read 2 questions and answer 1 page each double spaced. Notes provided

User Generated

Puhopuho

Humanities

Description

  1. Compare Cuban and Mexican immigrants with regard to secondary structural assimilation. What structural and historical factors would explain the greater "success" of Cubans?
  2. Compare blacks and Cubans with regard to access to cultural and physical capital. (Note: Answer all questions from lectures 14-17, both notes and videos.)

http://www.mdcbowen.org/p2/rm/define/redline.html

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Critical thinking Assignment Cubans versus Mexicans: Differences in Access to Assets and Cultural Capital Why have Cuban Americans had more political and economic success than have Mexican Americans? In particular, consider differences in access to economic assets and cultural or social capital for the Golden Exiles and for post-1848 Mexican-Americans. Does game theory help to explain these differences and how were they ideologically justified? For example, how did the zero-sum fight over access to land and its resources (e.g., loss of Mexican land grants, competition for unskilled agricultural jobs) shape the social construction of storylines about Mexicans (with racist “Bandido” and “greaser” images)? How was this similar to the zero-sum struggle over land (forcible removal, Allotment Act 1887, etc.) shaping the social construction of storylines about Indians (featuring racist images of “savages” or of “children” needing guidance)? In contrast, in what sense did the Cold War and the Cuban-American enclave economy create a non-zero sum game shaping Cuban-American images? Use the definitions below, lectures 13 and 14, and the excerpts that follow: “Golden Exiles” versus “Victims of Manifest Destiny and Conquest.” Asset: Any item of economic value owned by an individual or corporation, especially that which could be converted to cash. Examples are cash, securities, accounts receivable, inventory, office equipment, real estate, a car, and other property. [I]ntangible assets [include] trademarks, patents, copyrights, goodwill. (http://m.investorwords.com/273/asset.html ) The term cultural capital refers to non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means. Examples can include education, intellect, style of speech, dress, and even physical appearance, et cetera (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_capital ) Douglas Massey (2007: 17) Categorically Unequal: “The possession of cultural capital makes an individual more productive not because he or she can perform a given operation better or faster, but because he or she can navigate structures of power with greater ease, feeling relaxed and comfortable in the social setting they define and thus interacting with other persons of influence to get things done. Cultural capital represents a symbolic resource that privileged groups can manipulate through opportunity hording to perpetuate stratification and increase inequality.” “Social Capital” comes into existence whenever a social connection to another person or membership in a social organization yields tangible benefits with respect to material, symbolic, or emotional resources, such as getting a job that offers higher income, greater prestige, and more attractive sexual partners.” Most “good” jobs are not found through formal mechanisms such as paid advertisements but through informal connections with other social actors who provide information and leads (Granovetter 1974).” (excerpt from Massey, 2007: 17) Capital: “In classical economics, of course, capital refers to anything that can be used in production of other resources, is human-made, and it not fully consumed in the process of production (Ricardo 1996). Common examples are financial capital, which can be invested to generate income, and physical capital, which can be applied to production to increase output. Economists later generalized the concept by defining human capital as skills and abilities embodied in people, notably through education and training (Schulz 1963). By investing in education, parents and societies thus create human capital in their children. . . . “ (excerpt from Massey, 2007: 16). The Golden Exiles Modified extract from: Garcia-Pedrosa, David. 