POLS 4133 International Political Economy Guidelines for Student Poster Presentations Spring 2017 Basics: Students will create an academic style poster that illustrates the material covered in their final research paper and will bring a hard copy of that poster to class. 2) Students will bring a hard copy of their poster to class. Color is best, but black and white text and images are acceptable. Posters should be at least 18 x 24 inches or 24 x 36 inches in size. Electronic copies of posters (in PDF form) should also be uploaded to Folio before the start of class. 3) Students will not be able to change the date of their presentation for any reason. If you fail to attend the day of your presentation, you will forfeit the points. 4) Your presentation will be worth 35 total points. You will be evaluated on the following criteria: (a) content, 14 pts; (b) connection to the course themes, 7 pts; (d) organization and visual clarity of your content, 7 pts; and (e) professionalism during presentation, 7 pts. A Few Tips on Poster Presentations: -Be sure that your poster follows the style and format of academic posters. - Be direct. You need to cover a lot of material in a small amount of space, so choose text and images that are as informative as possible. Do not put everything in your paper on the poster; the purpose of the poster is to help the audience follow your key points. Avoid large paragraphs of text if possible. - Make the poster visually appealing. In addition to avoiding clutter, you should make sure that your poster looks good. Choose a professional font, use appropriate sizing and spacing, and make sure that the poster is easy to read and free of typos. There’s no need to go overboard – don’t try to be too flashy or gimmicky. Color is best, but black and white text and images are acceptable. Posters should be at least 18 x 24 inches or 24 x 36 inches in size. - Be honest. In this setting (around friendly peers), you can be honest about what you’re doing, where your project stands, and what its strengths and weakness are. However, you should prepare a polished poster and not expect to be able to make revisions after the presentations. Elements of a Poster Presentation: Any poster presentation should contain most of the following elements. You do not need to follow this template exactly, but it’s a good guide for you to use in creating your poster. Examples of academic posters and additional guidelines are available on Folio. 1) Title – Include an informative, well-chosen title. Also include your name and affiliation across the top of the poster. 2) Sell the topic – You immediately need to get your audience interested in what you’re doing. One way to do this is to come up with a catchy “hook” that grabs the audience’s attention. You might include a particularly interesting image here. After you get their attention with the hook or puzzle, it’s also a good idea to say why your topic is important and what your study contributes to our understanding of international political economy. 3) Background and Literature Review – Provide enough factual background on the topic so that those unfamiliar with the topic in the audience can follow what you’re doing. This also is a good time to identify the “gaps” or “problems” in the academic literature, which creates a demand for your work. You could bullet point these ideas. 4) Overview of your Thesis and Research Design – Here, you should clearly write out your thesis statement and/or hypotheses. Also be clear about the elements of your research design, including: Sample – What are the relevant cases and how were they identified? Variables – How are you conceptualizing important concepts? Data – What evidence are you using to illustrate your hypotheses? 5) Findings – Present and summarize your findings. You can describe your data by showing charts or graphs or images. Be clear as to whether your argument is proven true or false by your findings. (Remember also to be honest! No support is just as helpful to our general knowledge as support – no one is right all of the time!) 6) Provide “take away” points – Briefly summarize your primary arguments, but emphasize what your contributions are – not just in terms of your findings, but also any implications, innovations, or challenges to conventional wisdom. You might also discuss possible extensions to your work, related research projects, how you will build on this research, etc. This might be particularly helpful for those of you considering a senior honors thesis or graduate school, where class research papers can often serve as inspiration for larger projects. Globalization: A Force of Good or a Farce by the Global North? International Political Economy Georgia Southern University The Greatest Fraud Perpetrated? Many scholars claim that globalization is a force of good that benefits all nations, especially thirdworld countries. However, many of these third-world countries continue to struggle tremendously economically, while developed countries get richer. Why hasn’t globalization “saved” these poor countries? Key Image 1 Key Image 3 The Warring Sides of Globalization The first side of the globalization debate states that globalization benefits all countries through trade and providing work opportunities (Wei), while the counter to that is globalization is harming third-world countries through exploitation of workers and natural resources (Beatty). Key Image 2 Photo: Isis International- Manila/Grace de Jesus-Sievert. 