Chapter 6 1. A basic form of learning evident when an organism does not respond as strongly or as often to an event following multiple exposures to it is known as: operant conditioning. habituation. observational learning classical conditioning. 2. One advantage to using animals rather than humans as subjects for studying behavior is that: it is not necessary to explain the experiment. they are less expensive to care for. animal behavior is easier to predict. it sidesteps many ethical dilemmas. 3. Zack imitates his trainer's stance when he performs a weight-lifting exercise. In this instance, Zack is demonstrating: operant conditioning. habituation. observational learning. classical conditioning. 4. Ivan Pavlov, a _____, conducted a number of early experiments in which he was originally studying _____. physiologist; a dog's conditioned response to a tone psychologist; principles of classical conditioning psychologist; amount of salivation in a dog's response to a bell physiologist; the saliva of dogs when given food 5. Pavlov observed dogs responding to environmental stimuli associated with food and called the phenomenon _____, which led to his groundbreaking research on learning. reflex responses operant conditioning habituation psychic secretions 6. In a series of classic experiments, Ivan Pavlov investigated how dogs: respond to continuing stimulation. form associations between stimuli. associate behavior with its consequences. learn through imitation. 7. A stimulus that automatically provokes a response is known as a(n): unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. neutral stimulus. reflex response. 8. In the _____ phase of the classical conditioning process, a neutral stimulus is paired with a(n) _____ stimulus. extinction; conditioned acquisition; unconditioned acquisition; conditioned extinction; unconditioned 9. Stimulus _____ occurs when a stimulus that is similar to a conditioned stimulus evokes the conditioned response. acquisition extinction discrimination generalization 10. In a typical advertisement, the product or service being promoted acts as a(n) _____ for positive emotional responses. higher order stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus positive reinforcer 11. A beautiful celebrity is shown using a new smartphone in a series of television commercials. Which statement is accurate about this example? The celebrity is a US; the phone is a CS. The phone is a US; the celebrity is a CS. The celebrity is a US; viewers' liking for the celebrity is a CR. The phone is a US; viewers' positive response to the phone is a UR. 12. According to the law of effect: acquisition is not dependent on reinforcement. a behavior is weakened when punished. aversion to food is established very quickly. a behavior becomes strengthened if followed by a reward. 13. B. F. Skinner pioneered the study of: habituation. operant conditioning. social learning. classical conditioning. 14. Thorndike's law of effect is similar to _____'s concept of _____. Skinner; stimulus generalization Skinner; positive reinforcement Pavlov; positive reinforcement Pavlov; stimulus generalization 15. In _____ reinforcement, only some instances of a behavior are reinforced. secondary negative primary partial 16. Students rarely study immediately after taking a test. Instead, they study right before the next exam. This is a characteristic of _____ schedules. fixed-ratio variable-ratio fixed-interval variable-interval 17. Operant conditioning applies to _____ behavior and involves associations between _____. involuntary; behavior and consequences involuntary; stimuli voluntary; stimuli voluntary; behavior and consequences 18. Though there are many similarities between them, classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ in that classical conditioning focuses on _____ behavior, while operant conditioning focuses on _____ behavior. involuntary; voluntary voluntary; involuntary extinction; acquisition reinforcing; punishing 19. In the classic "Bobo doll" research, Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961) demonstrated that _____ may be acquired through observational learning. aggressive behavior athletic skills prosocial behavior phobias 20. Mental maps are created through a process called: social learning. latent learning. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. 21. "I've got it!" John exclaims when he finally cracks a brain-teaser problem he's been working on. John is experiencing: insight. social learning. latent learning. habituation. Chapter 7 CH7- Evidence that testing is especially effective when it requires students to make 1. connections between new information and previously stored information can be explained by: Loftus' reconstructionist approach to memory. the information-processing approach to memory. the levels of processing approach to memory. Baddeley's working memory model. 