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Abstract
B.MM. (Hons) Media Arts
Undergraduate Dissertation
Demerits of Plastic Surgery
Plastic surgeries have become part of many individuals' beauty living
standards. Thus, plastic surgeries have been developed and helped by restoration,
reconstruction, or alteration of the human body by performing surgery. After that,
cosmetic surgery formed and is classified as a branch of plastic surgery. Nowadays,
many people are going under the knife for the sake of appearances, having one or more
cosmetic surgery.
The research aims to show how plastic surgeries affected individuals and the
world. Moreover, to display the factors that played a role in making plastic surgeries
desirable such as social media and the high risks on health and society associated with
cosmetic surgeries. The research will also discuss four cases of individuals who had
cosmetic surgeries and how it impacted their life in a bad way. As more and more
people have cosmetic surgeries, this research will serve as a tool to raise the
knowledge of cosmetic surgeries' negative impacts on an individual and global scale. It
will also give convincing evidence based on facts and statistics of why people
shouldn't do cosmetic surgeries. This research will get to the root of the problem and
thus serve to solve it as if you acknowledge a problem and work to fix it.
Thesis Issue
Plastic surgeries have a lot of great impacts which has also affected people who
undergo this process negatively. It is reported that over 89% of people who consider
plastic surgery are either unaware or have wrong information about plastic surgeries.
The majority of these people are not well informed on the side effects that accompany
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plastic surgery. People are not concerned with carrying out research or significant
information about plastic surgery. On the other hand, the plastic surgery experts are
concerned with how they can have many clients to the extent of not providing
preliminary information on the risks that come along with the desired results. Over
70% of plastic surgery clinics do not have pieces of equipment for emergency cases.
Most of these clinics offer contractual services to experts to maximize their gains
(Sung-wook and Ki-hwan 2013). Plastic surgery often causes physiological, social
phobia, depression, and several plastic surgery-related disorders (Sansone & Sansone
2007). This research aims to inform about plastic surgery, demerits of plastic surgery,
and a brief understanding of cosmetic surgery.
Keywords
Plastic surgery, Cosmetic surgery, Demerits, Clinics
Aim
The Demerits of Plastic Surgery
Objectives
i.
To review the health risks associated with plastic surgeries.
ii.
To review the economic effect of Plastic surgeries on individuals and the
world.
Thesis
Plastic surgery is a procedure performed on a human's body to repair a body part
Development
damaged by an occurrence. It concerns tissues or skin repair. It is aimed at restoring
tissue or skin functions to normalcy. The secondary function of plastic surgery is to
improve body appearance.
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CHAPTER 1
Plastic surgery was initially mentioned between 3000 and 2500 BC in a
INTRODUCTION medical reference from Egypt. India was able to perform plastic related surgery
1.0 Overview -
techniques by 800 BC. By the 6th Century, a physician called Sushruta came up with
Plastic surgery
an outstanding technique that had a positive contribution to plastic surgery. After
Carpue took over 19 years studying about plastic surgeries in India, he was able to do
his first outstanding surgery in 1815. It was the first case in the Western world. The
Romans who were at the most superior leaders in technology and medicine were able
to do the simplest plastic surgery operations in 1st Century BC. They did ear repairs as
their first technique.
The Roman religion could not allow them to do human or animal dissections.
Heinrich came up with a repair process to restore a broken nose or make one in an
instance where the nose is entirely unviable in mid of the 15th Century. The nose
restoration process was done by removing some of the skin on the arm's back and
setting it for the nose. It was an uncommon process because of the associated risks of
the face and the pain endured in the process since there was no anaesthesia. It was
until the 19th and 20th centuries when nose readers became very common.
1.1 Background of
Research
Sir Harold Gillies is considered the man who brought a turnaround in plastic
surgery in the modern Century. He is often referred to as the father of Plastic surgery.
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His motivation was to help soldiers whose faces were deformed due to blasts and
facial injuries in WW1. His progress began with a facial injury ward and grew to a
facial repair hospital in 1917. Gillies and his working team came up with several
techniques that saw over 10000 operations. More than 5000 were soldiers who had
gunshot injuries that resulted in facial damage. Gillies ran a private initiative to
promote his facial repairs after the WW1. He became committed to plastic surgery in
1930 when his cousin joined him in his work.
The actual excelling team was split up when WW2 broke out. This WW2 saw
Gillies, Tommy, and Mowlem all go to different camps. McIndoe, who was a
consultant, went to Sussex and founded Plastic surgery and Jaw Surgery centre.
McIndoe went ahead to develop critical techniques for faces ad hands that got burned.
