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Topic 1: Qualitative Research Design

Using the knowledge and insights gained from the textbook and other reliable sources answer the following. Define, in your own words, qualitative research. Locate and cite two different types of qualitative research articles related to your PICOT project. Provide a brief explanation of each design. Identify a potential qualitative research study that is important to nursing and describe which design you would use for this study, why you would use that design, and how the information generated from the study could be applied in nursing practice. Reflect on the value of qualitatitve research adding to the science, knowledge, and practice of nursing.


See attached for my PICOT question information to go off of. Thank you. It is a discussion post, use 3 peer reviewed or more references for this question and in APA format. Thank you again!

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Running Head: PICOT QUESTION CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS PICOT Question Central Line-Associated Infections Courtney Pribonic Kaplan University 3/5/2017 1 PICOT QUESTION CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS 2 Introduction Patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU) sometimes suffer from central lineassociated infections (CLAI). These illnesses are mostly caused by microorganisms which act on the central venous catheters. As a way of eliminating this adverse effect, evidence based care has implemented various intervention techniques most of which are grouped as a bundle that comprises of various individual activities. This paper seeks to identify a suitable evidence-based care intervention for preventing CLAI among adult patients hospitalized in ICUs. PICOT Question In formulating and developing this research, a systematic review was mainly done on Cochrane database on studies tackling care and maintenance of the CVC published between 2010 and 2017, Scopus, PubMed, and the web of science. This was founded on the PICOT strategy question; “What are the best CLAI-related preventive and intervention measures implemented in adult patients who are hospitalized in an ICU?” The outcomes of the research after analysis presented bundles which included elements such as maximal barrier precautions and hand hygiene. Essentially, these were in the form of multidimensional strategies and programs such as impregnated bandages and catheters as well as the commitment of the staff to keeping facilities infection free (JC et. al., 2011). Treatment of critically ill patients depends on the Central Venous Catheters (CVC) by a significant percentage. For instance, in intensive care units, techniques such as the use of invasive devices and diagnostic procedures are utilized to trigger particular patient PICOT QUESTION CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS 3 complications like the health associated infections (HAI). However, there is a significant challenge in the ICU regarding prevention and control of nosocomial infections as a result of microorganisms (Blot, et.al, 2014). These organisms are usually multiresistant and create the need to use broad spectrum antibiotics. Therefore, the invasive procedures used in ICU to some extent complicate the control of infections. In this regard, the central line-associated infection (CLAI) is the major complication that incurs to the central venous catheters. The current intervention procedures for CLAI are in the form of bundles which are used wholesomely. This means that each package is implemented by carrying all the activities included in it and not just selecting a few. One of the commonly utilized technique is the care package. This bundle contains five elements which include; clean skin preparation with chlorhexidine, hand hygiene, avoidance of femoral sites, elimination of unnecessary catheters, and sterile barrier precautions during CVC. As per JC et al. (2011) methodology, the bundle was implemented along with a strong safety culture, education, and organizational strategies. Moreover, during implementation, information was collected for calculating the rates of infection and monitoring the level of adherence to hygiene. The results obtained a 2.d level of evidence. Another intervention is the quality technique which comprises of two different bundles. This particular response also has a strong focus on hand hygiene, and the two bundles included are the CVC insertion and CVC maintenance (Blot, et.al, 2014). CVC insertion has these elements; femoral vein avoidance, skin preparation with chlorhexidine, and maximal sterile barrier. On the other hand, the CVC maintenance bundle comprises of daily checks to ascertain the needs of CVC insertion, connection checking and assessment without the use of needles, and suitable bandage replacement techniques. Blot, et.al (2014) while implementing these interventions, he coupled the elements with educational programs which were PICOT QUESTION CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS 4 disseminated via teaching videos, conferences, and surveillance processes. The evidence level attained was 2.d. The study by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) as stated by Perin et.al (2016) focused on the significance of implementing all significant elements that are included in all bundles. In this regard, the study proposed that a list is used to monitor and evaluate the applicability of the elements in caring for ICU adult patients. From the study’s finding, it was found that when compliance and adherence to efficient implementation of all items of a bundle is high, the rates of infection within adult patients in ICU reduces significantly. The EBP level of evidence of this research was 3e. This technique is similar to the use of multidimensional approach in preventing CLAI in ICU patients. This includes combining elements from various bundles and applying them at once (Berenholtz, et.al, 2014). In practice, the elements considered most includes combining a bundle of intervention, outcome surveillance, education, infection and feedback rates, performance feedback, and process surveillance. Their level of evidence is often 2.c. This study shows that different types of care bundles can be used as EPB Interventions for Prevention of central line-associated infections in ICU/CCU. However, both of them revolve around having high levels of hygiene. This means that microorganisms responsible for causing various central line-associated infections in ICU such as complications of the central venous catheters are propagated via unhygienic practice (Latif, et.al, 2015). However, it is evidence that the care bundle comprises of elements which are vital for preventing these infections. However, the elements on their own are not highly efficient, and they need to be coupled with strong safety culture, education, enabling organizational strategies, strong staff engagement, and surveillance processes. PICOT QUESTION CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS 5 Conclusion The three studies made offer ways to prevent central line-associated infections among patients hospitalized in ICUs. Two of the studies showed that implementation of good care practice leads to a reduction in rates of central line-associated infections in ICU/CCU. In this regard, the best care measures come from the bundle which includes CVC maintenance and insertion and vital strategies such as engagement and education of the staff, surveillance process, and safety culture. These are features associated with the care bundle. Therefore, it is evidence that the care bundle which comprises insertion cleaning with chlorhexidine, femoral site avoidance, strict hand hygiene, and catheter removal as soon as it becomes unnecessary is the best intervention for preventing CLAI among adult patients hospitalized in intensive care units. References Berenholtz, S. M., Lubomski, L. H., Weeks, K., Goeschel, C. A., Marsteller, J. A., Pham, J. C., ... & Yang, T. (2014). Eliminating central line–associated bloodstream infections: a national patient safety imperative. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 35(01), 56-62. Blot, K., Bergs, J., Vogelaers, D., Blot, S., & Vandijck, D. (2014). Prevention of central line– associated bloodstream infections through quality improvement interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciu239. JC, O., GL, S., N, S., O’Horo, J., Silva, G., & Safdar, N. (2011, January 1). Anti‐infective locks for the treatment of central line‐associated bloodstream infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (Provisional abstract). Retrieved March 6, 2017, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/cldare/articles/DARE12011007506/frame.html PICOT QUESTION CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS 6 Latif, A., Kelly, B., Edrees, H., Kent, P. S., Weaver, S. J., Jovanovic, B., ... & Berenholtz, S. M. (2015). Implementing a Multifaceted Intervention to Decrease Central Line– Associated Bloodstream Infections in SEHA (Abu Dhabi Health Services Company) Intensive Care Units: The Abu Dhabi Experience. infection control & hospital epidemiology, 36(07), 816-822. Perin, D. C., Erdmann, A. L., Higashi, G. D. C., & Sasso, G. T. M. D. (2016). Evidence-based measures to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections: a systematic review. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 24. PICOT Question Central LineAssociated Infections Courtney Pribonic Kaplan University 3/25/2017 Introduction This data analysis focuses on • Explaining key clinical questions for searching in the database. • Clearly defining database findings and outputs. • Systematic review of evidence levels. • Descriptive analysis of the study based on the PICOT question. PICOT Questions The studies PICOT question was • “What are the best CLAI-related preventive and intervention measures implemented in adult patients who are hospitalized in an ICU?” The development of the PICOT question was based on; • There are high chances of ICU patients suffering from CLAI. • Most CLAI are caused by microorganisms. • CLAI causing microorganisms act on the central venous catheters. Evidence-Based PICOT Questions • Population: adult patients admitted in ICU. • Intervention: The physician’s role in ensuring clean and hygienic conditions in the ICU. • Comparison: hospital management’s role in educating physicians and patients on how to limit the spread of CLAI especially through utilisation of proper care bundles. • Outcome: there are better elimination chances when physicians and nurses are involved in implementing care bundles for minimizing CLAI in ICU • Time: perioperative time can include a week worthy of training and teaching. Database Search Questions • What is the CLAI prevalence level in adult patients admitted in ICU? • What are the probable risky factors for CLAI in adult patients at a hospital? • What are the major types of CLAI in adult patents? • How do microorganisms survive in ICU and other hospital environments? • What are the most effective intervention measures for CLAI in hospitals? Databases Used These nursing and health information databases were utilised; • Cochrane database. -Care and maintenance of the CVC • Scopus. Care bundles for preventing CLAI • PubMed. CLAI risky factors • Web of science. Other evidence based practise information. The resech limited itself to sources developed between 2010 and 2015. Database Results • About 23.3% of adults admitted in ICU develop other complications. • Most risky factors for CLAI include general hygiene, contained air and water systems, antibiotic resistance. • Current causes of CLAI are Microbial presence and antibodies resistance • Common types of CLAI include; Catheter-associated urinary tract infections, Surgical site infections, Bloodstream infections, Pneumonia, Clostridium difficile • Enhancement of hospital hygiene, proper antibiotics selection, clean air and water systems, improved knowhow by patients and physicians are some of the best CLAI intervention techniques. Statistical Database Results • There is at least one CLAI infection daily in one out of 25 hospitals. • As per the CDC (2014), there was a 50% reduction in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) between the years 2010 and 2014. • No reduction in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) between 2010 and 2014 • There was a general decline in ICU CLAI infection between 2013 and 2014. This included ✓17% reduction in surgical site infections (SSI), ✓8 % reduction in hospital-onset Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), ✓13 % reduction in hospital-onset methicillin-resistant. Research Strategy Descriptive Study • Preliminary observation were done on database sources. • The study utilized a case study approach. • Hospitals were selected randomly. • All the Hospitals were from USA. • All hospitals had specialised care units such as the ICU Statistical Output • The total number of hospitals randomly selected were 27. • The groping of the hospitals was based on the outcomes of the outputs from the database search. • The database search outcomes were subjected to group (chain-P) factor analysis rating. • The study analysed the 27 hospitals based on the chain-P group analysis. • The results showed that 20 of the 27 individual P-technique analyses had witnessed signs of hospital related infection. Level of Evidence • Level one • level two. Involved searching information Evidence was obtained from the in these databases ✓ Cochrane database ✓Scopus, ✓PubMed, ✓ the web of science. ✓the CDC (centre for disuse control) website. ✓Selected subject hospital’s websites. Conclusion And Recommendations • CLAE and hospital associated infections are present in the health care facilities. • Specific avoidance based care need to be adopted to solve CLAI issues. • Best CLAE interventions includes ✓Implementation of the care bundle ✓Utilizing preventive nursing practice. • Despite the CLAE dominance, the reported reduction of ICU related hospital infection offers hope for achieving zero percent CLAI in hospitals. References • JC, O., GL, S., N, S., O’Horo, J., Silva, G., & Safdar, N. (2011, January 1). Anti‐infective locks for the treatment of central line‐associated bloodstream infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (Provisional abstract). Retrieved March 6, 2017, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/cldare/articles/DARE-12011007506/frame.html • Latif, A., Kelly, B., Edrees, H., Kent, P. S., Weaver, S. J., Jovanovic, B., ... & Berenholtz, S. M. (2015). Implementing a Multifaceted Intervention to Decrease Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in SEHA (Abu Dhabi Health Services Company) Intensive Care Units: The Abu Dhabi Experience. infection control & hospital epidemiology, 36(07), 816-822. • Perin, D. C., Erdmann, A. L., Higashi, G. D. C., & Sasso, G. T. M. D. (2016). Evidence-based measures to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections: a systematic review. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 24. • Berenholtz, S. M., Lubomski, L. H., Weeks, K., Goeschel, C. A., Marsteller, J. A., Pham, J. C., ... & Yang, T. (2014). Eliminating central line–associated bloodstream infections: a national patient safety imperative. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 35(01), 56-62. • Blot, K., Bergs, J., Vogelaers, D., Blot, S., & Vandijck, D. (2014). Prevention of central line– associated bloodstream infections through quality improvement interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciu239
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Running Head: CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