2. Research has consistently shown that the practice of studying information in smaller sections spaced out over a series of study sessions, a technique known as _____, is superior to cramming. distributed practice massed practice elaborative rehearsal chunking 3. In the _____ effect, the first items in a list are better remembered than are the middle items in a list. encoding specificity primacy recency serial position 4. The levels of processing approach to memory was developed by: Craik and Tulving. Baddeley. Atkinson and Shiffrin. Loftus. 5. Ebbinghaus is associated with: mood-congruent memory. the serial position effect. a model of working memory. the forgetting curve. 6. Abigail and Alisa are at the amusement park together, and Alisa gets very scared of the enormous roller coaster. Several weeks later, Abigail asks her, "Remember how much fun we had on the roller coaster?" Alisa nods and agrees that the roller coaster was great and does not recall being afraid. This is an example of the _____ effect. serial position recency misinformation primacy 7. Long-term memories that are formed and often recalled outside our conscious awareness are known as _____ memories. iconic echoic implicit explicit 8. Specific factual information about a general topic is known as _____ memory. episodic semantic implicit procedural 9. Though his memory was damaged in a number of ways due to the surgical removal of his hippocampus, H.M.'s most striking impairment was profound: anterograde amnesia. retroactive interference. retrograde amnesia. Alzheimer's disease. 10. When one initially glances at a photograph or hears a song playing, the visual and auditory information initially enters the _____ memory stage. long-term sensory iconic short-term 11. Research on repressed memories of child sexual abuse suggests that childhood sexual abuse: affects boys more than girls. is overreported. is very uncommon. is shockingly common. 12. Loftus and Bernstein (2005) reported that _____ memories have the subjective feeling that one is experiencing a genuine recollection, replete with sensory details, and even expressed with confidence and emotion, even though the event never happened. rich false flashbulb episodic iconic 13. In _____ interference, information learned recently disrupts the recall of information learned earlier. retroactive progressive retrograde proactive 14. Luke experiences some damage to his cerebellum. Based on information provided in the textbook, Luke's _____ memory may be impaired. explicit implicit emotional spatial 15. Colton wakes up in a hospital. Apparently, he cannot remember anything that happened immediately following a severe head injury. Colton's case demonstrates _____ amnesia. anterograde proactive retroactive retrograde Chapter 8 8- Though psychologists' focus shifted away from the study of cognition during the _____ 1. due to the popularity of behaviorism, they once again began to focus on the inner workings of the mind with the cognitive revolution in the _____. 1950s; 1980s 1930s; 1980s 1910s; 1930s 1930s; 1950s 2. The rules governing how words and phrases may be ordered to create legitimate sentences are referred to as: pragmatics. semantics. displacement. syntax. 3. Throughout the day, Mario keeps mentally replaying a song in his head over and over that he heard earlier that morning. This is an example of: mental imagery. a natural concept. a formal concept. a prototype. 4. An approach to problem solving that involves finding the single best solution based on knowledge gained from prior experience is known as: divergent thinking. convergent thinking. emotional intelligence. practical intelligence. 5. Elliott has been a mixed martial arts fighter for 9 years and has, in that time, suffered repeated blows to the head. His neurologist diagnoses him with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Based on CTE research findings, which is true regarding Elliott's condition? Immediate surgery can likely eliminate the CTE symptoms. Elliott will get better with specific forms of physical rehabilitation. The damage he has sustained cannot be undone. If Elliott retires immediately, his brain will heal over time. 6. General ideas and objects that are understood through the daily experience of one's specific culture are known as _____ concepts. formal basic natural prototypical 7. The first formal intelligence assessment was developed by: David Wechsler. Charles Spearman. Alfred Binet. William Stern. 8. _____ believed that language abilities were innate, while _____ believed that language acquisition was dependent on experience alone. Skinner; Chomsky Skinner; Chomksy Chomsky; Skinner Bandura; Skinner 9. Howard Gardner originally proposed _____ distinct forms of intelligence. 4 2 11 7 Chapter 9 1. During adolescence, the development of the _____ is faster than that of the _____, which often results in poor judgement and decision making. limbic system; prefrontal cortex prefrontal cortex; limbic system prefrontal cortex; brainstem limbic system; brainstem 2. In contrast with prevailing stereotypes, _____% of older Americans live in a nursing home as of 2014. just over 6 only about 3 around 10 less than 1 3. Carole has stopped ovulating or having menstrual periods, and is now incapable of reproduction. Carole has experienced: andropause. menopause. spermarche. menarche. 