He also recognized the significance of rehabilitating casualties.
1.2 Research
Significance
Plastic surgery has played an important role because of the impact it has had on
those that have seen their facial damages restored. The other significant factor is how
the social rehabilitation surrounding this process and techniques have helped several
casualties get back to the normal lives. This research seeks to inform on the negative
impacts or risks associated with plastic surgery and the economic impact of these
surgeries. This research will help people to make considerable choices based on the
outlined risks. People will also know the various types of plastic surgeries currently
and the average cost of plastic surgery.
1.3 Objectives
When people are informed of the advantages, risks, and costs, the plastic surgery
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practice will see tremendous growth and improvements based on what the clients
require. If the risks are more, it will force the industry to develop non-risky techniques
to help clients. Without highlighting these risks, the industry will carry on with it,
considering better plastic surgery techniques that are less harmful.
1.4 Research
Questions
1.5 Problem
Statement
i.
When can plastic surgery apply?
ii.
How available is plastic surgery?
iii.
What Plastic surgery techniques are there?
iv.
What risks do plastic surgery have?
Plastic surgeries have seen a rise over the past years, especially the 20th
Century. Faced with facial damages, several people have adopted the facial repair
technique to keep their faces glowing with beauty allowing them to get to their normal
activities without feeling that other people are overlooking them for special tasks
because of how they look. There are various groups of people who consider plastic
surgery, not for repairs, but beauty factors. Some feel that their facial appearances are
not appealing and discover that plastic surgery can add to their facial appearance. With
numerous skills and expertise coupled with the rising technology, plastic surgery has
had a dramatic growth which has also brought numerous facial catastrophes and
suffering amongst the clients.
There are numerous risks involved in plastic surgery. These risks make up this
research to inform the people, especially the young people who are currently
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considering plastic surgery to boost their looks. Although plastic surgery is a
considerable choice, it comes with various risks that must be addressed to consider
other better choices. Today, there are so many clinics that offer plastic surgery
services, yet they lack emergency services. This is a scenario that if clients understand,
then they will be able to make informed choices.
1.6 Justification
Some researchers have been done concerning the dangers of plastic surgery.
The title is WARNING: COSMETIC SURGERY KILLS. It details how it kills and
gives a few examples of people who have succumbed due to plastic surgery-related
complications. This research is only based on cosmetic research. It, therefore, does not
give many details on how plastic surgery complications are risky. It is in this research
that people will get more than what meets the eye in their decisions.
1.7 Scope
This research studies plastic surgery and the risks that are involved when one
undergoes this operation. There are those cases that require the operation while there
are those that can be handled with other techniques, or otherwise, the casualty is
supposed to live that way to avoid the associated risks. The scope of this research is
limited to the area of plastic surgery risks.
The research methodology in this research is a Case study. This research studies the
cases resulting from plastic research suing available data and conclusions to make
deductions and evaluations that help clients in their future dealings regarding plastic
surgery. The data collection is by observing the trends since 3000 BC to the modern
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age plastic surgery techniques.
1.8 Dissertation
When can plastic surgery apply?
Plastic surgery is used in cases where tissue or skin repair is required. Damages
to the skin or tissue may result from injuries that vary in nature or where a cancer
tissue is removed. There are other cases where there are abnormalities from birth.
These abnormalities are cleft lip and palate. There are also webbed fingers and
birthmarks. Plastic surgery helps casualties have self-esteem and a better view of self.
How available is plastic surgery?
There are those reconstructive surgeries that are offered freely. Availability
varies in different places often determined by clinical commissioning groups.
Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually carried out free of charge on the NHS. But
availability varies around the country and is determined by local clinical
commissioning groups (CCGs). Most casualties are referred to as NHS. One can also
be fined Plastic surgery in private clinics registered to offer plastic surgery, but the
cost is quite high. It is a great decision to talk to a specialist before any consultation for
the operation is taken. Various available specialists can offer the best options and
decide if referrals are necessary.
What Plastic surgery techniques are there?
The existing plastic surgery techniques are:
i.
Skin grafts: a healthy skin or an area that has not been damaged is removed.
This skin is used to repair lost or damaged skin.
ii.
Skin flap surgery: a body tissue is taken to another part of the body. The
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transferred tissue has blood vessels and still alive.
iii.
Tissue expansion: it involves stretching tissues to make the body grow more
skin. The extra skin can be used to repair a damaged area.
What risks do plastic surgery have?
i.
