Thisbook is the property of Oxford University Press. CHAPTER 18 CITIES, IMMIGRANTS, CULTURE, AND POLITICS, 1877 TO 1900 18.1. VISUAL DOCUMENT: THOMAS NAST, THE CHINESE QUESTION, IN HARPER'S WEEKLY (FEBRUARY 18, 1871) This cartoon by Thomas Nast appeared in Harper's Weekly, a popular magazine, in February 1871. The caption reads: "The Chinese Question-Columbia-Hands off, Gentlemen! America Means Fair Play for All Men." Source:Harper's Weekly, February 1871. 131 Ethics and Compliance Office at GAbookethics@oup .com. This book is traceable. Sale or resale of this Instructor's Edition is prohibited . 132 CITIES, IMMICRANTS , CULTURE, A This book is the D POLITICS Q UE STI O NS 1. Who does each figure in the cartoon represent? Which characters are depicted sympathetically? Which are represented critically? 2. How do the words describing the Chinese in the posters contrast and compare with the actions of the men on the right? 3. What is the point of view of the cartoonist regarding "The Chinese Question"? Is he for or against Chinese exclusion? These their s lived i for sea 18.2. VISUAL DOCUMENT: "THE ONLY ONE BARRED OUT," FROM FRANK LESLIE'S ILLUSTRATED NEWSPAPER, APRIL 1, 1882. D earson, Wethanl us, dear son, better Christn the holidays. here .... This owing 8 roub them back at these two we I we took for o you] "Econorr [of your credi you come bac of our debts, amount to 70 NewYearweh were only exp, Now info, and whether y and how is the are sermons a And informm like it as much it is difficult fi No,,c~ COMMUNl5T NIHIL!S'fS0Cl1'LIST FENIAN & HOODLUM WELCOME NO BIJT I\DMITTP,NC TO CHINI\MtN Q U ESTI ON S 1. What is the -cartoonist's position on Chinese exclusion? 2. Discuss the various symbols and the quote that he uses to make his point. 3. How might an anti-Chinese exclusion advocate make an argument against the cartoonist's position and portrayal? Source:William vol. 1 (Boston: C 1. If this book is available for sale, please contact the Oxford University Press Global Academic A small, hor Ethics and Compliar rohibited. This book is the property of Oxford University Press. 18.3. WIKTORYA AND ANTONI OSINSKI, EXCERPTS FROM LETTERS FROM POLAND TO CHILDREN WHO MIGRATED TO THE UNITED STATES (1902-1908) 5ard,ainst advocate t's posi- obal Academic These letters were dictated by Wiktorya and Antoni Osinski and written by a literate acquaintance to their sons: Jan, who migrated to America first, and Michal (Michalek), who soon followed. The family lived in Poland near the German frontier in an area where residents regularly emigrated to Germany for seasonal work and where emigration to the United States had been occurring for many years. January 3, 1902 ear Son, We thank you nicely for the 10 roubles. You wrote us, dear son, that we might make (from this money) a better Christmas tree and make ourselves merry during the holidays. I should be much merrier if you came here .... This money has been of use to us, for we were owing 8 roubles to the carpenter, so your father gave them back at once . He brought 2 roubles home. Of these two we gave 8 zloty for a holy mass, and the rest we took for our Christmas festival. Father says so [to you) "Economize as much as you can so that no one [of your creditors) may drum at your windows when you come back." If our Lord Jesus allows us to get rid of our debts, we shall remember you, for our debts amount to 70 roubles. If God grants us health in this New Year we hope to pay them back, for last year there were only expenses, and no income at all. Now inform us whether you are near a church, and whether you have already been in it a few times, and how is the divine service celebrated, whether there are sermons and teachings like those in our country. And inform me how do you like America, whether you like it as much as our country. Describe everything, for it is difficult for me (to write you long letters), since D I cannot write myself to you. Now I admonish you, dear son, live in the New Year honestly and religiously, for I pray our Lord Jesus for you every day, when going to bed and rising. May 25, 1902 Dear Son, You asked me to send you one gomolka.1 When they read it to me, I laughed. It is true that I had none when she left [a cousin going to America), but if she would have taken it, I would have found one. So instead of cheese I send you a godly image-you will have a token-and from every member of the family I