2010. “The Evolution of the Cuban-American Decline in Influence in U.S. Policy toward Cuba.” Political Science Thesis. Haverford College. (http://thesis.haverford.edu/dspace/bitstream/10066/5433/1/2010garcia-pedrosad.pdf ) . . . [It] is important to understand the history, support, and success of Cubans who emigrated to the United States after the Cuban Revolution in 1959. The early Cuban exile population. . . [that] fled the Castro regime was met in Miami with unprecedented political, social, and economic support. The first wave of exiles, known as the "Golden Exiles", who arrived between 1959 and 1963, entered the United States during the time when the 'red scare' was sweeping throughout the US. "Immigration in the [post World War II] period attempted to maintain the foundational . . . [framing or ideology] of the Cold War whereby the United States was a 'beacon of freedom' to oppressed and appropriate people. At the same time, immigration policy was charged with screening out 'undesirable immigrants' who would not make good (p. 3) citizens."1 During the Cold War period, this 'foundational . . . [framing or ideology]', privileging particular immigrants over others, also equated notions of progress with assimilation and national harmony2. The Cuban golden exiles were very much considered 'desirable immigrants'; they not only "represented the only pro-US elite of Latin America whose loyalty to US interests", but they also shared the determination to defeat communism with the United States. Early Cuban exiles were not only ideal Latin Americans, but also ideal Americans; they fled from communist Cuba and therefore also the grip of the socialist Soviet Union - to the United States, where they were finally 'free'. It is in this regard that most Cuban exiles received greater private and public assistance when they arrived in the United States than any other immigrant or refugee group had historically. The political background and the social construction of the Cuban exile's journey to the United States and their life in the US has given them advantages that no other Hispanic group has experienced. "Mexican and Latin American immigrants who live in Los Angeles have been constructed almost exclusively in economic terms, as desperate people fleeing their own countries to take advantage of the economic opportunities in the US. Cuban immigrants, on the other hand, have been represented almost exclusively as political refugees, thus legitimating the global dominance of the United States as a place of political refuge." 3 The United States government created the Cuban Refugee Program, which spent nearly $1 billion between 1965 and 1976. Through this program, the federal (p. 4) government paid transportation costs from Cuba and offered financial assistance to needy refugees and to state and local public agencies that provided services. 4 The Cuban exiles also took advantage of programs in Miami not specifically designed for Latinos. From 1968 to 1980, Latinos (almost all Cubans) received 46.9% of all Small Business Administration loans in Dade County.5 Furthermore, Cuban exiles in Miami were given social support in order to incorporate themselves into the United States. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - an agency of the US government - employed as many at 12,000 Cubans in Miami. The state of Florida also passed laws that made it easier for Cuban professionals to work in the United States. "In the late 1970s and early 1980s, 53% of minority contracts for Dade-County's transit system went to Latino-owned firms. Dade County schools led the nation in introducing bilingual education for the first wave of Cuban refugees in 1960. The Dade County Commission also designated the county officially bilingual in the mid-1970s."6 The Cuban experience did not only occur because of the support that was given to the exiles in Miami, but also because of their appearance and backgrounds. The first wave of exiles was different from other minorities in the United States. The "Golden Exiles" were predominantly white, middle to upper class professionals; they were the tops of Cuban society who wanted to flee the socialist revolution. "The presence of entrepreneurs and professionals in the Cuban refugee flow provided a trained and experienced core who knew how to access and use the extraordinary (p. 5) benefits provided by the US government." 7 Also, the "Golden Exiles' success and their ability to use resources given to them allowed them to establish a footing in Miami and in the United States. The roots laid by the earlier-arriving, higher-status refugees helped lead to the success other waves of Cubans incorporating into the culture of Miami and the US. Economically successful Cuban refugees would hire other Cubans newer to Miami to jobs with a real possibility of economic growth. This is evident in a comparison of Cubans and Mexicans "who came to the United States in the mid-1970s [that] revealed that the Cubans not only had higher wages than the Mexicans, even Cubans with the same educational level as Mexicans received higher wages." 8 This led to many later-arriving Cubans, who were not as educated or wealthy, becoming part of the middle and even upper class. The political, social, and economic support given by the US government to Cuban exiles, as well as the foundation set by the "Golden Exiles" led to "Miami Cuban immigrants [achieving] economic and political power unprecedented in the entire history of U.S. immigrants." 