GEOL 130 University of Evansville Volcanic Hazards Merapi Volcano Paper

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Jneqn_77

Science

GEOL 130

University of Evansville

GEOL

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To illustrate the threat that volcanic hazards pose to humans, write about a recent volcanic eruption and how it impacted people living nearby. In the United States, the 1980 Mt. St. Helens volcano eruption impacted travel and commerce in the U.S. for several weeks. The Iceland volcanic eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in April 2010 grounded airplane travel in Europe for several weeks and impacted University of Evansville students trying to fly home after a semester at Harlaxton College in England. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 caused "global cooling" for two years.

use at least half of your paper to describe volcani hazards, then use the rest of your paper to describe a recent (within the past 100 years) volcanic eruption that occurred and how it impacted people living in the area.

  • Format the paper using either APA style or MLA style; do not mix the two styles. Please visit the Purdue Owl website for APA and MLA style criteria (https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/resources.html). It is important that you list all sources correctly on your Reference page (APA) or Works Cited page (MLA). All sources that are listed must be cited correctly in the paper. Cite sources in the paper by author's name and date.
  • It is important that your paper is well organized. The first paragraph of your paper needs to include your thesis statement. The thesis statement is usually the last sentence of the first paragraph.
  • Each paragraph in the paper should address a single topic that supports your thesis. Feel free to insert figures (photos, maps, diagrams) and tables in the paper. Each figure and table must have a caption and cite the source of the information in the figure or table.
  • The summary paragraph should reiterate key points from the body of the paper that support the thesis. New information should not be placed in the summary.
  • Proof read your paper carefully for grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. One of the best ways to proofread your paper is to read the entire paper out loud, word-for-word. If there are errors, you will find them. I also encourage you to have friends or family proofread your papers to assist you in eliminating grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors.

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Summer 2021 Environmental Geology GEOL 130 Technical Paper Guidelines: An environmental geology paper is required in GEOL 130 which will be worth 75 points. A list of general topics is shown below. You are responsible for selecting a term paper topic and submitting it on Blackboard on Friday, May 21. You are advised to perform a preliminary literature review on the topic of your choice before completing your selection. Your final paper is due on Wednesday, June 19. The GEOL130 paper must be 1000-1500 words in length (not including the works cited page), typewritten (12 point font), double spaced, and prepared in accordance with either APA or MLA guidelines (specify style when the paper is uploaded to Blackboard. Papers must include a minimum of five sources. A minimum of two of the five sources must be from state or federal government agencies. An electronic copy of your technical paper (docx file) shall be uploaded to Blackboard by 11:59 p.m. on Wednesday, June 19. Late papers will be accepted within 24 hours of the due date with a 50% penalty. After 24 hours, no late papers will be accepted. GEOL 130 Paper Grading Rubric Levels of Student Achievement Writing Criteria Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Context of and purpose for Demonstrates a thorough Demonstrates adequate Demonstrates awareness of Demonstrates minimal writing understanding of context, consideration of context, context, audience, purpose, attention to context, Includes considerations of audience, and purpose that is audience, and purpose and a and to the assigned task audience, purpose, and to audience, purpose, and the responsive to the assigned clear focus on the assigned (e.g., begins to show the assigned task (e.g., circumstances surrounding the task(s) and focuses all elements task (e.g., the task aligns awareness of audience's expectation of instructor writing task(s). of the work.(14-15) with audience, purpose, and perceptions and or self as audience) (1-6) context) (11-13) assumptions) (7-10) Uses appropriate, relevant, and Uses appropriate, relevant, Uses appropriate and Uses appropriate and Content Development compelling content to illustrate and compelling content to relevant content to develop relevant content to mastery of the subject, explore ideas within the and explore ideas through develop simple ideas in conveying the writer's context of the discipline and most of the work. (11-20) some parts of the work. understanding, and shaping the shape the whole work. (1-10) whole work. (28-30) (21-27) Demonstrates detailed attention Demonstrates consistent use Follows expectations Attempts to use a Disciplinary convention to and successful execution of a of important conventions appropriate to a specific consistent system for Formal and informal rules wide range of conventions particular to a specific discipline and writing task basic organization and inherent in the expectations for particular to a specific discipline and writing task for basic organization, presentation (1-4) writing in particular form discipline and writing task including organization, content, and presentation. and/or academic field. including organization, content, content, presentation, and (5-6) presentation, formatting, and stylistic choices. (7-8) stylistic choices. (9-10) Demonstrates skillful use of Demonstrates consistent use Demonstrates an attempt to Demonstrates an attempt Sources and evidence high quality, credible, relevant of credible, relevant sources use credible and/or relevant to use sources to support sources to develop ideas that to support ideas that are sources to support ideas ideas in the writing (1-4) are appropriate for the situated within the discipline that are appropriate for the discipline of the writing. (9-10) of the writing. (7-8) ) discipline of the writing (5- 6) Uses graceful language that Control of syntax and Uses straightforward Uses language that Uses language that mechanics skillfully communicates language that generally generally conveys meaning sometimes impedes meaning to readers with clarity conveys meaning to readers. to readers with clarity, meaning because of and fluency, and is virtually The language in the paper although writing may errors in usage. (1-4) error free. (9-10) has few errors. (7-8) include some errors. (5-6) MECBOOK
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Explanation & Answer