2001-02 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 2011-12 Congo 0.4 6.2 5.7 6.3 5 7.1 Liberia 27 -19 9.7 13.1 12.4 9.7 China 8.7 10.1 12 11.9 9.8 8.5 Saudi Arabia 0.3 8.5 6.5 7.8 4.6 2.8 Germany 1.5 .4 2.2 2.2 -0.6 2 United States 1.4 Industry 2001-02 Congo Key Image 5 3.3 3.1 1.5 -0.2 2.3 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 2011-12 No data No data No data No data No data No data Liberia 3.5 6 7.5 7.5 5 12 China 45 46 47.5 47 46.5 46 Saudi Arabia 51 55.5 62.5 65 57 62.5 Germany 29.5 29 29.5 30 29 31 United States 22 22 22 21.5 20 20 Top Graph: GDP Growth. Bottom Graph: Industry (World Bank) Photo: Associated Press Findings Theory Photo: Daniel Berehulak/ Getty Images % GDP Growth Globalization is a hindrance to the economic development of third-world countries due to the overwhelming evidence that third-world countries are being exploited through working conditions and natural resources. To prove this, I analyzed data from 6 countries- Liberia, Dem. Rep. of Congo, Saudi Arabia, China, Germany and the U.S. I split those groups into core, semi-core, and peripheral groups. The data used in my analysis were focused on GDP per capita, unemployment rate, GDP growth, and Industry jobs provided. GDP per capita 2001-02 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 2011-12 Congo 165 185.5 478 306.5 316 395.5 Liberia 173.5 139 172 220.5 314.5 395.5 China 1088.5 1382 1900 3032.5 4091 5770 Saudi Arabia 8699.5 10122 14079 17881.5 40339 43476.5 Germany 23583 31203.5 34390 42267.5 40339 43476.5 United States 37730.5 Unemployment 2001-02 Key Image 4 40805 45379 48238.5 47678 50805 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 2011-12 Congo 7.25 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.25 7.2 Liberia 4.8 5.0 4.8 5.4 4.2 3.7 China 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.4 Saudi Arabia 4.9 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.5 5 Germany 8.2 9.8 10.7 8.1 7.4 5.7 United States 5.4 5.9 5 5.3 9.5 8.6 Top Graph: GDP per capita. Bottom graph: Unemployment (World Bank) According to my data, periphery countries had the lowest GDP per capita, the lowest percent of Industry jobs, extremely volatile GDP growth, but their unemployment rates were fairly low and steady. The data shows that the periphery nations are struggling the most overall in the categories that I believe are accurate measurements on the effects of globalization. Conclusion Globalization is a hindrance on third-world countries. Developed nations are not investing industry in these third-world countries to keep their advantage of producing primary products through the use of the third-world’s natural resources. Countries such as China and Saudi Arabia have removed themselves from the ranks of third-world countries. The debate should now be focused on what countries such as China and Saudi Arabia did right to achieve this and help periphery countries do the same. References Beatty, Jack. "Do As We Say, Not As We Do." Atlantic 289.2 (2002): 24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Oct. 2014. Wei, Shang-Jin. "Is Globalization Good For The Poor In China?." Finance & Development 39.3 (2002): 2629. OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson). Web. 2 Oct. 2014. POLS 4133 International Political Economy Spring 2017 Rubric: Student Presentations of Final Papers Student Name: ____________________________________________ Grade: __________/35 Your presentation will be worth 35 total points. You will be evaluated on the following criteria: (a) content; (b) organization of your content; (c) clarity of visual aids; (d) professional presentation style. Excellent Good Fair Poor Content clearly explained. Material connects well to class. All relevant sections of research paper present. Content explained. Material connects fairly well to class. Most relevant sections of research paper present. Content lacking clear explanation. Material connects poorly to class. Few relevant sections of research paper present. Content unclear and unconnected to class. Most sections of research paper absent. 14 12 Well organized and easy to follow. 7 6 Visual aids enhance content and clearly styled. 7 6 Professional presentation style. 7 6 10 8 Mostly well organized. 5 4 4 Mostly professional; lacking some preparation. 5 4 Somewhat confusing organization. Visual aids appropriate to content and clearly styled. 5 6 4 3 2 Visual aids unclear and distracting. 3 2 Unprofessional: unprepared and informal. 3 2 2 0 Poorly organized. 1 0 No visual aids. 1 0 No presentation given. 1 0 Running head: BREXIT 1 Brexit Student’s Name Number Course Professor Date BREXIT 2 Introduction Once and perhaps still a major influence in the United Kingdom, the European Union has always been deemed a force to reckon with. The partners include Germany, Italy, Poland, France, Sweden, Greece, Romania, Finland, etc. and until recently, the United Kingdom. The European Union is not considered and actually it is not a federal state. Rather, the European Union (E.U.) is considered to be a family of democratic countries (Cini & Borragan, 2016). These countries come together so that they can work on improving their status in terms of the life of their citizens. They purpose to build a better world for themselves. This unity was threatened by Brexit which is the popular term that was coined to denote the exiting of the United Kingdom from the European Union. In as much as there are times when the media is flooded with news about the conflict between the EU member states, the EU has actually been successful in many of its endeavors. Due to its efforts, the EU has been able to change the region in terms of peace and prosperity (Bache et al., 2015). There is also the issue of the single currency which has also lead to the stability of the region in terms of financial prosperity. The union also boasts of the ability to have a single market. In this market, there is free movement of people and goods. This serves to encourage trade in the