Mount Royal University The Role of Nurses in Health Promotion Discussion

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Health Medical

Mount Royal University

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I’m trying to learn for my Nursing class and I’m stuck. Can you help?

Despite increased abilities across developmental realms, including the maturation of pain systems involving self-regulation and the coordination of affect and cognition, the transition to young adulthood is accompanied by higher rates of mortality, greater engagement in health-damaging behaviors, and an increase in chronic conditions.  Rates of motor vehicle fatality and homicide peak during young adulthood, as do mental health problems, substance abuse, unintentional pregnancies, and sexually transmitted infections.  

Describe how the advanced practice nurse can play a role in improving the health of young adults through preventive screening and intervention. 

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Chapter 22 Young Adult Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Biology and Genetics   18-35 years Health-promotion needs ➢ Developing behaviors to promote healthy lifestyle ➢ Decreasing incidence of accidents, injuries, violence  Young adulthood at a glance ➢  Healthiest period, optimal muscle strength (age 25-30), manual dexterity peaks Gender differences ➢ Full growth • Women: Age 17; men age 21 ➢ Longevity: Women > men ➢ Health care seeking: Women > men Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Biology and Genetics (Cont.)    Greater complexity of thinking; more organized emotional/cognitive development Self-help resources very popular with young adults Maternal mortality rate primarily pertains to young adults—health indicator of a nation’s health resources Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns            Health perception–health management pattern Nutritional-metabolic pattern Elimination pattern Activity-exercise pattern Sleep-rest pattern Cognitive-perceptual pattern Self-perception–self-concept pattern Roles-relationships pattern Sexuality-reproductive pattern Coping–stress tolerance pattern Values-beliefs pattern Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Health Perception–Health Management Pattern  Behavioral health history ➢  Risk factors for unintentional injuries Preventive care ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Maximize health status, detect problems early Age 18: full health appraisal Repeat history/physical every 2 years Screenings: testicular examination, PAP smear Experts now recommend against SBE Over age 25: focus on coronary risk factors • Cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, metabolic syndrome Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Health Perception– Health Management Pattern (Cont.)  Decision-making and risk taking ➢ ➢  Risk-taking behavior Leading causes of death: unintentional injuries, homicide, suicide Communicable disease ➢ Threats: changes travel, social, sexual behaviors ➢ Drug resistance; new strains emerging ➢ Disease examples • Immunizations: rubella, HPV (women), hepatitis B • TB, HIV, Lyme disease Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Health Management for Young Adults      Prevention is key for young adults Modifying CHD risk factors for those >25 years Hypertension screening and management Education to focus on healthy lifestyle choices ID metabolic syndrome—precursor to DM ➢   Obesity, high lipids, hypertension Risk taking remains problematic for young adults—accidents leading cause of death Of concern: meningitis, hepatitis B, TB, HPV Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern  Obesity: epidemic proportions ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢  Basal metabolic rate declines More intake than energy requirement = weight gain Obesity rates vary by ethnicity Factors : increasing portion size, “eating out,” sedentary lifestyles Teaching: increased activity, low fat, more fruits/vegetables, limit portions Assessment: BMI, waist circumference, BP, cholesterol Nutritional needs/common deficiencies ➢ Iron, folic acid, calcium Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Elimination Pattern  Eating disorders ➢  Common complaints ➢ ➢ ➢  May persist Constipation Hemorrhoids Occasional diarrhea Teaching ➢ ➢ Report changes in elimination patterns Adequate fluids, eating fruit/vegetables Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Activity-Exercise Pattern  Exercise recommendations ➢ ➢  Sun/radiation exposure ➢  Aerobic exercise of moderate intensity for 30 minutes, 5 days per week Barriers: lack of time, access to facilities, safe environments Avoid excessive UV: use of sun blocks, sun-protective clothing, avoid tanning, sunbathing Sports ➢ ➢ ➢ Recreational activity history guides education Helmets for bicycles, motorcycles Protective equipment for sports Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Sleep-Rest Pattern  Subject to fatigue ➢ Work ➢ Stress ➢ Inactivity  Recommendations ➢ ➢ Change activity or stressors Try out new tasks or physical activities Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern  Piaget: formal operations ➢  Intellectual growth ➢  Recall performance and memory: peaks in 20s Erikson: intimacy vs isolation ➢ ➢  Analysis of all combinations of possibilities and constructs hypotheses; more perceptive/insightful Increased sense of competency/self-esteem Learns to develop reciprocal intimate relationships (requires mutual trust) Postconventional moral reasoning ➢ Define rights and morality in terms of self-chosen principles Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Self-Perception–Self-Concept Pattern  Western culture: adulthood ➢ ➢   Achieve financial and residential independence Life stage conflict: Explore and experiment vs firm commitments Employment tied to self-esteem Employment issues ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Pay differentials by gender Variance in benefits, occupational hazards Stress of employment Childbearing choices; child care issues Increased job burden with decreased job security Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Roles-Relationships Pattern       Young adult friendships more enduring than earlier relationships Formation of intimate relationships Decisions about life/career directions Formation of family units Multiple decisions related to childbearing, finances, roles/relationships Self and family development Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Roles-Relationships Pattern (Cont.)  