Medical Risks
Plastic surgery is associated with dangerous medical side effects and
complications which result in death. The most common complications include:
1. Hematoma
This is a complication that results from the facelift. It is a collection of blood in
the operated area. It causes more damage by affecting the surrounding tissues if it is
not treated urgently. The treatment is by another operation to drain the blood.
2. Seroma
It occurs when serum accumulates under the skin surface. It results in swelling
and causes pain. A needle drains them.
3. Blood loss
Plastic surgery leads to blood loss. Excessive loss of blood can lead to
unbalanced blood pressure. It comes with deadly results.
4. Infection
Skin infection occurs when plastic surgery. An infection can be internal.
Sometimes it is severe. Severe infections require intravenous (IV) treatment.
5. Nerve damage
Plastic surgery may lead to the damaging of the nerves. The signs are the body
becomes numb and tingling.
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6. Organ damage
Plastic surgeries can result in perforations. If the internal organs are probed, it
may require another surgery.
7. Scarring
Plastic surgery brings scars. The scars are always troubling.
8. Appearance dissatisfaction
It is possible to be disappointed with the plastic surgery outcomes.
9. Complications of anaesthesia
Anaesthesia is making a casualty unconscious. The procedure causes the
patient to be operated on without feeling any pain. This technique causes often causes
serious complications such as lung infection, heart attacks, or death.
ii.
Appearance
Plastic surgery results in scars. The scars are red and thick. These scars do not
fade, which is not easy to hide. Some issues make the skin sag. The results of plastic
surgery are not always what the client wants.
iii.
Cost
The cost of plastic surgery is high. The average cost of plastic surgery is
around $139 for a single operation. The high cost which was recorded was the lower
body lift. The cost was listed as $7,976. Other costs are involved, such as hospital fees
and related medical costs.
iv.
Addiction
There are numerous addictions, especially substance use. It is also possible to
find people who get addicted to plastic surgery. Anyone with low self-esteem will find
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facial procedures addictive. Addiction makes a person correct even the smallest laws.
Cosmetic surgery
It focuses on enhancing appearances. It is involved with techniques that seek to
transform the casualty's appearance.
Cosmetic Surgery Operations:
a) Breast Enhancement
b) Facial Contouring
c) Facial Rejuvenation
d) Body Contouring
e) Skin Rejuvenation
Analysis and evaluation of relevant sources
Purpose and intended audience
The sources cited in this research are for providing information. It also
advocates for better or other means to persuade casualties to consider other options for
bettering their appearances and facial damages. This research's audience is the general
public for those young ones born with abnormalities and those that get injuries while
working or injuries caused by natural calamities. It also addresses those that would
want to increase the looks and appearances.
Accuracy and reliability
This is a well-researched paper with references and in-text citations. The
information in this paper can be verified from other sources.
Individual cases of Plastic and cosmetic surgery
Adianet Galván aged 30 at the time had procured a plastic surgery procedure
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called Brazilian Butt Lift. It was done at the New Life Surgery centre. The doctor
who did the procedure had convinced her mother that it would be in and Adianet
would be safe after the procedure. It was unfortunate that Adianet was confirmed to
be brain dead. It was decided that she be disconnected. It was June 04, 2018. Adianet's
death was because of the surgery. Her vein was perforated, leading to the
complication. Another case is that of Evita Nicole. She was 29 when she died. She met
her death at the operating table. She was also getting a Bazilian Butt lift. Kimberley
Taylor, who was aged 53 when she died met her death after two surgeries. Taylor had
been injected with anaesthesia making her unconscious during the procedure. She
stopped breathing during the operation and got a cardiac arrest. She was placed on life
support, but she could not make it. She died after ten days. A 61-year-old patient
Sharon Carpenter died in August 2010. This was after a prolonged surgery after she
went unresponsive. She had paid $100,000.
1.9 New
There are numerous upcoming plastic surgeries, but people should take caution
Developments
knowing that the surgery table can link to one's death. There are other avenues that
people can use to achieve the desired appearances without having to do plastic surgery.
People should also learn to be confident in the way they appear.
Reference
Dangerous cosmetic surgery killed 14 women in five years—Center for Health Journalism. (,
2020). Retrieved December 22 2020, from
https://centerforhealthjournalism.org/fellowships/projects/dangerous-cosmetic-surgery-killed-14women-five-years.
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Cosmetic Surgery's Risky Move: Tucsonan's Death After Office Procedure Kindles Concern;
'Nobody Regulates This' - Redorbit. Redorbit. (, 2020). Retrieved December 22 2020,
from
https://www.redorbit.com/news/health/835969/cosmetic_surgerys_risky_move_tucsonan
s_death_after_office_procedure_kindles/.