region. The uniqueness of the EU is also its strength. This uniqueness is experienced in the way the union operates. Notably, the member states are considered to be free states and are not under any federal control. However, they are keen enough to pool their resources in order to strengthen themselves as a group and members of the union. As a result, the union is able to have influence the world over. The cooperation between the governments is actually quite unique. As they pool BREXIT 3 their resources, they also have to submit to some of their decisions being made by the EU. This is especially in matters that are considered to be of joint interest between the member states. There are three main decision-making institutions. These are; the European Parliament (EP), Council of the European Union, and the European Commission (Dobbels & Neuhold, 2013). The EP is directly elected into position by the citizens in order to represent them at the EU. On the other hand, the Council of European Union is a representative of the member states. Finally, the European Commission serves the interests of the whole union as a whole. Literature review The EU was founded on the basis of four treaties that were reached in Paris, Rome, and Maastricht. The first treaty was signed in Paris in 1951. This particular treaty established the European Union Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (Mason, 2013). The treaty came into force in the year 2002. Another treaty was signed in Rome in 1957. This particular treaty was signed to establish the European Union Community (EEC). This treaty is usually referred to as the ‘Treaty of Rome.’ It was enforced in the year 1958. The other treaty was the Treaty on European Union (EU). It was signed in the year 1992 in Maastricht. It was actually referred to as the Maastricht Treaty. All these treaties were instituted in order to create the three European Communities. These communities are key decision-makers of the EU activities especially in the context of nuclear power, steel, coal and other critical joint aspects of the community. The EEC, was endowed with the role of taking care of the community’s social, regional and environmental responsibilities. As the ECSC treaty neared its expiry, the responsibilities that were associated with the coal mining and steel works were transferred to the other treaties (Mason, 2013). The Maastricht treaty was basically and mainly focused on security issues. BREXIT 4 Through the enactment of this particular treaty, the member states were agreeing to focus on foreign as well as the security policies. They were also endowed with the task of home affairs and justice issues. With the incorporation of this particular treaty into the union, the Union was improved upon further to incorporate three structures in the Union. These structures include political and also economical structures. The above mentioned treaties are the basis of all that the EU does. Just to show how influential they are, they have to be amended whenever a new member state joins the union. These treaties have also been reformed once in a while when there is need to in order to accommodate the changes that the UE wants. These changes have also been used to give the EU some new areas of responsibilities. These changes are done through and by a special conference that is instituted and called for at the EU. Key changes in the past include the changes that were made in the Single European Act (SEA) (Geiger, Khan & Kotzur, Eds., 2015). This particular act was signed into place in the year 1986. It was enforced in 1987 and was used to amend the EEC in order to create room for the single market. The Treaty of Amsterdam was signed into place in 1997. It was enacted in 1999 and was used to extend the pooled sovereignty of the EU member states. Through the treaty more citizen rights were considered in the act (Geiger, Khan & Kotzur, Eds., 2015). Notably, through the act, more attention was paid to the employment and social policies. Another critical treaty that was signed into place is the Treaty of Nice. This treaty was signed in 2001 and was enforced in 2003. It was further amended in order to streamline the EU decision-making structures. This was with the idea of enabling the EU to work better even as it further acquired more members and enlarged with more and more responsibilities. The Constitutional Treaty was signed in 2004. BREXIT 5 However, it has not yet been enacted since not all the member states have ratified it which is a prerequisite for all treaties. The way the UE makes its decision has great impact on how the member states relate. Notably, there are three levels of decision making in the union. These are the European Parliament, Council of the European Union and the European Commission. As noted herein, the decisions made by the union are controlled by the treaties (Geiger, Khan & Kotzur, Eds., 2015). There are different procedures for decision-making. These include co-decision. In this procedure, the parliament and the Council share their legislative powers in an equal basis. In this particular procedure, the two have to agree on a law for it to be passed. It not, then it is not passed. The second procedure is consultation which is often used in competition, taxation and agriculture. The final one is assent. In light to the detailed structures of the EU, there is a clear picture of how the member states have to correlate in the union. Notably, it might be hard for any one country to go alone in international matters without being influenced by the union. This is cemented by the different treaties that are signed by the member countries. However, the member countries have the opportunity and muscle to change the constitution of