4. One example of a primary sexual characteristic is: an enlarged penis. enlarged breasts. the growth of facial hair. the appearance of underarm hair. 5. Changes in language abilities represent an example of _____ development. maturational physical socioemotional cognitive 6. In a _____ research design, the same group of participants is tested repeatedly. In a _____ design, different age groups are tested at the same time. longitudinal; cross-sequential cross-sectional; longitudinal longitudinal; cross-sectional cross-sequential; cross-sectional 7. An individual enters late adulthood around age: 75. 65. 70. 55. 8. The nature and nurture issue concerns the degree to which certain areas of development involve: heredity and the environment. stages or continuity. behavior and cognition. stability and change. 9. Synaptic pruning refers to: improvement in the infant's motor skills. an increase in the length of the axons. the development of the myelin sheath on the axons. a decrease in the number of connections between neurons. 10. Deirdre is a fussy baby. She does not seem to eat or sleep on a fixed schedule. She is extremely active, and she gets upset easily. Deirdre likely has a(n) _____ temperament. slow to warm up difficult anxious insecure 11. Some psychologists have proposed a new life stage that covers the years between 18– 25 known as: adolescent egocentrism. emerging adulthood. late adolescence. early adulthood. 12. When a newborn's feet are stimulated, this will cause the toes to curl and spread apart, a response known as the _____ reflex. stepping Moro Babinski rooting Chapter 12 1. During the _____ stage of psychosexual development, conflict may surround _____. oral; weaning phallic; toilet training oral; sexuality and aggression anal; self-stimulation 2. Objective tests of personality: have fallen out of favor among psychologists. are scored in a standardized way. involve complex, ambiguous stimuli. include the Thematic Apperception Test. 3. In Freud's view, the component of the mind that focuses on fulfilling needs and maintaining homeostasis is the: subconscious. id. superego. ego. 4. According to Freud's theory, there is little or no psychosexual conflict during the _____ phase of development. phallic latency genital oral 5. In the Big Five model of personality, the term _____ refers to how trusting and goodnatured a person is. agreeableness extraversion openness conscientiousness 6. _____ is one of the Big Five personality factors. Practical Psychoticism Concrete thinker Conscientiousness 7. _____'s theory that we project underlying conflicts onto ambiguous stimuli forms the basis of the _____. Henry Murray; Rorschach inkblot test Abraham Maslow; Thematic Apperception Test Henry Murray; Thematic Apperception Test Abraham Maslow; Rorschach inkblot test 8. _____ appears to derive from _____. Personality; character Temperament; personality Character; temperament Personality; temperament 9. Thinking-feeling and sensing-intuiting are examples of: Eysenck's three personality dimensions. scales on the MMPI. dimensions on the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator. Cattell's 16 personality factors. 10. Dr. Shang is teaching a class on personality theory, and she emphasizes the idea that people are innately good and control their own destinies. Dr. Shang is teaching from a _____ perspective of personality. psychoanalytic social-cognitive humanistic trait 11. Raymond Cattell made a basic distinction between _____ and _____ traits. primary; secondary source; surface central; peripheral simple; complex 12. _____ theories of personality emphasize the development of personality early in life. Humanistic Psychoanalytic Trait Behavioral Chapter 15 1. The diathesis–stress model adopts a _____ view of the etiology of schizophrenia. psychological sociocultural biopsychosocial medical 2. Approximately _____% of the population will be diagnosed with bipolar disorder at some point. 2 3 0.2 1 3. In _____, social phobia is based on the fear of _____. Korea; offending or disturbing others the United States; offending or disturbing others Korea; evaluation or scrutiny by others the United States; crowds or open spaces 4. Schizophrenia is most fully understood from the _____ perspective. behavioral biopsychosocial cognitive biological 5. _____ of women experience depression surrounding the birth of a child. About half Around a quarter A majority A small minority 6. Nutthavut has been diagnosed with both bipolar disorder and a substance use disorder. Nutthavut's case illustrates: prevalence. etiology. a continuum. comorbidity. 7. Of all psychological disorders, _____ has the highest death rate. anorexia nervosa antisocial personality disorder major depressive disorder schizophrenia 8. A(n) _____ is a negative attitude or opinion about a group of individuals based on a characteristic they share, such as a psychological disorder. bias stigma appraisal schema 9. The hallmark of _____ personality disorder is an exaggerated sense of self-importance. histrionic paranoid antisocial narcissistic 10. Current estimates suggest that approximately 1 in _____ children are affected by autism spectrum disorder. 