9 The success that Miami Cubans have had is visible: "Miami has proportionally the largest concentration of Latino businesses (over 55,000). Although Miami-Dade County has only 5% of the total U.S. Latino population, 31 of the top 100 Latino businesses in the United States are located there. U.S. Cubans' rate of business ownership is more than 3 times that of Mexicans and nearly 6 times that of Puerto Ricans." 10 (p. 6) U.S. support of Cubans as well as the exiles' ability to take advantage of the opportunity given to them led unexpected and unprecedented success. . . .The early support given by the United States to the Cuban exiles led to the success of the Cuban community in the United States. (p. 7) References 1. Buff, Rachel. Immigration and the Political Economy of Home: West Indian Brooklyn and American Indian Minneapolis, 1945-1992. Berkeley: University of California, 2001, pgs. 128-129. 2. Pg. 167, Banet-Weiser, Sarah. "Elian Gonzalez and "The Purpose of America": Nation, Family, and the Child-Citizen." American Quarterly 55.2 (2003): 149-78. 3. Ibid. 4. Stepick, Alex. "Power and Identity: Miami Cubans", pg. 76, in Grenier, Guillermo J., and Alex Stepick. Miami Now!: Immigration, Ethnicity, and Social Change. Gainesville: University of Florida, 1992. 5. Ibid. 6. “Power and Identity: Miami Cubans” Stepick, pg. 77 7. Ibid. 8. “Power and Identity: Miami Cubans” Stepick, pg. 78 9. “Power and Identity: Miami Cubans” Stepick, pg. 75 10. “Power and Identity: Miami Cubans” Stepick, pg. 77 (http://thesis.haverford.edu/dspace/bitstream/10066/5433/1/2010garcia-pedrosad.pdf ) Victims of Manifest Destiny and Conquest Below is extract from “1848 Mexican American War” at http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects06/magsylje/history.html The Mexican American War was mainly driven by the idea of “Manifest Destiny”; the belief that the U.S had a God-given right to occupy and civilize the whole continent. As increasingly large number of Americans migrated towards the west in search of land, . . . [a] belief that democratic English-speaking America would do a better job of running the lands than the Native Americans or Spanish-speaking Catholic Mexicans prevailed. President Polk shared and led the vision of Manifest Destiny, and did offer to buy much of the southwest land from Mexico. However the Mexican government refused the offer, and an unyielding desire to populate those southwestern lands caused tensions to continue to rise. (http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects06/magsylje/history.html ) In 1848, at the conclusion of the U.S.- Mexican War, the two countries signed the Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo. The treaty called for Mexico to give up almost half of its territory, which included modern-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah. . . . At the time of the treaty, approximately 80,000 Mexicans lived in the ceded territory. . . . Only a few people chose to remain Mexican citizens compared to the many that became United States citizens. Most of the 80,000 residents continued to live in the Southwest, believing in the guarantee that their property and civil rights would be protected. Sadly, . . .[by] the end of the 19th century, most Mexicans had lost their land, either through force or fraud. . . . In Texas, Mexicans were restricted from voting. In New Mexico, Mexicans were the victims of violence, while in California, laws against them were passed, some of which were known as the Greaser Laws. (http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/6.html ) In 1855, California adopted the Vagrancy Act, known popularly as the Greaser Act, addressing “all persons who are commonly known as ‘Greasers’ or the issue of Spanish and Indian blood . . . and who go armed and are not peaceable and quiet persons.” Targeting the supposed “idle Mexican,” this antiloitering law was the precursor to modern laws directed at loitering, gang activity, and other apparently race-neutral offenses that in practice are often used to justify interrogatory stops of persons of color. . . .Originating in the mid-1800s, . . . “Greasers” was a popular reference by U.S. troops in the U.S.-Mexico war of 1846–1848, as well as by settlers in gold rush California. Its original usage appears to have been sexualized, a way to describe a “treacherous Mexican male who was sexually threatening to and desirous of white women.” Although the term continued to be associated with Mexican men in its Hollywood usage, “greasers” came to refer to Mexicans generally, encompassing both sexes as well as both Mexicans and Mexican Americans. Further, the term originated as a derogatory reference toward those of Mexican origin, but its use expanded over time . . . to describe anyone of Spanish origin. . . . the Hollywood greaser image of the 1900s was the villain of such films as The Greaser’s Gauntlet (1908), Tony the Greaser (1911), The Girl and the Greaser (1913), The Greaser’s Revenge (1914), Bronco Billy and the Greaser (1914), and, simply, The Greaser (1915).7 . . .Hollywood resurrected the greaser from time to time, beginning with the 1961 western One Eyed Jacks. Particularly in the 1940s, Mexicans and Mexican Americans in Los Angeles, especially young boys, were labeled “pachucos” or “zoot suiters.” Later, Mexicans and Mexican Americans became “wetbacks,” “aliens,” and “illegals” as the U.S.