the council and parliament through their vote. With a 10% influence in the parliament in terms of the number of seats the UK has in the EU parliament, it has major influence which it can use to further its agendas. It also has 29 votes which is the highest a country can have in the union. Even with all this power, the UK still decided to opt out of the EU (Geiger, Khan & Kotzur, Eds., 2015). BREXIT 6 Theory The theory behind the thesis that the United Kingdom might affect the rate of immigration and trade has significant reason behind it. Notably, the United Kingdom has been a major player in the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, we will also consider the impact that the exit will have on the UK. Considering the treaties that control the way the EU operates, the UK’s stake and power in the EU serves as a major determinant of whether its exit will affect the EU or not. Research Design This research looks at literary data on the relationship between the UK and the EU. The study will also include literary content on international trade. Empirical Results The exit of the UK from the EU was per the referendum laws and regulations put in place in the rules of referenda. In as much as the exit was legal, there are certain consequences that are expected from this. The literature review looked at the formation of the EU and how it is run in terms of the treaties that have put it into place. This is critical in understanding the impact that Brexit will have on the EU. There are uncertainties on the impact that Brexit will have on the EU as well as the UK. There is also the fact on what kind of government the UK will opt to adopt after it exited the EU. It is important to note that when it was a member of the EU, most of its international operations were carried out under the EU umbrella. As it exited the EU, it regained personalized control over its international relations. There are certain aspects of international trade which are BREXIT 7 proving to be tricky to the UK. These include the tariffs set on imports. Initially, these tariffs were set by the EU at the same level for all the member states. After it exited the EU, the UK was enabled by the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules to set its own tariffs (Pease, 2015). The UK will also now be able to make its own trade agreements with other countries. Initially, the UK would only reach agreements with EU member countries. As noted by Dinopoulos and Wooton (2008), the EU is a customs union. There are certain aspects that are critical in a customs union which make it different compared to a free trade area. On the other hand, the WTO agreements brought about very important series of agreements which involved competence (Stone Sweet, & Brunell, 2013). These agreements were concluded in 1993. They were as a result of the Uruguay Round Multilateral Trade Negotiations (Lamprecht, 2014). These agreements have come to be the foundation of global agreements. The WTO agreements are general in nature and include even the UK and the EU. More importantly, it was ruled in the European Court of justice that the ECC did not have powers to conclude the WTO agreements on its own (Lamprecht, 2014). In the context of the EU and the UK and how the WTO affects both, the EU will cease to have influential power over the UK in terms of trade after it exits the EU. It will also cease to have powers over UKs international relations. Under the WTO agreements, after the UK exited the EU, it acquired total freedom and rights to relate with other countries. On an interesting note, the UK is considered to be very successful in attracting foreign investment. As far as the US is concerned, the UK is a major destination of US foreign direct investment (FDI) (Meunier, 2017). The kind of FDI that is available to the UK is of critical importance to the business community. There are some who considered the open access to the EU market as a key factor for the success of their business. Notably, it is the internal businesses that would often have this kind of mindset. BREXIT 8 However, the external business community might not appreciate the same concept. As such, the exit of the UK from the EU would stand to deter some from participating in business with it while there are others who would be happy that they would be able to conduct business with other countries that are not EU member states. As far as the service sector is concerned, the UK would most likely loose less FDI in the domestic market. This is mainly due to the reason that services are less likely to be traded as compared to goods (Chan, Ed., 2016). Notably, the services sector in Britain has grown significantly over the years since the year 1998. There was also a growth in the same services sector in the context of the services rendered to the US. When compared, it is noted that the rate of growth in the EU was about 1.5 times that of the services rendered to the US. This is factual data that shows that Britain stands to benefit more from trade with the EU than with the US. Nonetheless, the trade between the UK and EU is as it would be expected. This trade was particularly affected by the EU’s attempts to liberalize trade (Wallace, Pollack & Young, Eds., 2015). It was expected that due to these efforts trade should have grown at a faster rate. Nonetheless, it did not go as planned and expected. As far the FDI is concerned, Britain has been determined to be the largest recipient. This is in the context of the FDI in the European Union. Notably, most of the EU’s FDI is sourced from the US (World Politics, 2010). The UK is considered to be the principal host of this FDI. As such, Britain is a key player in the FDI. As it exited the EU, it still retains its