101 42 25 59 11. A person who regularly engages in criminal behaviors, lacks empathy, and exhibits aggressive, impulsive behaviors may be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder. narcissistic schizotypal borderline antisocial 12. Generalized anxiety disorder is a collection of distressing and disabling cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. As a(n) _____ disorder, it causes significant distress to its sufferers and tends to impair functioning in various areas of their lives. medical psychological emotional psychiatric 13. Since they provide relief from intrusive, unwanted obsessions, compulsions are maintained by: positive punishment. negative reinforcement. negative punishment. positive reinforcement. 14. About _____% of Americans will exhibit symptoms that meet the criteria of a psychological disorder at some point. 5 50 30 95 15. To explain the psychological factors that play a role in major depressive disorder, Aaron Beck proposed the _____, while Martin Seligman proposed the _____. dopamine hypothesis; concept of learned helplessness cognitive triad; concept of learned helplessness dopamine hypothesis; cognitive triad cognitive triad; dopamine hypothesis 16. Estrella is overwhelmed with fear whenever she must leave the house. She is especially afraid when she uses the subway or goes grocery shopping. She rarely goes out of her own home unless someone she trusts accompanies her. Estrella's case illustrates: separation anxiety disorder. agoraphobia. specific phobia. generalized anxiety disorder. 17. Chue is always worried and uneasy. He also suffers from tension headaches and muscular stiffness. Chue may suffer from: generalized anxiety disorder. panic disorder. agoraphobia. separation anxiety disorder. 18. A compulsion is a(n) _____, while an obsession is a _____. emotion; thought action; hallucination action; thought emotion; hallucination 19. The first version of the DSM was published in the: 1990s. 1970s. 1940s. 1950s. 20. Ira's father has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Vince has no family members with the disorder. Ira's risk of developing obsessive-compulsive disorder is _____ times that of Vince's. 2 3 1.5 2.5 21. The overall goal of the DSM-5 is to: cure psychological diseases. provide treatment plans for various disorders. provide a label for each psychological client. ensure accurate and consistent diagnoses. Chapter 16 1. Therapists working with families or groups usually practice some sort of _____ therapy. psychodynamic behavior insight biomedical 2. Many who are treated in psychiatric hospitals are released after: a few hours. one year. two months. 30 days. 3. Due to the shortage of mental health facilities, a substantial number of people with severe mental disorders needing treatment: are homeless or incarcerated. get better on their own. are hospitalized for health conditions. attend group therapy. 4. After 21 psychotherapy sessions, _____ of clients show clinically significant improvement. one half three quarters two thirds one third 5. Beck's therapy approach focused on taking apart _____ to replace them with beliefs that nurture more positive, realistic thoughts. manifest and latent dream content maladaptive behaviors defense mechanisms cognitive schemas 6. Humanistic therapy focuses on the _____, while psychodynamic therapy focuses on the _____. unconscious; conscious directive; nondirective patient; person present; past 7. Narcotics Anonymous meetings are an example of: person-centered therapy. a self-help group. family therapy. behavior therapy. 8. Person-centered therapy is a specific type of _____ therapy. cognitive humanistic behavioral psychodynamic 9. _____, a _____ theorist, developed person-centered therapy. Carl Rogers; cognitive Albert Ellis; cognitive Carl Rogers; humanistic Albert Ellis; humanistic 10. Which type of therapy is based on operant conditioning? flooding a token economy aversion therapy systematic desensitization 11. What is a strength of group therapy? Not everyone feels at ease discussing personal troubles in a room full of people. Some members may show resistance to group therapy, which can benefit discussions. People feel less anxious knowing that others face similar struggles. Group members typically always get along, eliminating friction. 12. While _____ therapy focuses on extinguishing associations, _____ therapy aims to create associations. token economy; exposure aversion; token economy aversion; exposure exposure; aversion 13. Major depressive disorder is usually treated with: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. atypical antipsychotics. benzodiazepines. anticonvulsants. 14. _____ seek to interfere with both dopamine and serotonin activity in specific areas of the brain. Anticonvulsants Tricyclic antidepressants Atypical antipsychotics Traditional antipsychotics 15. Ativan and Xanax are _____ that are used to treat _____. tricyclics; depression benzodiazepines; depression tricyclics; anxiety benzodiazepines; anxiety