-Mexico border was fortified against entry by undocumented Mexican immigrants. ( www.nyupress.org/webchapters/081479887Xpref.pdf ) Below is an extract from “Land Loss in California” Digital History ID 570 Author: Hutchings California Magazine (Date:1857) (http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=570 ) The consequence of the system [the Land Commission instituted in California 1852-1855] was, that a large portion of the most valuable farming land in the State was occupied by [Anglo] squatters. This occupation contributed greatly to injure the value of the property. The land owner [a Mexican who received title to land before 1848] could not sell his land, nor use it, and yet he was compelled to pay taxes. His ranch brought serious evils upon him. It was the seat of a multitude of squatters, who--as a necessary consequence of antagonistic pecuniary interest,--were his bitter enemies. Cases we know, where they fenced in his best land; laid their claims between his house and his garden; threatened to shoot him if he should trespass on their inclosure; killed his cattle if they broke through the sham fences; cut down his valuable shade and fruit trees, and sold them for firewood; made no permanent improvements, and acted generally as though' they were determined to make all the immediate profit possible, out of the ranch. Such things were not rare. . . . Blood was not unfrequently spilled in consequence of the feuds between the land holders and the squatters; the victims in nearly every case, belonging to the former class. (http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=570 ) Excerpt below is from: Jon Michael Haynes. 2001. “Saying We're Sorry? New Federal Legislation and the Forgotten Promises of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.” 3 Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Minority Issues 231-264, 232236 (Spring), (http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/guadalu7.htm ) Recently in Texas, Mexican-American families have begun to fight for the return of their ancestral lands, lands taken from them throughout decades of injustice at the hands of predominantly Anglo courts. . . . Only a handful of these claims have resulted in successful outcomes for Mexican Americans; and of these, none were based on the seemingly forgotten promises of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. . . .Under the terms of the Treaty, Mexican property holders were to retain full enjoyment and protection of their property as if they were citizens of the United States. . . .[It] is significant to note that Mexican Americans are the only minority group in the United States, other than Native Americans, to be annexed by conquest and to have their rights allegedly safeguarded by treaty. . . . [T]he United States, through an unwritten policy of territorial expansionism. . .has denied Mexican Americans their Constitutional rights both as landowners and as citizens in general. . . . [T]he acquisition and control of land was the primary factor behind the disenfranchisement of Mexican Americans at the precise moment that they became a substantial component of the population of the United States. (http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/guadalu7.htm ) Lecture 14 Anthropology of Ethnicity and Race ANT3451 Mexican-Americans: The Legacy of Conquest vs. Cuban Enclave Treaty of Guadeloupe Hildago (1848): Mexico surrenders over 1/3 territory to U.S. (See figure 1) View Video A. Mexico must accept after U.S. armies invade during Mexican-American War B. 75,000 Mexican nationals: treaty says their land grants are protected & official documents bilingual C. Language not respected; within 10 years, much property lost through Anglo duplicity 1. Mexican tradition, based on vague landmarks, is manipulated in Anglo courts 2. Key to assault on Mexicans: Anglo hunger for Mexican’s land (physical capital) fuels conflict Mexican resistance to abuse, land seizures in Southwest labeled as criminal (See figure 2) A. Bandito image used to denigrate rebellions (later, in 1970s, “Frito Bandito” ad revives image) B. Example of Cortina Wars and Red Robber Barron of the Rio Grande 1. Wealthy Juan Cortina had large land grant, was incensed by Anglo treatment 2. Cortina kills sheriff seen pistol-whipping one of his mother’s workers 3. Frees Mexican prisoners from Brownsville jail; to delegitimize, is labeled a bandit by Anglos C. Many Mexicans are lynched Mexicans exploited as cheap, temporary