UNIT III STUDY GUIDE Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and Other Ethnic Minorities Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 1. Analyze racial profiling and police misconduct involving people of color. 2. Examine the treatment and experiences of ethnic minorities in America. 3. Discuss individual and organizational measures that can be used to improve organizational experiences of minorities in the workplace. 4. Explain legislation related to employment experiences of Hispanics, Asian Americans, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and multiracial group members. Reading Assignment Chapter 5: Latinos/Hispanics Chapter 6: Asians/Asian Americans Chapter 8: American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Multiracial Group Members Unit Lesson Discrimination in the United States is an unfortunate reality. This unit focuses on Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and multiracial groups. Hispanics. Hispanics represent almost 17% of the population in the United States (Bell, 2012). Hispanics have a rich heritage that includes people of many diverse origins traced from Central and South America, Europe, and the United States. Hispanics are the epitome of ethnic diversity. The term Hispanic does not describe ethnicity, but rather is indicative of cultural factors and linguistics. Many people are ill-informed, as well as insensitive, when it comes to the Hispanic population. Although Mexicans make up nearly 66% of the Hispanic population in America, not all Hispanics are Mexicans. In fact, not all Mexicans are Hispanic. Referring to the population by any other name is offensive. If you do not know, take the time to inquire about the preferred term. This should be a practice used for any demographic. Hispanics possess a rich cultural heritage (Henry, 2009) Although Hispanics, Mexicans in particular, are considered the second group of original inhabitants the Americas, they are treated as second-class citizens. Hispanics have been unable to take advantage of opportunities that are made available to others. For example, Hispanics have difficulty attaining higher levels of education. Their earnings are significantly lower than those of their other counterparts. Bell (2012) maintains that some employers seek Hispanic workers because of their willingness to work for lower wages, and if employees have immigration issues they are less likely to report illegal and unethical behavior because of fear of being deported. BSL 4000, Managing Diversity in Organizations 1 Hispanics are also frequently victims of racial profiling and misconduct by authorities, whetherGUIDE undocumented UNIT x STUDY or citizens. Hispanics are often treated with disdain and considered to be a burden Title on the United States economy. According to the Institution for Taxation and Economic Policy, households headed by unauthorized immigrants, whose family may include U.S. citizens and/or illegal immigrants, do pay taxes (as cited in “Immigration,” 2011). In 2010, it is estimated that families headed by unauthorized immigrants and legal immigrants paid $11.2 billion in sales taxes, property taxes, and income taxes. In spite of their lack legal status, these immigrants—and their family members—are adding value to the U.S. economy; not only as taxpayers, but as workers, consumers, and entrepreneurs (“Immigration”, 2011). Bell (2012) points out that Hispanics are a force to be reckoned with. “Hispanic buying power increased from $504 billion in 2000 to $978 billion in 2009 and will grow to a projected $1.3 trillion in 2014” (p.179). Therefore, the notion that Hispanics are a burden on the economy seems to be a baseless argument designed to further perpetuate discrimination. Asian Americans Are all Asian Americans foreigners? What roles do box office movies such as The Hangover, The Year of the Dragon, Rush Hour 2, and The Joy Luck Club play in facilitating negative stereotypes of Asian Americans? Do all Asian Americans know how to do karate? On what grounds should the United States bar a particular group from entering American soil? Take a few moments to think about those questions. Do all Asian Americans know how to perform karate, or is that a misleading stereotype perpetuated by movies and other media? (Aho, 2010) Wei (1993) purports that Asia Americans are perceived differently than other ethnic groups in America. Fulgado (2003) supports this view and maintains that Asian Americans are often characterized as the model and the forgotten minority in comparison to other ethnic groups in America. Consequently, their struggles against oppression and the negative stereotypes are often deemed less pertinent. Wei (1993) states that Asian Americans have been “valorized” relative to Blacks; many believe that if Asians can be successful, then Blacks should be able to be successful, and anything less is a result of Blacks not pulling themselves up by their bootstraps. Fulgado (2003) goes on to say that the “image of model minority stereotype suggests the idea of a group that has successfully integrated into American society despite seemingly insurmountable racial barriers. Asian Americans are more adept than other people of color at ‘making it’ in mainstream society” (para. 5). But what constitutes making it in American society? Relative to other ethnic groups in America, the Asian American population is very small, which makes it appear as if all is well in their community and that they have assimilated with ease. However, Asian Americans have been victims of discrimination since they migrated to America more than 200 years ago (Fulgado, 2003). BSL 4000, Managing Diversity in Organizations 2 When the Chinese UNIT x STUDY GUIDEfirst entered America, they were Title allowed to help fill labor gaps to build railroads and work in mines. According to Fulgado (2003), once the work was finished, Americans began to question their immigration status, even though there were no formal immigration laws in place. The discrimination was so severe that it resulted in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which was the first time in American history that In the mid-1800s, Chinese laborers worked to build railroads, including the first any group was forbidden on transcontinental railroad. Later, due to anti-Chinese sentiments, Chinese were barred from American soil due to immigrating to the United States by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. (Nesnad, 2009) national origin (Bell, 2012). American Indians and Alaska Natives Manifestations of discrimination have been a problem for American Indians and Alaska Natives since European settlers arrived in America. Upon their arrival, Europeans took over the land that was once owned by American Indians and Alaska Natives. In some instances, the land was purchased. However, most often, it was obtained through trickery or death (Brant, 2010). Since American Indians and Alaska Natives were unable to read the same language as the Europeans, they were often duped into signing away