send you a small medal. When you receive this image, kiss it, that it may bless you in your work and your'health and guard you against a mortal sin .... Michal sends you a package of tobacco and Aleksander a package of cigarettes.... You wrote to your father asking, what he would send you. Well, he sends you these words: "Remember always the presence of God .... " Now I send you other words: "Work and economize as much as you can." ... I can send you nothing more, dear son, except my heart. If I could take it away from my breast and divide it into four parts, as you are four whom our Lord Jesus keep for me still, I would give a part to every one, from love. Source:William I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, The PolishPeasantin Europeand America:Monographof An Immigrant Group, vol. 1 (Boston: Gorham Press, 1918), 404-06, 413, 417-18. 1. A small, homemade cheese . 133 Ethics and Compliance Office at GAbookethics@oup.com. This book is traceable. Sale or resale of this Instructor's Edition is prohibite . 134 C ITI ES , IMMIGRANTS , CULTURE , AND POL IT I CS July 29, 1903 Dear Son, Youwrote us, dear son, to take a maid-seivant, but the worst is that none is to be found ; they all go to America. Probably we shall manage alone until you come back. Aleksander can already help me in the heaviest work, he can already reach the sheaves to the cart and then pull them back, and Frania also works as she can. So instead of sending money for the seivant, if you have any, send them a little for okrezne.2 Then they will be still more willing to work, and when you come back we shall give you whatever you can . .. . Father was ill for a week; now he has already recovered. . . . I was so grieved, for father lay ill , and Michalek was on the journey-such is my luck, that I am always at work and in grief. , . . As to Michal, we tried by all means to persuade him not to go, particularl y I told him about his journey, how it would be, and that he would be obliged to work heavily. But he always answered that he is ready to work, but he wants to get to America and to be with you . Now I beg you, dear son , ifhe is in grief, comfort him as much as you can and care for him . You wrote me, dear son, not to grieve about you, but my heart is always in pain that we are not all together or at least all in our country, that we might visit one another . September 24, 1904 Dear Son, We are very glad that you are in good health and that you succeed well, so that you even want to take us to America. But for us, your parents , it seems that there is no better America than in this country. Your father says he is too weak and sickens too often. I should be glad to see you, but it is impossible to separate ourselves in our old age. I have also no health; particularly my arms are bad , .. and you wrote that in America one must work hard, and often cannot get work even if he wants it, while here we have always work. Ocwber 29 , 1906 Dear Son [Michal), We received your letter .... We are glad that you are in good health for we thought that you all were dead. 3 You had written, dear son , that you would write us something curious , so we waited impatiently thinking that perhaps you ·were already journeying home . . .. So now when we read this letter of yours we were very much grieved, for we remember you ten time s a day and it is very painful to us that you evidently forget us. Dear son , since you did not come , surely we shan't see one another in this world , for this year a penalty was established, that if anybody who belongs to the army went away, his father must pay big money for him , and when he comes back after some years, he must seive his whole time in a disciplinary battalion .. . . Dear son, you write that you are getting on well enough . Thanks to God for this, but we beg you , we your parents, not to forget about God, then God won't forget about you . It is very hard for us that we cannot see you . More than once we shed bitter tears that we have brought you up and now we cannot be with you ... , May we at least merit to be in heaven together. In 19 sourc sion b repor condi return April 26, 190 8 Dear Children , We received your letter and the post-notification on Good Friday evening when we came back from the passion . . , . Dear children, you write that you think about taking Aleksander to America. But we and our work, for whom would it be left? You would all be there and we here. While if he goes to the army for 3 years and God keeps him and brings him happily back, he would help us as he does now. Well, perhaps Frania could remain upon this (farm); but even so we could see him no more. Moreover, now whole throngs of people are coming back from America . . . and the papers write that it won't be better, but worse. QUESTIONS 1. What is the tone of these letters? What are the par- ents' chief concerns for their children who have immigrated to the United States? 