Student Last Name 1
Student
Instructor
Course
Date
1)
a) I will be arguing the implementation of physician-assisted suicide in Florida and
the improvement of current Death with Dignity Act in Oregon.
b) The anticipated audience for this research paper is physicians and health care
legislators in Florida. Florida physicians and legislators would be an audience
because physician-assisted death has always been a conversation in Florida but
has never been pushed to the forefront of new legislation. Much of Florida's
population growth is from elderly people or “Snowbirds” who tend to make
Florida a permanent residency to live out their final years. This explosive growth
pushes physician assisted suicide care to the forefront of health policy. This
information will be beneficial to those serving in the Florida's government as
physician assisted suicide is becoming a more urgent practice in Florida.
2) The topic of implementation of physician-assisted suicide in Florida and improving the
current death with dignity act in Oregon is a very modern topic. The debate over PAS is
momentous and complex. There is a forever social and political evolution of the talk of
controversy that surrounds it. PAS remains a formidable topic in contemporary healthcare
debate even when the practice occurred thousands of years ago. In 1967, a right to die bill
was pushed to the state level and introduced to Florida State legislators by doctor, Walter
Student Last Name 2
W. Sackets. Doctor Sackets bill would have “clarified the right for contempt persons to
execute a document indicating that they do not have a desire for certain kinds of
interventions when they become terminally ill.” (Ganzini,2017) His legislation failed to
pass, but it started a new dialogue surrounding assisted death in Florida. The ban of PAD
has been attempted to be overturned through two significant cases. Christopher R. Shafer,
notes of these two cases. The case of Charles Hall and the battle over Terri Schiavo. Both
terminally ill patients had to go to Florida courts to argue for their own death. Courts
decided to uphold state laws by banning PAD, endorsing a 129-year-old state law.
Currently, Florida does not allow PAD, it is considered a felony under Florida State law.
According to Fla. Stat. Ann (2014), “Every person deliberately assisting another in the
commission of self-murder shall be guilty of manslaughter, a felony of the second
degree.” The only way to make physician-assisted suicide more appealing and pass
legislation is to improve current Death with Dignity acts to appeal to different state
demographics. The most successful assisted death law is in Oregon. Norton and Miller
(2012) also present data from a qualitative study of social and hospice workers and their
reflections on PAS. Most of the data went in support of PAS, and the gratefulness their
patients had such an option. The most common reservations of PAS are those of moral
background. After reading the literature on the "Death with Dignity Act", if a special task
force dealing with PAS ethics is introduced, I believe it might bring greater comfort to
people. I think by adding this to the conversation it could appeal to legislators to pass
death with dignity laws in Florida.
3) This topic matters because Florida has one of the largest elderly populations in the nation,
making the conversation of Physician assisted suicide a relevant legal action. The United
Student Last Name 3
States Declaration of Independence declares the right to life and protection of life.
Allowing those to suffer in pain and die without dignity, is a direct threat to this
protection. Allowing patients, the choice of Physical assisted suicide protects their rights.
Physician assisted suicide places value on autonomy over all other ethical considerations.
The ability for patients to make their own choices regarding their healthcare matters.
4)
a) Physician-assisted suicide should be a legal option for terminally ill patients. I
believe in this because it allows terminally ill patients to have control over how,
when, and where their life will end. This event will allow those patients to go out
with dignity instead of living the remainder of their life physically dependent on
machines. In Yan Ming Jane Zhou and Wanye Shelton's article, they discuss the
life of Brittany Maynard. She was a terminally ill patient who chose to use the
Death by Dignity act. Maynard felt, "Having this choice at the end of [her] life
has become incredibly important. It [gave her] a sense of peace during a
tumultuous time that otherwise would be dominated by fear, uncertainty, and
pain.” (Zhou & Shelton's, 2020) To appease the population of Florida in order to
make Physician-assisted suicide an option a revised version of the Death with
Dignity Act of Oregon needs to be done. To go along with the certain standards
already in place with the Death with Dignity Act, I think they should develop a
task force. The task force will resolve the concerns of most people by assisting in
death. They would share info, experience, and understanding of geographic
diversity. They could regulate all issues of spiritual distress, race/ethnicity,
religious association, political affiliations, and gender issues.
Student Last Name 4
b) It is hard to determine a minority and a majority for this subject. It seems that
most terminally ill patients and families are in support of the Death by dignity act.