Flawless.org. (2019, February 19). Advantages and Disadvantages of Cosmetic Surgery.
Retrieved December 06, 2020, from https://flawless.org/journal/advantages-anddisadvantages-cosmetic-surgery/
Former Encino cosmetic surgeon convicted in patient’s death – Daily News. (, 2020). Retrieved
December 22 2020, from https://www.dailynews.com/2015/01/22/former-encinocosmetic-surgeon-convicted-in-patients-death/
Punctured lung killed an Australian woman during cosmetic surgery. Mexico News Daily. (,
2020). Retrieved December 22 2020, from https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/puncturedlung-killed-australian-woman/.
Sansone, R., & Sansone, L. (2007, December). Cosmetic surgery and psychological issues.
Retrieved December 06, 2020, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861519/
Sung-wook, W., & Ki-hwan, K. (2013, October 28). Deaths highlight plastic surgery risk.
Retrieved from https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2013/10/28/socialAffairs/Deathshighlight-plastic-surgeryrisk/2979578.html
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Wrong, S. (2020). Suing for Wrongful Death Over Cosmetic Surgery Gone Wrong – HafifStonehouse Law Group. Hafiflegal.com. Retrieved December 22 2020, from
https://hafiflegal.com/suing-for-wrongful-death-over-cosmetic-surgery-gone-wrong/.
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Name:
Degree:
Output:
Title:
CHAPTER 2
B.MM. (Hons) Media Arts
Undergraduate Dissertation
Demerits of Plastic Surgery
Plastic surgery is one of the novel techniques in busty that have attracted a huge
LITERATURE
amount of positive as well as negative emotions. According to Branford et al. (2016),
REVIEW
plastic surgery has several techniques all of which are geared to achieve cosmetic and
2.0 Introduction
reconstructive changes. The techniques of plastic surgery are based on the purpose
and background
they should achieve on the human body. The modification of different parts of the
human body calls for different techniques to use. Among the common techniques
noted by Davis and Rosenfield (2015) include flap surgery, laser surgery, endoscopic
surgery, skin graft, and tissue expansion. However, these techniques have a couple of
shortcomings as well as strengths that motivate their use and rejection in the various
treatment avenues. The doctors are e new adopting evidence-based practices in plastic
surgery which calls for inclusions of practices that have a direct positive impact on the
cosmetic process. According to Wood, Kim, and Chung (2019), the use of evidencebased practices has improved exponentially in the last 30 years indicative of the need
for optimum healthcare in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Despite these, the risks
of plastic surgery are still eminent and most of these risks can only be addressed
through extensive literature exposition. There is a need for more high-quality
information to inform the best practices that plastic surgeons ought to adopt in
improving the safety of plastic surgery operations.
2.1 Plastic
Surgery
Plastic surgery can be done on several occasions including in facial burns and
accidents. However, the assessment has to be done on the degree of reconstruction
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Techniques
needed to determine the technique to be used. Patel and Brandstetter (2016),
deliberates on the deep impacts of solid implants on the facial skin which projects to
similar inherent risks and complications in other types of surgery. Facial
reconstruction comes with multiple defects due to the challenge of reconstructing the
bonny tissues of the skin in the temporal and frontal regions. The interconnections of
the muscles in the facial area make it difficult for the surgeons to maneuver and
deliver the cosmetic surgery processes. Trussler and Tabbal (2012) also deliberate on
the risks associated with delivering plastic surgery process on the facial region. He
claims that close to 40% of the facial plastic surgery operations that involve the
insertion of the solid structures on the facial area end up in a botched process due to a
lack of proper mastery of facial topography. As a recommendation, he claims that
doctors engaging in facial therapy should have intensive training to avoid the tragic
mistakes that present time after time in the related cosmetic surgeries. Patel and
Brandstetter (2016) advise on the adoption of allogenic implants as a viable alternative
to autologous grafts that have been the major focus in facial reconstruction in the past.
Of all the plastic surgery techniques, facial reconstruction remains the most
challenging and risky. Adoption of alternative measures is key alongside sensitization
of the surgeons on the need to adopt evidence-based practices as well as less risky
procedures. Collectively, sensitization on the less risky surgical procedures is on the
rise posing an admirable landscape on plastic surgery.