2. Based on these letters, what impact did immigra tion have on the family and other villagers who remained in Poland? 3. Choose one of the letters and , based on your general knowledge of immigrant life in this era, write a response from one of the sons to his parents, addressing their concerns and describing his life in the United States. INFLUENC Emigrants w land are alsc particularly immigrants, quent visits t emigrants an success in Ai conditions ol health . It is bt deterrent effe1 relatively uni1 a rule, is one , is inclined tc achievements The inves were impresse variou s Slavic who exhibit a The unwilling 25 to 30 cent: erty; their gen Source: U.S. Sen; Offi ce, 1911), 58 2 3 Harvest festival. Because th ey had not written home If this book is available for sale, please contact the Oxford University Press Global Academic Ethics and Compliar , prohibited. Thisbook is the property of Oxford University Press. every a day get us. n't see ty was ; army n, and t serve n well m, we won't :annot 1at we ! with ~ether. 18.4. DILLINGHAM COMMISSION, EXCERPT FROM REPORTS OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION: EMIGRATION CONDITIONS IN EUROPE (1911) In 1907, pressured by anti-immigration forces, the U.S. Senate formed a commission to study the sources of immigration and its impact on the United States. Known as the Dillingham Commission because of the leadership of Senator William Paul Dillingham of Vermont, the commission's report ultimately consisted of 42 volumes. The excerpt below comes from the volume that examined conditions in Euro-pe that led to immigration to the United States and focuses on immigrants who returned to their home countries. i, 1908 cation ,m the about work, there , years ,ck, he Frania could 11gsof 1d the te par, have nigras who tr gen, write ,ts, adlife in INFLUENCE OF RETURNED IMMIGRANTS Emigrants who have returned for a visit to their native land are also great promoters of emigration. This is particularly true of southern and eastern European immigrants, who, as a class, make more or less frequent visits to their old homes. Among the returning emigrants are always some who have failed to achieve success in America, and some who through changed conditions of life and employment return in broken health. It is but natural that these should have a slightly deterrent effect on emigration, but on the whole this is relatively unimportant, for the returning emigrant, as a rule, is one who has succeeded and, as before stated, is inclined to exaggerate rather than minimize his achievements in the United States .... The investigators of the Bureau of Immigration were impressed by the number of men in Italy and in various Slavic communities who speak English and who exhibit a distinct affection for the United States. The unwillingness of such men to work in the fields at 25 to 30 cents a day; their tendency to acquire property; their general initiative; and most concretely, the money they can show, make a vivid impression. They are dispensers of information, and are often will.ing to follow up the inspiration by loans to prospective emigrants. The Commission was informed that one-third of the emigrants from Syria return for a time to their native country and later go back to the United States; but that in the meantime many of them build houses much superior to those of their neighbors and by such evidence of prosperity add to the desire for emigration among their countrymen. A man who left a little village in Transylvania in 1904 with the proceeds of the sale of two heads of cattle came back two years later with $500, and was the source of a genuine fever of emigration among his acquaintances, which has increased ever since. It is not be to wondered at that young men of spirit and ambition should want to emulate successful friends, and one can easily feel the truth of a statement made by a large land proprietor to the Royal Italian Agricultural Commission ... : "Emigration is spontaneous. It becomes like a contagious disease. Even the children speak of going to America." ... Source:U.S. Senate, Reportsof the Immigration Commission:Emigration Conditions in Europe (Washington: Government Printing Office,1911), 58, 232-33. 