Designs for Qualitative Research

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GMvtna1

Humanities

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Need 200-400 word for each part in APA format required.Scholarly peer-reviewed references required within the last five years. This does not mean you can use general websites. Google Scholar articles are considered peer reviewed (i.e. journal articles) is a must! Books from Google Scholar are not accepted as peer-reviewed material.

Part 1

Suppose you are interested in how children with severe autism experienced the receipt of special education assistance in public schools. This population is characterized by underdevelopment of social cognition, social skills, and language skills. What is the best method for collecting data to answer your research question? Why is this method best? How would you describe the research design?

Part 2

Suppose you are interested in how children with severe autism experienced the receipt of special education assistance in public schools. This population is characterized by underdevelopment of social cognition, social skills, and language skills. How many children should be included in the study? Why? What are the factors considered in making this determination? A core designs document is attached as a guide.

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Core Quantitative Designs Design Description General Requirements Experimental Designed to demonstrate unambiguous cause-and-effect relationship between variables Determines if there is an effect/outcome of some form of treatment(s) using random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups. Includes a manipulation of an independent variable to determine its effects • • • Determines if there is an effect/outcome of some form of treatment(s) using preexisting groups of subjects assigned to treatment and control groups • • Quasi-experimental Designed to demonstrate causeand-effect relationship between variables. Does not meet all requirements of an experimental design, thus cannot produce an unambiguous cause-and-effect explanation. Descriptive (Survey) Non – Experimental Attempts to demonstrate associative relationships between variables but does not attempt to produce an unambiguous cause and effect explanation. • • • • • • Describes the opinions, attitudes, or trends of a population numerically • Two or more equivalent groups to receive one or more treatments and a control group Random assignment of subjects to each of the groups Standardization of all aspects of research procedures employed to ensure conditions are the same for all participants (i.e. the control for all variables other than the manipulated variable) Conducted with rigorous control with clearly defined treatments Categorical independent variables and interval or ratio level dependent variables Two or more nearly-equivalent groups to receive one or more treatments and a control group Typically no random assignment -participants are in pre-existing groups or groups that are naturally formed Inclusion of participants in the control or treatment group is determined by conditions beyond the control of the researcher Conducted with similar rigor and control as experimental studies with clearly defined treatments Requires categorical independent variables and interval or ratio level dependent variables Design contains a confounding variable or factor that prevents the research from obtaining an absolute cause-and-effect answer • • Provides a description of individual variables but not concerned with the relationship between variables Uses a process of surveying a sample to generalize to the population Research may be longitudinal or cross-sectional Returned sample should be hundreds or thousands of surveys in order to generalize to the population Requires at least ordinal or interval level variables Could also be classified as qualitative descriptive depending on the design and collected data • • • Correlational Determines if there is a relationship between two or more variables on a single group of participants with the intent of predicting or defining a relationship • • • • • • • Observes relationships between variables in a naturally occurring setting. Includes two or more variables that can be measured quantitatively Valid approaches to data collection such as validated surveys or databases There is a theoretical or logical explanation that can be used to predict a correlation Requires ordinal or interval level data for variables of interest Variables should not or cannot be manipulated Could also be a quasi-experimental study if designed as such Causal Comparative Determines the causes of differences that already exist between or within two or more groups on two or more variables • • • • • Identify one or more groups that serve as independent variable Define the dependent variable on which the groups will be compared Requires at least one categorical variable and ordinal or interval level dependent variables Select sample groups that are as homogeneous as possible Could also be a quasi-experimental study if designed as such Core Qualitative Designs Design Qualitative descriptive Description A relatively simple phenomenon is described General Requirements • • • Phenomenology The essence of a “lived” experiences described by the participants who experienced them are synthesized to describe the phenomenon (from philosophy and psychology) • • • • • Narrative Stories are told by the participants in an interactive fashion with the researcher with the intent of creating a unified narrative or story that describes or explains a life episode (from