2.2 Patient Safety
in Plastic Surgery
Patient safety in the plastic surgery process is a potent topic that has been taken
on from myriads of angles. On one side the governmental bodies have striven to
control the context and the personalities involved in the process. On the other side, the
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activism bodies are campaigning against the use of certain techniques in plastic
surgery as they are of increased risk to the health of the individuals. According to
Trussler and Tabbal (2012), there are specific factors that contribute to patient safety
in the plastic surgery process. One of the practices to be adopted by the majority of
plastic surgeons is a selection of patients who may present with a high risk for adverse
complications like venous thromboembolism, bleeding diathesis, preoperative
hypertension, and hypothermia. These complications have shown increased mortality
and morbidity rates in the patients who go through plastic surgery processes.
Preventive treatment is one of the modern healthcare approaches that medical
practitioners are striving to adopt (Branford et al., 2016). One sure way of reducing the
associated risks relies on identifying the risks and incorporating them within the
treatment procedures followed by the drafting of evidence-based practices. Hunsicker
et al. (2017) claim that evidence-based practices have come as a vital tool in solving
the myriads of challenges presenting in plastic and other surgery procedures.
Evidence-based practices involve identifying vital risks and treatment loopholes and
documenting the measures to be taken in the process of avoiding their impact on the
patient treatment process. Chung et al. (2009) cements the need and use of evidencebased practices and the utilization of the rich global scope of data to support plastic
surgery practice. The same intellectual concerns are held by Eaves III, Rohrich, and
Sykes (2013) claiming that the only way to take the plastic surgery practice to another
level is the incorporation of data and using the data to craft out safety havens for the
practicing medical doctors.
2.3 Risks of Plastic
The risks that come with plastic surgery can come with either short or long-
4
Surgery
time risks all of which need to be screened properly to reduce the disadvantage on the
side of the patient. Reconstruction of the breast can sometimes be done as a way of
treating breast cancer condition. While the practice is sanitized in medical corners
most of the patients suffer long time impacts that many are not aware of precipitated
by the plastic surgery treatment process. Henriksen et al. (2003) possess that these
impacts be outlined to the patients before the practice and mitigation plan put
alongside the surgeries. According to Hunsicker et al. (2017), complications of breast
reconstruction like local neurosis or infections are human-related errors that can easily
be avoided or eliminated through advanced practice. The propagation of these
complications comes hand in hand with a degree of negligence and the use of outdated
methods in practice. The response towards these complications precipitated a
detrimental impact on the patients including whole tissue removal and other adverse
procedures that implies a long-time complication on the patient. For this reason,
scholars like Brandel, Reid, Parmeshwar, Dobke, and Gosman (2017) recommend
informed consent to the patients when they have to navigate such treatment options.
2.4 Demerits of
Plastic Surgery
Demerits of plastic surgery overlap life-threatening complications that
outweigh the benefits that the individuals can ever perceive. Pannucci et al. (2012),
notes that plastics surgery predisposes the patients to high-risk thromboembolism as
measured using the caprine risk score. For people with other challenges like nerve
damage, patients have to be more careful in registering for facial reconstruction
therapies. According to Pannucci et al. (2016), patient advocacy has been upheaved in
the recent past owing to the stern need for safety in the plastic surgery processes’
dangers imposed on the patients are even more, more serious but silent. Most patient
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dies not to have the time to diagnose the impact and therefore report to relevant
authorities. Saad, Parina, Chang, and Gosman (2014) also outlines the mixture of
adverse outcomes in plastic surgery operations is not raised due to lack of enough
longitudinal data of the same. People need to be educated on the risk associated with
plastic surgery and how o ensure that their doctors adhere to safe surgical practices.
Additionally, as noted by Pannucci et al. (2016) majority of these safe practices can be
installed in clinical settings to reduce the impact of adverse complications coming with
plastic surgery but their installation will present cost challenges to the clinicians. The
risks are manageable but only within strict clinical practice setups.
Reference
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Davis, C. R., & Rosenfield, L. K. (2015). Looking at plastic surgery through Google
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Eaves III, F. F., Rohrich, R. J., & Sykes, J. M. (2013). Taking evidence-based plastic
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Short-term complications associated with acellular dermal matrix-assisted
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thromboembolism risk in plastic surgery patients using the 2005 and 2010
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and reconstructive surgery, 137(2), 709-730.
Patel, K., & Brandstetter, K. (2016). Solid implants in facial plastic surgery: potential
complications and how to prevent them. Facial Plastic Surgery, 32(05), 520531.
Petit, J. Y., Rietjens, M., & Garusi, C. (2001). Breast reconstructive techniques in
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risks?. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology, 38(3), 231-239.
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Saad, A. N., Parina, R., Chang, D., & Gosman, A. A. (2014). Risk of adverse
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Wood, S. M., Kim, Y. J., & Chung, K. C. (2019). Writing an Evidence-based Article
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