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Volcanic hazards

Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date

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Volcanic hazards
A volcanic hazard means a potential hazardous volcanic process that endangers people's
lives, livelihoods, or infrastructure (Blong, 2013). The environment around the volcano may be
affected by several dangers, for instance, lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, and waste
avalanches. Volcanic activity also poses risks, including gasses discharge, ashfall, and tsunami,
far away from the volcano. These risks can affect the over a hundred to over a thousand
kilometers of the volcano with potential health and economic effect. Based on the kind of
volcano and eruption, there are several different types of risks. Some volcanoes usually generate
very explosion-like eruptions, like those occurring in subduction zones in Alaska and the
Pacifica to the west. Although volcanoes might be dangerous, there are several reasons why
people are living next to them. Emotional, social, and economic advantages can be achievable.
Knowing volcanic dangers is only one technique for individuals to lower their risk for those
living next to volcanoes.
Lava flows as it sounds like: lava flows from a volcanic eruption or source directly. Most
lava movements are gradual also robust, resembling rocky stack. Others move quicker and
almost look like fluxing honey rivers. Certain volcanoes make both of them. Fatalities and lava
flow injuries are not typical since flows usually are pretty sluggish. Nevertheless, the high lava
flows may produce flames, and everything that travels through the route of lava is enclosed in a
thick rock layer. Kilauea, Hawaii's continuous eruptions are the most identified instances of a
lava movement.
A pyroclastic flow is a combination of ash, volcanic gas, boulders, and lava, typically
over 300 and 1000°F in temperature. These flows are generally connected with explosive
volcanoes, which are more than 45 miles per hour along the volcanic slope 80 kilometers per

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hour, (AGI, 2021). Fluxes typically reach between 3 and 10 km from the volcano (5 to 15 km).
Pyroclastic fluvial will destroy all the rock, the ash, and collected debris and produce flames and
floods. Severe damages and deaths due to their high velocities and destructive impact are
typically related to pyroclastic movements. The explosion of El Chicón, Mexico (1982) and
Mount Pinatubo, Philippines were some significant instances of recent pyroclastic flows, 1991,
(AGI, 2021).
The volcano debris flow is a combination of rock, ash, soil, plants, and water that move
downwards into the riverside of a volcano. They can arise in response to significant rainfall
occurrences either at an eruption or later periods. Lahars are a kind of quick-flowing volcanic
particles that mainly comprises water, ash, and rock fragments at a rapidly moving river and
cement composition. Lahars are mostly linked to steep-sided volcanoes, although their size and
pace can differ. The lahar's size usually rises when it goes down the path and collects more
waste. As happened on the 1985 eruption, Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, Lahars may lead to
severe damage on river valleys, flood plains and destroy whole villages, (AGI, 2021). Lahars can
move far longer in river valleys, which pose a particular risk to populations of lava and
pyroclastic flows. Past lahars have traveled over 50 miles away from the eruption at Mount St.
Helens, Washington.
Landslides are rock and soil formations that slide quickly because of their severity.
Contrary to a lahar, the slope of the mountain itself is failing. Earthquakes or excessive
precipitation can cause landslides, but volcanic actions like intrusions of magma and volcanic
gas eruption could even induce. Huge eruptive landslides can build dams blocking rivers and
hiding highways, bridges, and residences. Groundwater and coastal slips can even cause
tsunamis. In 1980, a landslide caused the explosion of Mount St. Helens in Washington. Tephra