135 31Academic Ethics and Compliance Officeat GAbookethics@oup.com. This book is traceable. Sale or resale of this Instructor's Edition is prohibited. 136 This bo C ITI ES , IMMI G RA T S , CULTU R E, A N D P OL IT I CS EMIGRATION CONDITIONS IN EUROPE: ITALY In many instances the Commission observed that the standard of living among repatriated Italians was noticeably higher than among peasants generally. Their houses were conspicuously better, as was the general appearance of their premises. The pigs, donkeys, and chickens had been banished from the houses, and there was about their homes and themselves an appearance of prosperity which was lacking among their nonemigrant neighbor. In its report on Basilicata and Calabria the Royal Italian Agricultural Commission frequently refers to the returned emigrant, his changed views of life, and his effect upon his countrymen. The report says thatThe first idea of the emigrants who return is to improve their houses . Many families that in times past have lived in one room only, and perhaps with a pig, now have two or three rooms, besides a kitchen and stable. In America they have had their standard of living raised. Those who return from America purchase a house with a small estate; when this is not sufficient they hire some lands or work on shares. The "Americans" come back improved, more clever, and intelligent .... At the post offices [of Albano di Lucania) are deposited 60,000 lire as savings of the so-called Americans. • • • Returned countrymen do not adapt themselves to the hardest labors to which they were subjected in other times, except in the case they work on their own estates. Many emigrants, not accustomed to possess money, after returning from America squander it. . .. A large proprietor, on being asked why the people emigrate, replied : "They see their countrymen returning well dressed, with an overcoat, a cigar in the mouth, and therefore they all wish to go away." It is evident that "Americans" live better and have cleaner houses . Emigration has created in Lagonegro a small bourgeois class that is called "American ." They have returned from the United States and from Argentina; they have an income of from 3 to 5 lire (60 cents to $1) daily; they don't work; and they live like old employers in retreat, with their only ambition to become either councilors of the municipality or foremen in some labor society. .. . QUESTIONS 1. According to this report, what role did immigrants who returned to their villages in Europe play in the ongoing migration to the United States? 2. What new ideas and concepts did returned immigrants carry back with them to Europe? 3. What impact, if any, did returning immigrants have on the culture and social organization of their native villages? A, By A\\ An Th An Aw De Co Av1 No Bel Source: ( If this book is available for sale, please contact the Oxford University Press Global Academic Ethics and c I 111II , 1111111.1I his long effort to place law above force was called ,1 drea mer and a coward, but each did his utmost to 1·xprcss clearly the truth that was in him, and beyond 1li,1t human effort cannot go . This tide of endeavor has probably never been so fi1IIas at the present moment . Religious, social, and 1·conomic associations, many of them organized since 1'11· war began, are making their contributions to the .~.1111c great end .... Oul of the present situation, which certainly "pres1·11tsthe spectacle of the breakdown of the whole philnso phy of nationalism, political, racial, and cultural," 111.1y rnnceivably issue a new birth of internationalism, frn111dcdnot so much upon arbitration treaties, to be 11~n l in time of disturbance, as upon governmental 1kvicl's designed to protect and enhance the fruitful pl!H !'SSCS of cooperat ion in the greatest experiment if livi 11glogeth er in a world become conscious of itself. CHAPTER 21 AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR, 1914-1920 21.1. VISUAL DOCUMENTS: PROPAGANDA POSTERS (1914-1918) Propaganda posters issued by U.S. government agencies and voluntary organizations reached and informed millions of Americans during World War I. These posters urged men to join the armed forces, women to take war production jobs, citizens to buy war bonds, people on the home front to send cigarettes to soldiers, and the public to support the proposed League of Nations. UESTIONS I low does Addams justify the unpopular position women have a special role to play in internal io1rnl affairs? I )o you agree with Addams that women have a "pnuliar revulsion" to war? Why or why not? Why do you think that she was so confident that i1111•rnat iona lism, rather than nationalism, was the w,1w o f the future? I h ,ll 'SENDSMOKES TOSA:\1MY!'' '.