their rights to the land. Sometimes, they were killed. Although American Indians and Alaska Natives were here first, they were moved off of their land and forced to live on small lots, referred to as reservations (Bell, 2012). Life as they knew it ended. Laws were established to prevent American Indians and Alaska Natives from hunting and gathering, which was their primary source of food. According to the American Indian Heritage Foundation, American Indians and Alaska Natives were forced to become farmers, even though the land was marginally suited for farming. Consequently, many resisted, and starvation became common. These tactics employed by European settlers still have far-reaching impact on the American Indians and Alaska Natives communities today. Despite the progress that has been made, American Indians and Alaska Natives are still plagued by social ills such as limited access to education, high unemployment rates, poor living conditions, and political inequality. However, many believe that because American Indians and Alaska Natives have prosperous, legal gambling casinos, their economic struggles have subsided. That could not be farther from the truth. This demographic still has some of the poorest citizens in the country. General Philip Sheridan, a United States Army officer, made a comment about American Indians and Alaska Natives that was eventually corrupted into the saying “the only good Indian is a dead First page of the first edition of The North American Indian, published in 1907 Indian” (Brant, 2010). Although this statement was made centuries (Curtis, 1907) ago, Brant suggests that death would be convenient for White America to help ease the pang of conscience for the atrocities afflicted on American Indians and Alaska Natives. To move forward, it is important that America make peace with the past. BSL 4000, Managing Diversity in Organizations 3 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE References Title Aho, B. (2010). U.S. Navy 100306-N-5319A-138 Ten-year-old Joseph Camano practices striking techniques and observes other students during a karate class at the Family Martial Arts Center in Virginia Beach, Va [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_100306-N-5319A138_Ten-year-old_Joseph_Camano_practices_striking_techniques_ and_observes _other_students_during_a_karate_class_at_the_ Family_Martial_Arts_Center_ in_Virginia_Beach, _Va.jpg The American Indian Heritage Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.indians.org/articles/indianreservations.html Bell, M. (2012). Diversity in organizations (2nd ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western. Brant, J. (2010). The discrimination faced by Native Americans. Retrieved from http://www.helium.com/items/1776823-the- discrimination-faced-by-native americans Curtis, E. S. (1907). The North American Indian [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_North_American_ Indian.jpg Fulgado, C.Q. (2003). Asian Americans and American politics: From discrimination to participation. St. John’s University Humanities Review, 1(1). Retrieved from http://facpub.stjohns.edu/~ganterg/sjureview/vol11/asian.html Henry, A. (2009). US Army 53334 Hispanic heritage dance [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_53334_Hispanic_heritage _dance.jpg Immigration Policy Center. (2011). Unauthorized immigrants pay taxes too. Retrieved from http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/just-facts/unauthorized-immigrants-pay-taxes-too Wei, W. (1993). The Asian American movement. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Suggested Reading Learn more about this unit’s topics by researching in the databases of the CSU Online Library. The following are examples of what you will find:  “The Evolution of Retirement Plans for Indian Tribal Governments,” by Nancy Bonnett, discusses legislation involved in the development of retirement plans for Indian tribal governments that ensure that retiring workers receive the benefits they have been promised (available in the Business Source Complete database).  “Applications for New Awards; State-Tribunal Education Partnership (STEP) Pilot Grand Competition,” by Michael Yudin, discusses the 2012 competition for STEP, which is a program aimed at increasing the education of American Indians and Alaska Native students (available in the Business Source Complete database).  “Occupational and Environmental Exposures Among Alaska Native and American Indian People Living In Alaska and the Southwest United States,” by Michael Brubaker, Sandra Edwards, Carmen George, Anne P. Lanier, Laurie Orell, and Diana Redwood, discusses population-level exposure of more than 11,000 members of these two populations to nine hazards and the associated results of this exposure (available in the Academic OneFile dataset). BSL 4000, Managing Diversity in Organizations 4  x STUDY GUIDE “Type 2 Diabetes Science and American Indian/Alaska Native Culture:UNIT Creating A National K-12 Curriculum Prevention Strategy for Native Youth,” by Michelle Chino and TitleCarolee Dodge Francis, discusses educational strategies designed to prevent and reduce the onset of type 2 diabetes in American Indians and Alaska Native youth. The incidence of the disease has been high and growing higher in recent years (available in the Academic OneFile database). Learning Activities (Non-Graded) In Who’s Honor? If you have access to the film “In Whose Honor? American Indian Mascots in Sports” (http://www.inwhosehonor.com), by Jay Rosenstein, watch it. After viewing the documentary, write down your reactions. Did your thoughts about using American Indians as sports mascots change after having watched the film? You may use your textbook and other resources to provide support for your information. Use APA format when writing your paper, and cite all sources, both references and in-text citations. Perception of Unfairness: Housing Discrimination Research from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) indicates that, at times, Asian Americans experience housing discrimination (renting and home buying) that is similar to that experienced by Blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians. Search the HUD website http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/library for such studies and review them. After reviewing the studies, write a two-page paper explaining the reasons for such discrimination. You may use your textbook and other resources to provide support for your information. Use APA format when writing your paper, and cite all sources, both references and in-text citations. Notice: These are non-graded Learning Activities, so you do not have to submit them. If you experience difficulty in mastering any of the concepts, contact your instructor for additional information and guidance. Key Terms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Inter-ethnic discrimination Miscegenation Model minority Passing BSL 4000, Managing Diversity in Organizations 5
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