compound statement, or a block.
For example
if ( TRUE ) {
//Execute all statements inside the braces
}
There is also the else statement. The code after it (whether a single line or code
between brackets) is executed if the if statement is FALSE.
It can look like this:
if ( TRUE ) {
// Execute these statements if TRUE
}
else {
// Execute these statements if FALSE
}
One use for else is if there are two conditional
statements that may both evaluate to true, yet
you wish only one of the two to have the code
block following it to be executed. You can use an
else if after the if statement; that way, if the first
statement is true, the else if will be ignored, but if
the if statement is false, it will then check the
condition for the else if statement. If the if
statement was true the else statement will not be
checked. It is possible to use numerous else if
statements.
Page 9 of 18
Lecture 3
Let's look at a simple program for you to try out on your own.
/*------------------------------------------------------If and else conditional statements program
---------------------------------------------------------*/
#include
#include
int main(void)
{
int age=0;
// Most important part of the program!
//Declare and initialize integer variable
printf( "Please input your age: ");
// Asks for age
scanf("%i", &age);
// Input is: put in age using keyboard
if ( age < 100 ) {
printf( "You are pretty young!\n");
}
// If the age is less than 100
// Just to show you how it works...
else if ( age == 100 ) {
printf ("You are old\n");
}
// I use else just to show an example
// Just to show you how it works...
else {
printf( "You are really, really old\n");
}
// Executed if no other condition applicable
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Nesting Statements
There is one control statement that is inside of another control statement. This is
known as nesting. The above is a nesting statements example.
Page 10 of 18
Lecture 3
The switch statement
A switch statement is used in place of many if statements.
Let's consider the following case: You are writing a program that calculates the
Highway toll based on the vehicle class. There are 5 different types of vehicle
classes as follows:
Vehicle Type or Class
Passenger Car
Motor Cycle
Commercial Vehicle
Small Truck
18 Wheeler
Toll ($)
5.50
2.00
8.00
10.00
15.00
One way you can write this program is as follows: (assuming also that you have
assigned numbers to each vehicle class starting with Passenger Car and ending
with 18 Wheeler.)
// declare a variable to keep track of the interest
float Toll = 0.0;
int Vehicle_Class = 0;
// decide which interest rate to use.
if (Vehicle_Class == 1){
Toll = 5.50;
}
else {
if (Vehicle_Class == 2) {
Toll = 2.00;
}
else {
if (Vehicle_Class == 3){
Toll = 8.00;
}
else {
if (Vehicle_Class == 4){
Toll = 10.00;
}
else {
// Total Vehicle Classes are 5
Toll = 15.00;
}
}
}
}
// Passenger Car
// Motor Cycle
// Commercial Vehicle
// Small Truck
// 18 wheeler
Page 11 of 18
Lecture 3
#
1
2
3
4
5
Vehicle Type or Class
Passenger Car
Motor Cycle
Commercial Vehicle
Small Truck
18 Wheeler
Toll ($)
5.50
2.00
8.00
10.00
15.00
The above code that uses if-else Statements is hard to read and hard to
understand. There is an easier way to write this, using the switch statement.
The preceding chunk of code could be written as follows:
switch (Vehicle_Class){
case 1:
Toll = 5.50;
break;
case 2:
Toll = 2.00;
break;
case 3:
Toll = 8.00;
break;
case 4:
Toll = 10.00;
break;
default:
Toll = 15.00;
}
// Passenger Car
// Motor Cycle
// Commercial Vehicle
// Small Truck
// 18 wheeler
Let us examine the code on the next page:
Page 12 of 18
Lecture 3
Page 13 of 18
Lecture 3
Structure of Switch Statement
The switch statement allows a programmer to compound a group of if
statements provided that the condition being tested is an integer or a
character. The switch statement has the form:
switch(integer_val){
case 1:
// code to execute if integer_val is 1
break;
...
case n:
// code to execute if integer_val is the nth integer value
break;
default:
// code to execute if integer_val is none of the above
}
The default clause is optional, but it is good programming practice to use it. The
default clause is executed if none of the other clauses have been executed. For
example, if my code looked like:
switch(character_val){
case a:
// code to execute if character_val is val_1
break;
...
case z:
// code to execute if character_val is the z character value
break;
default:
// code to execute if character_val is none of the above
}
The break keyword means "jump out of the switch statement, and do not
execute any more code." To show how this works, let us re-examine the
Highway Toll program by removing the break statements.
Page 14 of 18
Lecture 3
This feature of switch statements can sometimes be used to a programmers'
advantage. In the example with the different types of bank accounts, say that the
interest earned was a follows:
#
1
2
3
4
5
Vehicle Type or Class
Passenger Car
Motor Cycle
Commercial Vehicle
Small Truck
18 Wheeler
Toll ($)
8.00
2.00
8.00
10.00
15.00
Now, the code for this could be written as:
switch (Vehicle_Class){
case 1:
case 3:
Toll = 8.00;
// Commercial Vehicle and Passenger Cars Toll is same
break;
case 2:
Toll = 2.00;
break;
break;
case 4:
Toll = 10.00;
break;
default:
Toll = 15.00;
// Motor Cycle
// Small Truck
// 18 wheeler
}
Page 15 of 18
Lecture 3
Switch Statement Flow Chart
Page 16 of 18
Lecture 3
Operator precedence in C
Operator precedence in C is incredibly easy! Don't let anyone tell you otherwise!
Here's the trick: if you don't know the order of precedence, or you're not sure,
add parentheses! Don't even bother looking it up. We can guarantee that it will be
faster for you to add parentheses than to look it up in these notes or in a C book.
Adding parentheses has another obvious benefit - it makes your code much
easier to read. Chances are, if you are uncertain about the order of precedence,
anyone reading your code will have the same uncertainty.
That having been said, here's the order of operator precedence. In general, the
order is what you would think it is - that is, you can safely say
int x = 4 + 3;
and it will correctly add 4 and 3 before assigning to x. Our advice is to read this
table once and then never refer to it again.
system("cls") and exit(0) functions for MS Windows
•
OS command line, "cls" is a command on some operating systems that
clears the screen
C syntax:
system("cls" );
•
exit(0) is a function call used to terminates the process and exit out of the
program
C syntax:
exit(0);
Page 17 of 18
Lecture 3
How to use system("cls") and exit(0) functions in MS
Windows?
Page 18 of 18
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