relevance to the US but there might be a reduction to the FDI since the US is considered to be motivated by the EU (Ogg, 2013). Nonetheless, it is not easy to determine the effect that the exit of the UK from the EU will have on the FDI. This is especially so since most of the external firms are only seeking to have a place where they can distribute their goods. More so, a place where there are BREXIT 9 minimal or no barriers set to deter them when they are conducting their business. FDI is also affected by the size of the market and also affects the wage level and skills in a country (International Interactions, 2007). When the UK was a member of the EU, it was in a larger market and therefore attracted more FDI. However, now that it went solo, it is more likely to attract lesser FDI since FDI flow is directly affected by the size of the market. Now that it left the EU, the UK has become a lesser important market to the EU and vice versa. Nonetheless the UK would be wrong to assume that it now has the capacity to dictate terms to the EU. This is especially if the EU was able to engineer an economic recovery program. Since the UK is running a trade deficit, it is weaker and cannot dictate to the EU (Moller & Oliver, 2014). It is important to note that the EU buys more than half of what the UK exports. However, on the other hand, the UK exports are only a mere 10% of the exports by the EU members. As such, it stands at a weaker point and cannot be able to negotiate from this point. By leaving the EU, the UK will have to consider what to do with these exports. There are no substantial trade surpluses between the UK and other EU member states. As such, the UK would not be missed much if it were to stop its trade with the EU members. The other effect of leaving the EU would be the change in regulatory costs of doing business in Britain. However, this is also not certain. On the other hand, there is the issue of the access to the EU market by the British firms. It is worth noting that the access of the British firms to the non-EU markets was in the past mainly encouraged due to its membership to the EU (Moller & Oliver, 2014). As it seems now, multilateral trade seems to be receding in the favor of the multilateral as well as the bilateral trade agreements. Under the umbrella of the EU, the UK has a major stake hold in the world’s business accounting for 4% of the world’s business. BREXIT 10 However, this has been falling with the increased integration in the world economy. Now that it is no longer under the EU, it has lesser bargaining power. Overall, in as much as many think that the exiting of the UK from the EU will affect the EU in a great way, the information herein indicates otherwise. Most likely, the UK will suffer more from its exiting the EU than the EU not having the UK as a member state. Notably, with the 10% stake in the EU trade, the UK was a major player. However, when you consider that the EU was a major consumer of the UK’s products (more than half of the UK exports), the UK is the one more likely to suffer due to the exit. There is not much evidence that the EU would suffer due to the UK’s exit. Conclusively, it can be strongly assumed that the EU will not suffer much in terms of trade and even labor and services as compared to what the UK will most probably have to go through due to its departure from the EU. BREXIT 11 References Bache, I., Bulmer, S., George, S., & Parker, O. (2014). Politics in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA. Chan, S. (Ed.). (2016). Foreign direct investment in a changing global political economy. Springer. Cini, M., & Borragán, N. P. S. (2016). European union politics. Oxford University Press. Dinopoulos, E. & Wooton, I. (2008). International trade and the acquisition of skills. The International Trade Journal, 3(4), 389-414. Dobbels, M., & Neuhold, C. (2013). ‘The Roles Bureaucrats Play’: The Input of European Parliament (EP) Administrators into the Ordinary Legislative Procedure: A Case Study Approach. Journal of European Integration, 35(4), 375-390. Geiger, R., Khan, D. E., & Kotzur, M. (Eds.). (2015). European Union Treaties; a Commentary: Treaty on European Union: Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Hart. International Interactions. (2007). London: Gordon and Breach. Lamprecht, J. P. A. (2014). Bargaining power in multilateral trade negotiations: Canada and Japan in the Uruguay Round and Doha Development Agenda (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics). Mason, H. L. (2013). The European Coal and Steel Community: Experiment in Supranationalism. Springer. BREXIT 12 Meunier, S. (2017). Integration by stealth: how the European Union gained competence over foreign direct investment. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. Möller, A., & Oliver, T. (2014). The United Kingdom and the European Union: what would a “Brexit” mean for the EU and other States around the World? European and global perspectives. DGAPanalyse. Ogg, F. (2013). Appendix XI: The American Political Science Review. The American Political Science Review, 24(1), 187. Pease, K.-K. (2015). International Organizations. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Stone Sweet, A., & Brunell, T. L. (2013). Trustee courts and the judicialization of international regimes: The politics of majoritarian activism in the European convention on human rights, the European union, and the world trade organization. Journal of Law and Courts, 1(1), 61-88. Wallace, H., Pollack, M. A., & Young, A. R. (Eds.). (2015). Policy-making in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA. World politics. (2010). Guilford, Ct: Dushkin. awimberoey@gico .com
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