Central Line-Associated Infections
Courtney Pribonic
Kaplan University
3/5/2017

1

CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

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Qualitative research is a type of research that is created to displays behavior and the
perception of a specific audience on a selected subject. The studies are intense and are focused
on small gatherings so as to substantiate the hypothesis. After the research is done the results
received are usually descriptive rather than predictive. The origin of qualitative research is
behavioral sciences as well as social sciences such as psychology, sociology and anthropology.
The eradication of infections caused by the use of catheter is very essential since most of
the patients admitted to the ICU usually suffer from the infections. The use of Central venous
catheters is essential for the recovery of patients in intensive care unit since most of the patients
admitted in the ICU use these catheters are important in the delivery and supply of medicine and
fluids to the patient. The type infections are as a result of the frequent maintenance which
involves removing it and placing it back to the patient giving room for infections. The central
venous catheters (CVC) use can result to other worse complications that usually deteriorate the
health of the patient, extended stay in hospitals, huge hospital bills and sometimes even death.
The blood infections that often occur in patients are the Catheter-related bloodstream infection
(CRBSI). According to a research done by CDC, over 10% of the patients that get the infections
pass on (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011). A good number of the patients also
are admitted in hospital for more days which in turn mean that the cost of medication also
escalates. Annually, the number of patients that suffer from CRBI and are in the ICU is
approximately 80000. Out of the 250000 cases of these infections 62000 patients succumb to the
infections. The total cost of these infections usually cost 56000 dollars which is very expensive
especially if the patient stays longer in the ICU.
A central line-associated blood stream infection (CLABSI) is a cause of death to
thousands annually. This also results to high costs of medication though the infections can be

CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

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prevented. As a result of these issues, the US CDC has set up rules and tools and provided them
to the healthcare department to help eradicate the scourge (Costello, et., al 2008). This has been
done in association with other related organizations together with the stakeholders. These
institutions monitor the efficiency and effectiveness of the infections by a department in the CDC
known as National Health Safety Network (NHSN). The purpose of the NHSN safety component
is to monitor and identify infections associated with the devices especially central line-associated
blood stream infections.
A potential qualitative research study essential to nursing is the s...


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