Los Angeles City College Physiology of The Menstrual Cycle Presentation

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Los Angeles City College

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-INSULIN, CARDIAC CYCLE, ECG/EKG, BILE, HEMOSTASIS, CALCIUM BALANCE, VITAMIN D, URINE PRODUCTION, LACTATION, MENSTRUAL CYCLE

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INSULIN
INSULIN, ITS ROLES AND EFFECTS OF
INSULIN RESISTANCE

Introduction
 Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta cells

found in the pancreas islets of Langerhans.

 The molecular weight of insulin is approximately 6000 Da,

and it comprises two polypeptide cells carrying 51 amino
acids; A- chain has 21 amino acids, and B chain has 30
interconnected by disulphide bonds

Functioning of Insulin
 Insulin functions through the specialised receptors known

as insulin receptors (IRs) present in the cell membranes of
ultimately all cells.

 Insulin controls how the body utilises carbohydrates

present in diverse foods
 Insulin helps maintain normal levels of glucose amounts in
the bloodstream.

Insulin is used in wound healing
 Topical insulin application accelerates the healing of

cutaneous wounds.
 The recovery of surgical incisions, lacerations and
open injuries is accelerated by zinc protamine
insulin.

Insulin is used in Parenteral nutrition (PN)
 PN formulations comprise balanced mixtures of essential

and non-essential amino acids, insulin, fat emulsions,
micronutrients, glucose, electrolytes, vitamins, required
vital medications and water.

 A significant complication brought by PN is hyperglycemia,

often controlled by insulin in the PN solutions.

Insulin is essential in bodybuilding
 In the 1998 Nagano Olympic Games, Insulin was

utilised as a doping agent and continues to be used
by bodybuilders and athletes to increase their muscle
mass.

Insulin is used as an anti-aging agent
 Insulin is essential in significantly increasing the

secretion of the Klotho anti-aging (aging suppressor)
gene and regulating its production.

Insulin is used in organ preservation and cell
culture
 Insulin is impactful in the development of

mammalian cells.
 Insulin manufactures gene therapy products, virus
vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and other
biological drugs.

Insulin is used in cancer treatment
 Insulin Potentiation Therapy (IPT) is a procedure where

insulin is used to complement typical chemotherapy.
 Insulin is used as a supplement to low dose chemotherapy,
and it is believed to strengthen the effects of chemotherapy.

Insulin Resistance
 Decreased insulin responsiveness caused by disruptions of

diverse molecular pathways, lead to Insulin resistance.
 Insulin resistance is caused by other factors such as
mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, insulin
receptor mutations, inflammation, and endoplasmic
reticulum stress.

Hypoglycaemia
 It is caused by excessive insulin injection in the body.
 Some diabetes d...

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