They are the group that is the most affected by such legislation. They have seen
and experience terminal illness, and the effects it has. The minority is the public.
It is a hard subject to understand when you are not directly affected by it. It is
hard for the average person to see assisting someone in killing themselves as
okay.
c) 1. Governance over one's own actions. In this health care setting patients gets to
determine which medical interventions to elect or forgo.
2. Physician assisted death allows terminally ill patients relief of suffering
3. Physician assisted death is a safe medical practice. Doctors can ensure death in
a way that suicide by other means cannot {Jack Kevorkian}
4. Revisions of current Death with Dignity Act laws can appease the population of
Florida, by looking at demographic and sociocultural differences regulated by a
task force.
5) The arguments are proven through many different pieces of literature. Dugdale's et al.
Discusses the pros of physician-assisted suicide. The four specific main claims I am
planning to argue are all found in this article. The history of legislation in the United
States is also discussed. This conversation leads to how Oregon was the first to pass such
legislation and how it forgoes further legal wrangling. The data from Oregon was
analyzed and used to create legislation in other states. Oldham and Ganzini, use
quantitative and qualitative data to support the idea that aided death allows patients to
have control over their life. Additional information that could be helpful to prove my
arguments would be more data on how PAD positively affects health care workers.
Christopher R. Shafer analyzed the history and the attitude of Florida nurses towards
Student Last Name 5
assisted suicide. His analysis helped me prove the argument that Florida legislation
requires the passage of a bill on end-of-life assistance. Accounts of nurses who work with
terminally ill patients are accounted for through surveys and interviews. Their statements
help support my argument. Shafer also gives examples of the effects of the lack of policy
in Florida where the Death by Dignity act would be helpful. Such as the case of Charles
Hall.
6) There are many counterarguments that would wage against my stance. Arguments range
from pragmatic to philosophical. The biggest argument is that Physician-assisted death is
not ethical. Those who believe this, think that life should be lived out all the way to the
end. Others question whether patients are competent enough to make those kinds of
decisions when they are terminally ill. There are also concerns with the expansion of
Physician-assisted death that may cause additional unintended harm through the slippery
slope, suicide contagion, and deaths of patients suffering from depression. One argument
that could counter all opposition views could be the 14th Amendment. It is often cited as,
“a constitutional right for the refusal of treatment, as well as a patient’s right to make
choices in his or her care, including PAS” (Shafer,2016)
7) I would counter these arguments with information from Dugdale's et al.’s article. The
moral argument is a weak one in this circumstance. Ethics are based on one's own morals.
When patients ask for assisted death, they are given a choice that is confirmed by only
them. It can also be approved by doctors with all medical ethical issues. I would counter
the depression arguments with stats about suicides committed In Oregon since the death
by Dignity act passed. I would also discuss how the expansion of assisted death could
help with legislation and more data about assisted death.
Student Last Name 6
Sources
Dugdale,a, L. S., Lerner, B. H., & Callahan, D. (2019). Pros and Cons of Physician Aid in
Dying. Pros and Cons of Physician Aid in Dying.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6913818/
Ganzini, L. (2016). Legalised physician-assisted death in Oregon. QUT Law Review, 16(1), 76.
doi:10.5204/qutlr.v16i1.623
Shafer, C. R. (2016). Florida nurse practitioners' attitudes towards physician-assisted suicide
(Order No. 10107505). Available from Nursing & Allied Health Premium.
(1791503602). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.esearch.ut.edu/dissertationstheses/florida-nurse-practitioners-attitudes-towards/docview/1791503602/se2?accountid=14762
Zhou, Y. M., & Shelton, W. (2020). Physicians’ end of life discussions with patients: Is there an
ethical obligation to discuss aid in dying? HEC Forum, 32(3), 227-238.
doi:10.1007/s10730-020-09402-y
Student Last Name 1
Student
Teacher
Course
21 March 2021
Final Proposal
1a) With COVID-19 affecting the entire world, new fraud risk in accounting firms begin to
originate. In March 2020, most business were forced to go remote to prevent the spread. In the
process of accounting firms going remote, many employees faced challenges from having the
correct technology, to adapting to the technology all well trying to stay safe during a pandemic.
With a decrease in oversight from management and increased pressure to perform well during an
economic crisis, elements like opportunities, pressure and rationalization are present which can
lead to fraudulent practices.
1b) The anticipated audience will be scholars who intend to enter the accounting field or in the
business field wanting to learn more about business ethics. Scholars are still learning about the
accounting profession and field and the effects of COVID-19. This may become a resource for
intended use.