\lail \oor (;,-in1rih111i,:,n"11, I Ol R HOYSL'\FR\M:E TOBACCOFUND" ' ~,-1 llrh '-1..... , -~.. \...,.}o,ltJ#Y . James Montgomery Flagg, Send Smokes to Sammy! (1918). Howard Chandler, Clear the Way!! (c. 1918). QUESTIONS 1. I low did this poster art simplify complex questions? 2. To what emotions did propaganda posters appea l? So1111 •.1: J,1111 ,•s Mo111go111l'1y Pl,1f\l\, S,·11t l S11111 /11•1111S11 111111 y! 0111 lloys i11F11111n• 'fi,/111ffol '1111il ( I ') I 8) 10Swim Ink ' 111111// .1, / ·111111/1I 1/u•1t)'I 111111 (1 1'll H) 10< :()IUIIS I lo w,11(1C:11.111Vl' the average audience , but if the ideas are good , yn11shou ld plan carefully to bring them into the expe111 ·11t1· of your auditors. There is one sentence which ,,1ys, "No country was ever saved by the other fellow; 11 11111 st he done by you, by a hundred million yous, or 11will 11otbe done at all." Or again, Secretary McAdoo ,,.,y~, "Ew1y do llar invested in the Liberty Loan is a real lilt1w 101 liberty, a blow against the militaristic system whit h wou ld strangle th e freedom of the world," and so t111 llnlh the Thbuneand th e Examiner,besides the Her,1/i/, 10111 ,1in President Wilson's address to the nation in t n1111nlion with the draft registration. The latter part is w 1y sui,;gcs tive and can be used effectively. Try slogans lilw "F.,11n the right to say, I helped to win the war," and I Ids is ,1l.,oyally Bond as well as a Liberty Bond ," or "A t ,III SI' 1h,1tis wo1th living for is worth dying for, and a t .111 ~1·1h.11is worth dying for is worth fighting for." Cont1·1w of your speech as a mosaic made up of five or six Ii1111d11 •d words, each one of which has its function . If you come across a new slogan, or a new argu1111 ·111 , 0 1 ,1new story, o r a new illustration, don't fail to sn 1d ii lo the Co mmitt ee. We need your help to make 1h1· hn11 Minut e Men the mightiest force for arousing p.11rlntism in the United States. It'll 1111//,·1111 I , M,1y )'), I ')I 7; Co mmi ll t'(' (I ll 1'11hlitl 11lo1111 ,1tion , 1'011r SPE ECH BY A FOUR MINUTE MAN Ladies and Gentlemen : I h ave just received the information that there is a t :erman spy among us-a German spy watching us. He is around , here somewhere , reporting upon you and me-sending reports about us to Berlin and telling the Germans just what we are doing with the Liberty Loan . From every section of the country these spies have been getting reports over to Potsdam-not genera l reports but details-where the loan is going well and where its success seems weak, and what people are saying in each community . For the German Government is worried about ur great loan. Those Junkers fear its effect upon the erma n morale.They're raising a loan this month , too . If the American people lend their billions now, o ne and all with a hip-hip-hurrah, it means that America is united and strong . While, if we lend our money half-heartedly, America seems weak and autocracy rem ains strong. Money means everything now ; it means quicker victory and therefore less bloodshed . We are in the only one wish in the Liberty Loan. Well, I hope these spies are getting their messages straight, letting Potsdam know that America is hurling backto the autocrats these answers: For treachery here, attempted treachery in Mexico, treachery everywhere-on e billion. For murder of American women and children- one billionmore. For broken faith and promise to murder more Americans-billions and billionsmore. And then we will add : In the world fight for Liberty, our share-billions and billionsand billionsand endlessbillions. Do not let the German spy hear and report that you are a slacker. QUESTIONS 1. What topics were speakers encouraged to raise in their public speaking ? 2. What information sources did speakers use ? I ZT."'3. ·u.