workforce to be expelled when not needed Does not contain significant entrepreneurial class with business capital and skills (unlike Cuban Golden Exiles). (See figure 3) A. Early 1920s: exempted from restrictive immigration laws since essential as cheap labor in Southwest B. Depression fuels repatriations in 1930s: 1 million returned 1926-1939 C. Bracero program 1942-1964: cheap guest agricultural workers popular with growers 1. Objective was to exploit labor then send back to Mexico 2. Created infrastructure of illegal migration D. Operation Wetback in 1954: response to recession is to send back 3.8 million Mexicans in 5 years E. Message of “Born in East LA:” US citizens without papers sent to Mexico F. IRCA (Simpson-Rodino bill) in 1986: Hispanics at disadvantage - employer checks ID Discrimination (See figure 4) View Video A. Example of Zoot Suit Riots in 1943: 200 sailors beat up pachucos (Mexican youth) wearing Zoot suits while drive through LA barrio in taxis; 4-day rampage; police do not stop & even arrest victims B. Los Angeles city council makes wearing a zoot suit misdemeanor: baggy pants, long coats of youth C. Sleepy Lagoon Trial: Mexicans labeled criminal; teens jailed on evidence that is later thrown out Mexicans deprived of cultural and physical capital View Video A. Physical capital: land, factories, other property that embodies or produces income and wealth 1. Anglos take land, which is a major source of wealth in 1800s, from Mexicans B. Cultural capital: education, experience, skills, social contacts, reputation, etc. that get income/wealth 1. Language as cultural capital: Guadeloupe-Hidalgo Treaty not honor, but enclave keeps for Cubans 2. Segregation in barrios: cuts off from cultural capital—contacts with elites, good schools, jobs, etc. 3. Importing & then returning cheap labor to Mexico: no access to education and U.S. avoids costs Contrast with Ethnic Enclave of Cubans, built from Cultural and Physical Capital Institutionally complete ethnic subeconomy permits Cubans to avoid temporary, low-pay jobs in secondary labor market. View Video A. Institutional completeness (Breton 1964): ethnic group’s needs met by institutions within the ethnic community— businesses, churches, newspapers, schools, etc.—so no need to use those in host society 1. Shields from discrimination outside enclave: @ 10% of Hispanics say police/other authorities stop them in 2007 and asked about their immigration status; same % for US & foreign-born Latinos! B. Successes: >25,000 businesses in 1990; 40% of wealthiest Hispanics; small manufacturing sector employs Cuban immigrants; empowerment allows election of Cuban mayors/legislators C. Key: Golden exiles use cultural, physical capital to build economic enclave 1. Provide ingredients for society in embryo absorbing future migrant waves 2. Cubans from all classes come voluntarily to create better way of life 3. Exile status, language, common experience create strong bonds; example of this is Elian Gonzalez affair in 2000, in which all Cubans oppose return of 6-year old to father in Cuba, but most in U.S. disagree, creating polarizing 5-month standoff with U.S. Justice Department View Video D. 3 Components of Enclave Economy (Alejandro Portes): in Miami, established by Golden Exiles 1. Ethnic solidarity transcending economic, contractual ties a. Rotating credit associations: informal credit based on reputation, not collateral or $ assets b. Informal benefits counteract lower wages: creates niche for Cubans as new competitors i. On the job training ii. Rapid promotions iii. Help in establishing own business later on 2. Some business--e.g., banking--competes with Anglos; not just on periphery of economy 3. Geographic concentration: close to ethnic clients, ethnic labor, other ethnic businesses a. upshot: can succeed in enclave without having to speak English (preserves cultural capital) Florida International University Online Copyright © 1998 - 483242016. All rights reserved worldwide. Lecture 15 Anthropology of Ethnicity and Race ANT3451 Slavery: Brutal Incarnation of Colonial Expansion The Slave Trade as part of the Atlantic Triangle in European Colonial System (See fig. 1) View Video A. B. C. D. E. Modern period of enslavement begins: Spanish and Portuguese in 14th century 8-10 million African slaves brought to Western Hemisphere, about 5% to N.America Slavery before colonialism, but powerful sys needed for massive transcontinental transfer Slave trade outlawed by England and U.S. in 1808 If no more than ½ million brought to U.S., why 4 million slaves by 1860? What caused slavery? View Video A. Why slavery in South Africa, West Indies, southern U.S., but not in Europe itself? Economics rather than prejudice explain: 1. Slavery develops where land is abundant and labor scarce 2. Profitable Cotton, sugar, and tobacco require back-breaking gang-type labor a. Where land available for squatting, wages