2) Ethics in accounting will always be a prevalent conversation since there tends to be grey areas
in certain situations. In 2002, the Sarbanes Oxley act was passed regarding major accounting
scandals that resulted in financial disasters. In 2008 the great depression occurred in which the
Bernie Madoff scheme highlighted fraud that may have been occurring for months or even years.
2011, Pamela Murphy and Tina Dacin’s published Psychological pathways to Fraud:
Student Last Name 2
Understanding and Preventing Fraud in Organizations and used the fraud triangle to create an
illustrated pathway to show if individuals recognize fraudulent practices. Between 2012 and
2014 more than one author examines the relationships between ethical decision making and the
success of a business and the impact on the firm's culture. Leading closer to 2020, in 2019 Sean
Valentine and Lynn Godkin’s Moral Intensity, Ethical Decision Making, and Whistleblowing
Intention highlights ethical dilemmas and how enhancing either ethical decision making, or
internal controls can lead to fraud prevention or increase whistleblowing. In 2019 the CIA and
Wuhan Central Hospital were the two most famous whistleblowing organizations. In March
2020, a global pandemic was announced followed by stay-at-home orders and businesses closing
left and right. Within academic writing, the conversation stopped until recently. Scholars and I
want to determine if the Covid-19 will have a short- or long-term impact regarding fraud. Based
off history, economic turnovers have led to discovering fraud, the question that remains
unanswered is in the upcoming audits of 2021, will more auditors and fraud examiners discover
fraud and can this be linked to working remotely and the decrease in oversight. Also, fraud ties
together into a firm's culture. Having a strong, clearly define and well communicated work
culture attracts potential employees, but more importantly it affects how the employees interact
with their work and firm. It also affects the happiness and satisfaction of your employees.
3) Based on the intended audience, these scholars will be entering or are involved in the
accounting field. Ethics, whether in public or private accounting has become a growing interest
for both scholars and those already practicing within the field. COVID-19 has also created a vast
amount of pressure and targets on companies. It is proven during economic crisis, companies and
firms tend to see an observable increased amount of fraud. Scholars who can understand theories,
literature and illustrations in the accounting profession will know the lack of strong internal
Student Last Name 3
controls is the biggest sign to fraud. Therefore, in the ever-evolving world we currently live in
now is the time to reinforce internal controls.
4a) Throughout COVID-19, many accounting firms had to go remote. With the decrease in
oversight and more pressure on accountants to meet challenges of a down economy, identifying
characteristics and implementing stronger internal controls may prevent fraudulent practices as
well as enhance the firms' culture. In times of economic distress, employees may have to be cut,
budgets are recalculated which all may affected internal controls. Although fraud may not
necessarily increase, it will be become more visible. With the layoff of employees or budget cuts,
management will analyze the books potentially discovering fraud.
4b) I believe I am in the majority since accountants handle sensitive information and oversee
reporting on financial statements. Covid-19 has caused many accountants to be laid off,
furloughed or received a pay cut. Therefore, leaving more work for those still employed causing
pressure, tension and stress to complete these challenges on time. With the fear of losing your
job, not having food to eat or a house to live in-the fraud triangle becomes prevalent.
4c1) Covid-19 pandemic has created an environment where short-term fraud is taking place more
as well as being discovered more.
4c2) Less oversight on employees due to working remote has a positive correlation with
fraudulent practices.
4c3) Identifying characteristics of ethical decision making and implementing stronger internal
controls a firm is necessary during the pandemic.
4c4) How an accounting firms' culture and accountability can affect its employee's behaviors.
Student Last Name 4
5) Throughout my sources, many correlations and relationships have been identified. Valentine
and Godkin recognize morals, values and awareness are related to ethical decision making as
well as Itai Beeri et al. also acknowledged this correlation which highlights the demand for
enhancing ethical codes and procedures. Jonathan Karpoff also recognized since the early 2000s
fraud has decreased, but with the changes due to Covid-19, management has recognized fraud
may not have been decreasing, just less detectable. Karpoff reveals other developments can help
to reduce fraud. I want to then add how internal controls as well as technology, wealth as well as
time can be used too. This then improves an organizations culture and accountability. Having
trust within a firm, employees and investors relays a strong organization. Trust also affects the
way employees perform and make decisions. Therefore, Paul Jaijaram source about ethical
practice in the workplace can prove how individual values can affect an accountant's attitude
towards ethically decisions.