·s·. ARMY, ~INTE[[ll'.i"ENCE TEST, ALPHA (1921) After the United States entered the Great War in April 1917, millions of men quickly join ed or were drafted into military service. Psychologist Robert M. Yerkes convinced the army he could assess the intelligence of raw recruits and select those suitable for officer training by administering a standard ized "IQ" test. The tests clearly favored those men from wealthier, educated backgrounds and were later used as evidence to claim that most Eastern European immigrants and African Americans were "subnormal." 111 1 I 7 Bud Fisher is famous as an actor author baseball TEST 8 Notice the sample sentence: People hear with the eyes ears nose mouth The correct word is ears, because it makes the truest sentence. In each of the sentences below you have four choices for the last word . Only one of them is correct. In each sentence draw a line under the one of these four words which makes the truest sentence. If you can not be sure, guess. The two samples are already marked as they should be . SAMPLES People hear with the eyes ears nose mouth France is in Europe Asia Africa Australia 1 2 3 4 5 6 America was discovered by Drake Hudson Columbus Balboa Pinochle is played with rackets cards pins dice The most prominent industry of Detroit is automobiles brewing flour packing The Wyandotte is a kind of horse fowl cattle granite The U. S. School for Army Officers is at Annapolis West Point New Haven Ithaca Food products are made by Smith & Wesson Swift & Co. W. L. Douglas B. T. Babbitt player comic artist 8 The Guernsey is a kind of horse goat sheep cow 9 Marguerite Clark is known as a suffragist singer movie actress writer 10 "Hasn't scratched yet" is used in advertising a duster flour brush cleanser 11 Salsify is a kind of snake fish lizard vegetable 12 Coral is obtained from mines elephants oysters reefs 13 Rosa Bonheur is famous as a poet painter composer sculptor 14 The tuna is a kind of fish bird reptile insect 15 Emeralds are usually red blue green yellow 16 Maize is a kind of corn hay oats rice 17 Nabisco is a patent medicine disinfectant food product tooth paste 18 Velvet Joe appears in advertisements of tooth powder dry goods tobacco soap 19 Cypress is a kind of machine food tree fabric 20 Bombay is a city in China Egypt India Japan 21 The dictaphone is a kind of typewriter multigraph phonograph adding machine 22 The pancreas is in the abdomen head shoulder neck 23 Cheviot is the name of a fabric drink dance food 24 Larceny is a term used in medicine theology law pedagogy Source:Carl C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence (London: Oxford University Press, 1923), 29. 228 '.l!i ' 11H'11,,111(, of C1•t1yNh111~ w.is lrnrglit in IH(, I IHI 1 177 8 181 6 'f'lw b,1ssoo11 is usl'd in music Sll'now,,phv 11111,I , binding lithography 1111· hid, · mes f10111pl'lrolcum 27 Turpenline trees 28 The numb er o f a Zulu's legs is two fo11, NI~ eight 29 The scimitar is a kind of mu sket ca 1111011 pl Ntul sword 30 The Knight engine is used in th e Pacl1,ml l.o:rk1 Stearns Pierce Arrow 31 The author of "The Raven" is Stevenson l(l pl111H Hawthorne Poe 32 Spare is a term used in bowling football 11•1111IN hockey 33 A six-sided figure is called a scholium par,illl'lo gram hexagon trapezium 21.4. THEODOR "THE HUN WITHIN OUR Former President Theodore Roosevelt critirizc d 1111 •,i,k,i! w World War I. Once the United States did so i11Ap1II 111I iht all Americans who he deemed less enthu siast it w,11\ llf'l" '"n lished in 1917, Roosevelt denounced many puliti 11,111, 11111 and others whom he accused of being Cerma ,1 ,11•,rnt ~ he Hun within our gates is the worst of the foes of our own household, whether he is the paid or tlw unpaid agent of Germany. Whether he is pro- Ger man or poses as a pacifist, or a peace-at-any-price man , matters little. He is the enemy of the United States. Senators and Congressmen like Messrs. Stone, La Fol Jette and Maclemore belong in Germany and it is a pity they cannot be sent there .... Such men are among the worst of the foes of our own ho usehold; and so T Source:Theodore Roosevelt, The Foesof Our Own Household (Nrw Y,H L t,H I The Hun Within Our Gates 25 The Battle of Gettysburg was fought in 1863 1813 INTELLIGENCE HA (1921) 11i, ti l I ')I 7, 111illi o ns of men quickly joined or were 1\1 \'i d
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