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and ash consist of rock particles of various sizes propelled by volcanic activity into the
atmosphere, (AGI, 2021). Tephra means larger chunks of rock, from rock piles to the size of a
vehicle or house, while ash is generally found near the volcano in smaller sizes. Ash blankets can
envelop the environment and sea in an ash bowl for hundreds of kilometers from an eruption
source. This ash cover has significant repercussions since small ash particles can damage
equipment, pollute water, impair the electricity supply, destroy agricultural areas, and put
aviation at risk. It also has an enormous economic effect. Volcanic ash is not like ash of a fire;
it's composed of small pebbles and volcanic glass particles. It is a substantial health risk since
volcanic ash breath can cause severe breathing issues. Recent eruptions have led to big ash
clouds, hampered adjacent aviation traffic in Iceland and Indonesia.
Volcanic gasses begin to break up and discharge into the magma as the fluid rises to the
face of the Earth. These gasses include dioxide from sulfur carbon dioxide, sulfide hydrogen, and
others. The gas releases can trigger a volcanic eruption, and certain volcanos emit significant gas
quantities. The gasses also provide a range of risks inadequately enough for the broader
communities. The skin, eyes, and breathing system may be irritated by sulfur dioxide (SO2).
Carbon is thicker than air, and significant carbon emissions can be fatal when respiratory air is
moved, as occurred in Cameroon in Lake Nyos in 1986, with carbon dioxide built up in deep
waters of a Volcanic lake rapidly rising to the surface and flowing down neighboring valleys,
(AGI, 2021). A name that explains smog from a complicated series of reactions with volcanic
gas (particularly sulfur dioxide), air and sunlight, is Vog, or volcanic smog. Volcanoes may also
release poisonous gasses such as sulfide hydrogen (H2S).
Recent volcanos
Merapi volcano

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The most erupting volcano in Indonesia is Merapi, a steep stratovolcano north of
Yogyakarta, the capital of Central Java, (volcanodiscovery, 2021). Every five to ten years, it
explodes on average and is known for the deadliness of pyroclastic flows - landslides of hot
rocks and gas that occur during the explosions in the top of the crater when new lava cavities are
built and roll down a steep mountainside. The term "Merapi" signifies "the one who is generating
fire" and is expected in the volcano: The Ijen massif of East Java is a volcano called Merapi,
which is similar in terms of the volcano called "Marapi," which can be described as Sumatra
Island. In one of the world’s densely inhabited regions, Merapi covers the landscape just north of
Yogyakarta. The Merapi volcanic series that stretches NNW to the Hungarian volcano is the
newest and the southernmost. This steep, modern Merapi structure is south of an arcuate scarp,
cutting out the eroded old Batulawang volcano. Its top section is unvegetated because of the
periodic eruptive activity.
During ancient times, the pyroclastic flows, following the growth and fall of the steepside active summit lava dome, destroyed cultivated regions on the west-to-south flanks. Since
1953, lava extruder has been marked by regular lava dome collapse and nuée ardente creation in
the top crater. Since the 1969 gas explosion, the expansion of the summit lava dome has
proceeded. The monitoring is carried out by the Yogyakarta Merapi Volcano Observatory
(MVO). From December 2000 to January 22, 2001, the volcanic activity escalated dramatically.
The volcano's SSW and SW flanks were crossed by over 20 pyroclastic flows in January and
extended over 3 km from their origin. The typical time interval for the week was less than
two hours, with lava landslides and pyroclastic flows taking place.

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Seismic and rocky activity at the top of the lava dome rose again in July 1998 and
culminated in over 100 rock avalanches. Pyroclastic flows were observed at the top of the
volcano on the south-south-east flanken of the Lamat, Krasak/Bebeng, and Boyon rivers.
Activity diminished, but between 1999 and 2000, the volcano continued to exist when severe
Dega-mentation, small explosions, intermittent illumination at the peak were reported, and some
rockfalls occurred. In August 1996, eruptions and pyroclastic flows were increasingly common
and extensive; the action that had begun in 1994 lasted until 1995 and again intensified. The
pyroclastic flow hit the upper regions of Kra...


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