for labor driven up 3. Involuntary labor therefore needed for profitable plantations a. Unskilled, gang-type labor easily supervised by horseman with a whip 4. Not for delicate, interdependent, easily sabotaged work (factory) B. Why were Blacks (Africans) enslaved?: power/privilege (control, security, profit) explain View Video C. D. E. F. 1. White involuntary labor (indentured servitude) volatile: potentially dissatisfied. Class of whites dangerous; also fraternized with blacks to escape, rebel 2. Preference goes from white to black involuntary labor because of control, profit Control: Blacks can't escape to Africa; don't know terrain; easily identified Profit: growth of slave trade makes cheaper; own for life plus children 1. Indian slavery in South Carolina (1/3 of slaves in early 1700s) not successful Overblown: nomads poor slaves; many Indians engage in agriculture Security problem: know terrain, can escape to tribe; military threat Institutionalization of Slavery (See figures 2, 3 & 4) View Video A. First blacks indentured servants; four decades before become slaves B. Slave system: slavery for life/inherited; property to be sold; no rights; based on force C. Slave codes: control belies ideology of "happy" slaves; white fear of rebellion, escape 1. Dependence: slaves can't buy/sell, inherit, make contract, have will or property 2. Slave cannot quarrel with or use abusive language toward whites 3. Cannot travel without pass 4. Fear of blacks organizing: against law to teach to read, even Bible, or write D. Slave Breeding: especially after trade banned in 1808, becomes very profitable source E. Major economic engine: 12,000 Southern plantations (12% of total) have ½ of slaves 1. White big landowners profit; poor scared by prospect of cheap labor pool if freed F. Not simply prejudice of individuals, but institutionalized at core of American society 1. Constitution counts slaves as 3/5 of person 2. Fugitive slave law of 1793 required all citizens to help return slaves G. Economics supercede Northern conscience in shaping Civil War 1. William Lloyd Garrison represents minority; abolitionists not free of prejudice 2. Northern factories and import barriers conflict with Southern-European trade 3. Emancipation Proclamation does not include 800,000 slaves in border states H. Political and economic forces shape slavery: belief in happy slave did not reflect reality 1. Numerous slave revolts: New York City 1712, Cato 1739, Nat Turner 1831 Florida International University Online Copyright © 1998 - 483242016. All rights reserved worldwide. Lecture 16 Anthropology of Ethnicity and Race ANT3451 Residential Segregation (mostly from Massey and Denton, American Aparthied, 1993) Massey and Denton claim: Blacks only ethnic/racial group to be ghettoized in U.S. View Video A. Ghetto became permanent, enduring feature of black life by 1940 1. Inhabited exclusively by members of one group (connotation of being trapped) B. Puerto Ricans are only Hispanics whose segregation as great 1. Possible explanation: greater African heritage 2. Not so in Miami-Dade; Mexicans most segregated (Homestead) U.S. Trends View Video A. Do blacks have less residential segregation today than in 1900? No! 1. In 1900 blacks still on white plantations as tenants (debt slavery) 2. Ghetto a 20th century creation: occurs as blacks move North, esp. WWI / WWII B. Northern whites respond by boycotting businesses catering to blacks and violence C. After 1910, restrictive (racial) covenants insure segregation 1. Only 3/4 of residents need sign; all bound not to sell, lease, or rent to blacks 2. South-African style apartheid in U.S. legal until Supreme Court eliminates in 1948 D. Residential segregation peaks between 1950 and 1960 (See Figure 1) E. Dissimilarity Index measures segregation:% that would have to move for racial balance View Video 1. 2. 3. 4. 30-60 moderate range Reduced only 2.3% in North during 1980s; need 60 yrs to reach moderate range 10 points lower in South than in North; Cleveland, NY, Chicago above 80 Currently in mid-60s to 70 nationwide Trends in Miami A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. 1940, 1950, 1960, Miami most segregated major metropolitan area in U.S (Index=98) In 1920s, 25,000 crowded in 50 blocks called "colored town" because of racial zoning 1956 plan for I-95 purposely displaces blacks, destroys "Harlem of the South" Invasion-succession in Northwest quadrant: creates black belt to Opalocka, Carol City By 1950s,10 black pockets in South Miami, Goulds, Perrine, Homestead, Florida City, etc. (See Figure 2) 1951, KKK organizes bombing of Carver Village,m urders Harry T. Moore of NAACP 1960, 96% of blacks in 10 pockets, by 1980 down to 71% (see Boswell, 1993) Hispanics' chain process creates 2 wedges:Hialeah;from Little Havana to Sweetwater. (See Figure 3) Hispanic black/white residential separation is less; many black Hispanics in Allapatah