Separation/divorce ➢ Affects children, families of couple ➢ Reevaluation of basic values, strengths, personality ➢ Depression common—supportive counseling/services  Violence ➢ 80% of violence is individual acts (homicide, suicide) ➢ Homicide: second leading cause of death age 15-24 ➢ Associated: guns, alcohol, drug abuse, crimes ➢ Intimate partner violence • Crosses all demographic boundaries • Underreported; women report higher lifetime violence • Appropriate assessment, detection, treatment needed Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern  Infertility ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢  Affects10%-15% of US couples; increased incidence >25 years Assistive reproductive technologies (stressful, costly) Sterilization: choice increases with age Male issues: orchitis, epididymitis, varicoceles, hydroceles Unintended pregnancy (half of all pregnancies) ➢ ➢ ➢ Teen birth rate down 30% in the past decade Half of unplanned pregnancies are caused by contraceptive failure Nurse’s role: help choose most appropriate method Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16 Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern (Cont.)  Prenatal care ➢  STDs ➢ ➢ ➢  Insufficient for high-risk and minority women Leading cause of infection (high-risk age group) Screening for chlamydia recommended Multiple STDs increases risk of HIV HIV challenges ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Treatment/prevention needs of chronically ill Effective strategies to prevent new infections/improve case finding Counsel on risk-reduction behaviors Education of individuals and general public Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17 Coping–Stress Tolerance Pattern  Stress ➢ Assess for stress-related complaints ➢ Assess for signs of achievement stress ➢ Listen, offer support; referrals as needed  Suicide and depression ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Suicide: leading cause of death Cause: unable to cope with stressful circumstances or events More women attempt suicide; more men succeed Assess for depression and suicidal ideation Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18 Values-Belief Pattern  Health promotion ➢  Altering value/belief patterns that encourage poor health practices Parenting ➢ ➢ Ensuring healthy offspring Genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis decisions • Decision-making of potential risk of transmission • Values and decision-making related to genetic impairment Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19 Environmental Processes  Ethnicity, race, culture ➢ ➢  Accidents ➢ ➢  Nonmajority ethnicity/culture Health effects from prejudice, discrimination, educational/work decisions, residential setting Highest cause of death in young adults Motor vehicle accident prevention important: seat belts, use of alcohol, aggressive driving Pollution ➢ ➢ Noise: increases risk of hearing loss (e.g., recreational exposure) Air: automobile exhaust; industrial exposures Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20 Environmental Processes (Cont.)  Occupational hazards/stressors ➢ Young adults work in hazardous jobs ➢ Vocational training needed to avoid hazards ➢ Periodic assessment, counseling for risks  Chemical agents ➢ ➢ ➢ Drug use—injury, disability, violence, social problems Alcohol use—accidents, future chronic conditions; binge drinking Tobacco use—leading cause preventable death • Synergistic effect with asbestos, dust, radiation exposures Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21 Environmental Processes (Cont.)  Cancer—environmental carcinogens ➢ Work exposure • Hazardous chemicals • Latex: long-term immune system disease ➢ Unhealthy practices • Multiple sexual partners, exposure to HPV: risk of cervical cancer • Smoking: lung cancer, cervical cancer Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22 Determinants of Health: Social Factors and Environment  Social factors and environment ➢ ➢  Culture and ethnicity ➢ ➢  Neighborhood resources—sets standards for individual health Challenges: transportation, medical home, health coverage Health care based on Western belief system Identification needed of culturally influenced health behaviors and culturally acceptable interventions Legislation ➢ ➢ Major political constituency Have time/energy to affect issues related to common good Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23 Determinants of Health: Social Factors and Environment (Cont.)  Economics ➢ ➢  Homelessness ➢ ➢  Satisfying careers; adequate economic returns Changes in employment choices, types of jobs, work styles, potential for job security More families homeless Poverty, poor education, lack skills, domestic violence, substandard health care Dual careers ➢ ➢ May amplify relationship strain, domestic violence Increased life complexity: child day care, caring for parents, varied living arrangements Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24 Nursing Application   The physical abilities of the young adult are in peak condition so the goals of the nurse are aimed at maintaining optimal physical conditions, encouraging healthy habits, screening for disease, and treating illnesses As the nurse obtains an assessment of the individual and family history, the necessity of further screening, education, or monitoring is determined Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25
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Running Head: NURSING

1

Nursing
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Date:

NURSING

2

Health Promotion
Typically, advanced nurses play a critical role in improving patient's health via evidencebased recommendations. They also while encouraging people to receive health services,
including counseling, screening, and preventive medications. Consequently, they inspire young
and tender age adolescents through public health education to engage in healthy lifestyles that
enable will them to live longer lives (Bashore & Hobbie, 2021). The primary purpose of this
assessment is to discuss the role of advanced practice nurses in improving the health of young
adults via preventive screening and intervention.
First, the advanced practice nurse has an advanced level of education and clin...

Ghgbe_TevssvaZ (16099)
UC Berkeley

Anonymous
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