humanities) • • • Case Study An in-depth analysis of a one or more cases which can be a process, program, activity, city event, or person, using a number of data collection approaches (from business) • • • • • Grounded Theory A theory or model is developed to describe the phenomenon as a concept, process, interactions, components, or actions (from sociology) • • Does not clearly fit into one of the other designs Phenomenon has been clearly defined Uses two forms of qualitative data collection (typically, interviews a minimum of 15, and may use a second form of data collection such as field notes or questionnaires. Phenomenon has been defined to be a “lived” experience and focuses on how the participants find those experiences to be meaningful. Participants must have an experience in common, such as experiencing the death of a child, or living with cancer. Sample has to have the experience in common Focus is on the meaning and description the sample makes of the experience. Must be able to deal with emotional reactions. Reality will be the described phenomenon that results from a conscious experience In-depth interviews are the primary data collection tool, but may use two forms of qualitative data collection (typically 10-15 in-depth interviews); may use essays or other reflective processes); researcher needs to make detailed field notes following each interview Phenomenon is defined as a story of an event which will be better understood including causality and relationships Typically uses in-depth interactive interviews with 8-12 individuals who are telling “their individual story” May use other story-telling techniques such as creating timelines of events, etc. Phenomenon is defined as a process, program, activity, city event, or person studied over a specified time period, which is analyzed Three to five sources of data (forms of data collection) realize triangulation and depth of analysis May include both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis. A multi-case study may include up to 10 cases Typically includes focus groups/interviews with 5 to 15 individuals, and may include observations, document collection, and/or additional forms of data collection A theory or model is developed to describe the phenomenon Involves multiple stages of collecting data often using multiple approaches and multiple groups • • • Typically includes iterative interviews, observations, document collection, and questionnaires with various groups. Data are collected until saturation is achieved, denoting lengthy periods of time in the field. May include both qualitative as well as quantitative data collection and analysis. Typically includes collecting a large volume of data either by larger samples or repeated (iterative) collection from individuals. GCU Recommended Core Research Designs Quantitative • Experimental • Quasi-Experimental • Non-Experimental ➢ Descriptive (Survey) ➢ Correlational ➢ Causal Comparative Both • Mixed Methods (not recommended) Qualitative • • • • • Descriptive Phenomenology Narrative Case Study Grounded Theory • Research designs can be considered along a continuum. • Different approaches or sub-designs are possible for each methodology/design. • Classification of experimental or quasi-experimental or non-experimental depends how the study is designed. For example, correlational or causal comparative research could be classified as quasi-experimental, if the study is designed as such. • GCU does not recommend using traditional mixed methods because of the extra time and skill development required for this methodological approach. • GCU does not support action research because of timing and theoretical foundation issues; a case study of an action research project may be recommended as an alternative. Reference List Babbie, E. (2013). The practice of social research (13thed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Charmaz, K. (2011). Constructing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Creswell, J. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4thed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Frost, N. (2011). Qualitative research methods in psychology: From core to combined approaches. New York, NY: Open University Press, McGraw Hill Education. Gravetter. F.J. & Forzano, L.B. (2009). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (4thed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Ranjit, K. (2014). Research methodology: A step by step guide for beginners (3rded.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc. Yin, R.K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Running head: RESEARCH DESIGN

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Research Design
Name
Institution

RESEARCH DESIGN

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Research Design

Part 1
Collecting data from children who have autism is a challenge due to their reduced
cognitive abilities. The children also have diminished language and social skills. The data to be
collected is qualitative meaning that there is no use of statistical methods. The best method to
collect data from the children is the observation of their reactions to several stimuli (Anderson,
2012). The method of observation will require a critical analyst who is keen to observe the mood
and emotions portrayed by the research group. An experimental approach to the design is
required, and the control of dependent factors is also necessary for the research.
The observation of the children’s reaction suits the research group due to their limited
cognitive, language, and social skills. E...


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