Ray HInojosa After reviewing the history of intelligence, what events have had a profound impact on U.S. intelligence today? Throughout the history of the United States there have been several profound impacts that have played a role in forming the intelligence gathering of the United States. Two key impacts would include the onset of World War 1 and the Cuban missile crisis. Within the 200 years of the United States existence there has been many impacts on the intelligence community, however, these two points in time have designed much of today’s intelligence forms and operations. During World War 1 (WW1) the United States realized they were slow to respond to other nation’s intelligence collection activities. There was virtually nothing in place as far as gathering Intel on other countries. There was no government appointed legislation in place as well as no appointing of authority to conduct needed intelligence operations (AMU, 2017). The lack of government over sight and lack of appointed authority led to in fighting between the agencies attempting to gather information of the nation’s enemies (AMU, 2017). Because of this it would be fair to say that WW1 was when the United States really began to design its own intelligence gathering community. From 1946 to 1964 is when the Intel community of the United States really stated to take the form we recognize today. Prior to 1946 the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was not a part of the Intel gathering community and the National Security Agency (NSA) was unheard of (AMU, 2017). This new formation of agencies as well as the analytical toolsets that were created resulted in sophisticated intelligence gathering that is still used today. If it was not for the Cuban missile crisis these intel agencies may not have been formed as sophisticated or as quickly as they were. References Amu, History of U.S. Intelligence 2017 Retrieved from https://edge.apus.edu/portal/site/346246/page/b0eba2cb-4407-499e-9385-e3a1e9c722d4 The Real Cuban Missile Crisis, 2011 Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/01/the-real-cuban-missile-crisis/309190/ Jacob Sipe The most profound impact in the history of intelligence is the failures. This is always where the most change in the community happens. The second is the development of technology and the ability to collect at a distance removing the degree of risk to the entity doing to collecting. These in my opinion are the two most significant events that have brought some of the largest changes in intelligence collection. One of the largest failures was the focusing of intelligence collection inwards during the 1950’s. The intelligence agencies had a great deal of free reign at that time and only has oversight from The President of the United States. This proved to be very problematic when these Intelligence Agencies were able to build detailed dossiers on more that 7,000 citizens. (Moore, 2010, p. 24) This was found to be an extreme violation of citizens rights. Out of this came several investigative commissions and Presidential directives. Most notable is the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978 that required court orders for electronic surveillance for intelligence purposes and the Hughes-Ryan Amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act in December 1974. This Amendment required the president to report all any covert CIA activities to congressional committees thereby limiting the single source of control the president was able to exercise. (Moore, 2010, p. 25) These changes were brought on by massive failures in the intelligence field. The need to conduct collection has also driven the development of tools and technologies to enable faster, more reliable, and more accurate capabilities that enable more rapid processing and dissemination of intelligence. There is big money in supporting the government in this capability. The surveillance program of the 1950’s that sparked most of those changes in control also brought with it developments in technology that greatly increased the ability to collect information. For example the first photo reconnaissance satellite, code-named Corona, was placed into orbit.(Moore, 2010, p. 24) Satellite Recon is one of the largest technologies used to date for global intelligence collection. Citied: Moore, G. (2010). A history of U.S. intelligence. In K. Logan (Ed.). Homeland security and intelligence. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International. Christopher Rees Modern intelligence departments developed through the era of President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1908 Congress passed a law banning the Department of Justice from borrowing Secret Service investigators, the Department of Justice responded by hiring a team of private investigators. By 1909, President Roosevelt recommended that the department should remain permanently and assist the Department of Justice, this unit was named the Bureau of Investigations, which later became the Federal Bureau of Investigations (Logan, 2010). During World War I, German spying became regular on the United States, and the Unit States lacked laws detailing how to deal with spying. There was confusion between local, state, and federal laws. Because President George Washington urged the country during his farewell speech to not meddle with European problems - the need for intelligence agencies was unnecessary. The policy of the U.S. was to focus on exploring and expand the land surrounding the U.S. (Logan, 2010). By the end of World War I, it became apparent that the nation needed an agency that oversaw espionage and the Bureau of Instigations name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigations and gave authority to deal with intelligence threats inside U.S. borders. Throughout the years, the FBI’s role has given more power to gather information beyond U.S. borders. By 1940, the role of the FBI was collecting information in Latin America and disrupting propaganda (Logan, 2010). As President Theodore Roosevelt understood the need for intelligence gathering, Presidents Wilson and Truman were more reactionary. It was events in World War I where Germans were sabotaging domestic production to supply the English, Russians, and French that the British intelligence had to inform the U.S. that German covert action was happening. Similar intelligence-gathering failures during World War II allowed for the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The U.S. learned from those failures and increased its efforts in expanding its intelligence agencies (Logan, 2010). The previous failures turned into future successes as roles become defined for the FBI and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The FBI would mainly handle domestic issues while the CIA would handle foreign intelligence gathering. However eventual failure will occur when both agencies refuse to share information or work together. Logan, K. (2010). Homeland security and intelligence (1st ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger Security International.