Causes of Segregation A. Redlining: HOLC 1933,FHA 1937 "security maps" code black areas red & deny loans 1. Private banks, mortgage cos. use maps - stops capital inflow in black areas 2. no financing for mortgages, home improvement causes property values decline a. Causes pattern of disrepair, deterioration, vacancy, abandonment (1993:55) 3. Denies blacks appreciating home values--one of the pillars of middle class status B. Atlanta Constitution study (1989): 11% rejection for whites, 24% blacks for loans (See Figure 4) 1. In 3 out of 5 years, high income blacks rejected more than low income whites C. Not black choice: 95% willing to live in neighborhoods 15-70% black D. Cause racial steering: audit studies show guiding to black areas by real estate agents Effects of Segregation: (See Figure 5.1 & 5.2) A. B. C. D. E. F. Poor schools and inferior services Blocked socioeconomic mobility via increased property values Effect of oppositional ghetto culture on black educational performance (Rosenbaum) Black English vernacular (Ebonics) causes job discrimination - employers see as disrespectful and undependable Oppositional culture devalues work, schooling, marriage Ticking time bomb behind explosive race riots. Florida International University Online Copyright © 1998 - 483242016. All rights reserved worldwide. Lecture 17 Anthropology of Ethnicity and Race ANT3451 Discrimination Against Blacks in Miami and Race Riots (from Marvin Dunn, Black Miami in the 20th Century) Discrimination View Video A. Economic: black business banned in white areas, including downtown/ Flagler St. but whites have businesses in black areas (from 1896) 1. Also denied entry labor unions until 1960s 2. 1995: first banking services - Republic National Bank - in overtown B. Education: blacks must leave county for high school; Booker T. Washington 1st in 1927 1. Whites believed blacks suited for manual or domestic work 2. Segregation in 1969: 1/5 public schools all black a. Board rules black schools not good enough for whites, infuriating blacks 3. U of Miami bans blacks 1920s-1961; 1st black instructor 1962; 1st athlete 1967 a. Until 1960, must go to Florida A & M C. Criminal justice: black patrol officers 1st hired 1944; couldn’tarrest whites until 1963 1. Shock treatment: electric wires applied to genital areas in 1920s (outright torture) 2. Kier case: El Comodoro doorman shot for telling guest that white wants to meet D. Public facilities (See figure 1) 1. No beaches; Virginia Key opened for blacks 1945 2. Banned from Manor Park Pool (city swimming facility) until 1960 Court order 3. Could not use public parks until 1960s (See figure 2) a. Crandon Park 1958 E. Political: Could not vote in Democratic primary,1904-1946 (1946 separate voting boxes) F. Consumers: couldn’t try on clothes in department stores, eat at lunch counters 1. Also, required to sit at back of bus G. Residential: 1. 1920s, blacks 1/3 of pop, occup 1/10 area in 50 blocks in “Colored Town” a. By 1940s, no plumbing, electricity in most houses b. 1930-1960, Harlem of the South--NW 2nd St. (Great Black Way) 2. Whites invade area to see famous black performers 3. Jackie Robinson in Colored Town; rest of team in Miami Beach H. Bus segregation ended 1957 1. Charles Nesbitt (black passenger) hit by money changer; suffers lacerated face Four Major Riots in Miami I. 1968 Republican convention; before police hold Robert Owens naked over Miami River II. 1980: Arthur McDuffie beaten to death for traffic violation; all white jury doesn’t convict (See figure 3) III. 1982: unarmed Nevel Johnson shot by Luis Alvarez in game room (See figure 4) i. After riot, In 1984 all-white jury finds innocent IV. 1989:William Lozano kills Clement Lloyd, Alan Blanchard on motorcycle;later acquitted (See figures 5 & 6) Florida International University Online Copyright © 1998 - 483242016. All rights reserved worldwide.
Purchase answer to see full attachment
User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Explanation & Answer

please find attached, let me know if there is any need of clarification. Thank you.

Running head: HISTORY

1

History

Name

Institution

HISTORY

2
History

Question 1

The Mexican immigrants entered the United States at a time when there was a
revolution in Cuba in 1959. The immigrants were met in Miami with an unexpected social
political and economic support. They entered the united at a time when the United States
immigration was conducting a “red scare.” This was characterized by the immigration
department was privileging some immigrants over others. At the time, the United States was
seen as a beacon of freedom for the oppressed as well as appropriate people. The department
was screening for undesirable people and denying them entry into the United States as they
would not make g...


Anonymous
Just the thing I needed, saved me a lot of time.

Studypool
4.7
Trustpilot
4.5
Sitejabber
4.4

Related Tags