As you will learn throughout the program, the diagnosis of a variety of psychiatric illnesses is not always an easy or straightforward process. Multiple observations and assessment methods are often employed to reach a diagnosis. This approach can include the use of standardized assessment instruments. This then aids you in defining a treatment plan and choosing specific treatment plans to use in care of your clients. You are tasked with identifying a standardized assessment instrument/tool to measure the disorder(s) listed. You will keep these instruments which you can use in your clinical practice to assess clients who present with a variety of symptoms. Instructions: For this assignment, you will identify an instrument/tool and: 1. List what DSM diagnosis the tool/instrument is used for. 2. Identify an assessment/diagnosis instrument. 3. Appraise a scholarly, peer-reviewed article that addresses the use of the instrument to support your choice as an evidence-based instrument for practice. 4. Evaluate the instrument’s appropriateness for diagnosing the condition it is designed to assess or if the developers of the instrument reported that the instrument is only part of a comprehensive assessment for the disorder. 5. Describe whether or not the instrument can be used to measure patient response to therapy/treatment or if it is strictly for assessment and diagnosis. 6. Discuss the psychometrics/scoring of the instrument, including reliability and validity. 7. Discuss any limitations associated with the use of the instrument. 8. Include a link to view the assessment if possible. Use the following template in completing your assignment. Your information can be in bulleted format, or just a couple of sentences for each criterion listed above. However, you must use APA citations. ********************************************************************** The diagnosis is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) This is the assessment tool and article: Tool: Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS) v1.2 *****(Based on DSM V criteria, not DSM IV) Article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7303368/ *****You may use a different article and add other sources if needed but there should only be one main article. This assignment is similar to the previous ones. I have attached the files. You can mention Additional sources you can use: https://adhd-institute.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ADHD-diagnosis-and-screening-in-adults.pdf Assessment Instruments Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Instrument: Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS) v1.2 Article: Validity and accuracy of the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) symptom checklists in discriminating between adults with and without ADHD. Appropriateness for Dx: Response to Therapy/Treatment: Psychometrics: Limitations: References 1 Major Depressive Disorder Instrument: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) Article: A Protocol for the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: Item Scoring Rules, Rater Training, and Outcome Accuracy with Data on its Application in a Clinical Trial Appropriateness for diagnosis: HDRS is one of the earliest and most often used measures of depression severity in clinical practice and research. According to Rohan et al. (2016), HDRS is a multiple–item questionnaire applied to indicate depression. The original Hamilton scale included 17 components, while later versions had up to 29 (HDRS-29). Response to therapy/treatment: The HDRS measures the depression severity and evaluates the patient’s progress following treatment. It can serve as a guide to determine whether or not a patient is recovering. Psychometrics: The HDRS indicates depression and allows assessment of progress over time. Research has shown that HDRS has adequate reliability. Ratings are assigned on a five- or threepoint scale, resulting in total scores ranging from 0 to 61. Generally, a higher score indicates increased severity levels. According to 17-item version HDRS, a score of 0-7 is considered to be normal, 8-13 indicates mild depression, 14-18 indicates moderate depression, 19-22 indicates severe depression, and 23 or more indicates very severe depression (Rohan et al., 2016). Limitations: Despite being a standard assessment tool, HDRS is limited by psychometric weakness and scoring difficulties (Rohan et al., 2016). It has some limitations, including the fact that it does not detect atypical symptoms of depression such as hypersomnia and hyperphagia. Because of its multidimensionality, the use of HDRS total scores as a measure of depressive symptoms has been questioned in part because it may be less sensitive to changes across antidepressant therapies. References Rohan, K. J., Rough, J. N., Evans, M., Ho, S. Y., Meyerhoff, J., Roberts, L. M., & Vacek, P. M. (2016). A protocol for the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: Item scoring rules, Rater training, and outcome accuracy with data on its application in a clinical trial. Journal of affective disorders, 200, 111– 118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.051 Alcohol Use Disorder Instrument: Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) Article: A review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for screening in the United States: Past issues and future directions. Appropriateness of the instrument: AUDIT was developed to help screen for excessive drinking and significantly help healthcare providers identify individuals who would benefit from ceasing or reducing alcohol consumption. Higgins-Biddle & Babor (2018) affirm that AUDIT is a tool used for Alcohol Use Disorder which helps assist in the early detection of people who consume alcohol in a way that is possibly harmful to their health. Response to treatment/therapy: This tool can track patients’ response to therapy over time, as the symptoms of alcoholism change while they are in treatment. Psychometrics: The AUDIT is a reliable and effective tool used in identifying harmful and risky drinking behaviors. The tool may be administered as a questionnaire or oral interview (HigginsBiddle & Babor, 2018). It comprises questions that ask the patient to describe their alcohol intake. Each question contains a set of possible answers, which has a score ranging from 0 to 4. For instance, if the patient says they have never taken alcohol, the score is 0, while alcohol intake more than four times a week is given a score of 4. A score of more than eight indicates hazardous drinking habits. Limitations: The tool depends on self–reported alcohol use which can be inaccurate as the patient may lie about their alcohol consumption. Therefore, the tool alone is not used to diagnose dependence on alcohol. Reference Higgins-Biddle, J. C., & Babor, T. F. (2018). A review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for screening in the United States: Past issues and future directions. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 44(6), 578–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545
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