6) A counterargument may be most accounting firms have implemented fraud prevention steps,
have CPA’s and fraud examiners who reviews the books and financial statements. There also is
an International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants who develops and issues a code of
ethics for professional accountants and the firms must adopt their own plans. This code includes
strong conceptual framework and fundamental principles. The code explicitly states how to
apply the code to comply with the fundamental principles where applicable and where to be
independent. Also, on the IESBA website, the completed and revised objective for each of the
five principles.
7) Based on history of times of economic distress, there is a positive increase in fraud. Covid has
caused many people to lose their jobs and cutting budgets which may include the CPA or fraud
examiner. n this unforeseen pandemic, anti-fraud programs may cost more than it saves. This
Student Last Name 5
then may create no separation of duties which can increase fraudulent practices. Plus, although
the IESBA does issue this code of ethics, it is truly based on the international code of ethics
meaning it is used all around the world. It is principles-based, and sometimes ethical issues fall
outside these codes' objective. Also, the IESBA has no power to enforce the adoption of their
standards. It is the firm's responsibility to adopt these standards which gives accounting firms the
opportunity to implement their own code of ethics and internal controls.
Renewable Energy: Wind Energy
Saidur, R., Islam, M. R., Rahim, N. A., & Solangi, K. H. (2010). A review on global
wind energy policy. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 14(7), 1744-1762.
Saidur, M. R. Islam, N. A. Rahim, and K. H. Solangi authored this source. The authors
established that most energy is extracted via the rotor, which transforms kinetic energy into
mechanical energy, and the generator, which transforms mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
This is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal that provides readers with information on
renewable energy, notably wind energy. As readers will see, wind energy is economically viable
in both the machinery necessary to generate it and the energy produced. Although it was
formerly believed that the initial cost of building a wind turbine was expensive, a long-term
study has demonstrated that this was not the case. This source contains no citations and provides
a limited amount of information. It is not necessary to cite other sources because it contains
accurate information.
The authors indeed make arguments by underlining the audience's importance of wind
energy. They are crucial because they provide consistent power to the entire planet. This is due
to their ease of access. The issue with nonrenewable energy is that it produces dangerous
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere when it is used. In particular, when the globe consumes
much too much, far too quickly, and the planet cannot replenish the fossil fuels naturally or soon
enough. The author discuss the relevant experience, as they have demonstrated that one of the
benefits of this type of energy is its interchangeability and sustainability. Renewable energy is
critical since it is used extensively in the production of electricity and heat.
Wind energy has established itself as one of the most widely deployed renewable energy
sources. Wind energy is the process by which the kinetic energy of the blades turned by the wind
is converted to electricity. Wind moves the blades, causing an electric generator to spin and
generate electricity, transmitted to the home via power connections. The sources have no
linkages, and the most recent update date is not specified.
This source is particularly enticing to viewers. Wind energy is a renewable source of
energy captured by wind turbines. Wind turbines are installed in wind farms, clusters of wind
turbines are strategically placed to take advantage of local wind patterns. Clean energy is one of
the fastest expanding sectors in the world. Despite the ongoing expansion, renewable energy
generation fell by 1% in 2016, not due to a lack of infrastructure, but less wind at normal wind
turbine elevations.
People, according to this source, appreciate the wind a great deal. The writers hope to
convince readers that wind power can provide a considerable amount of energy to inhabitants in
the twenty-first century because it is reliable when used properly. Wind energy has various
advantages, like being a renewable source of energy, being dependable, inexpensive, and
costeffective, which is why it should be employed more frequently. Wind turbines come in
various sizes and configurations to suit a variety of uses, including boats and buildings. Because
the ability to support the world's 6.3 billion people's massive industries and businesses is a vital
prerequisite for wind power, the articles do not provide the facts fairly. Wind energy must also
be capable of addressing the global population's needs.
This information is for anyone who relies heavily on wind energy as a primary source of
electricity. Renewable energy is gaining importance as the world's population, and resource use
expand. Given the amount of pollution produced by people, they must develop environmentally
friendly renewable energy sources. The extensive usage of gas and oil, which release harmful
compounds into the ozone layer, has become an issue in contemporary life.
Mander, S. (2008). The role of discourse coalitions in planning for renewable
energy: a case study of wind-energy deployment. Environment and Planning C:
Government and Policy, 26(3), 583-600.
Mander, S is the author of this source, and it is an academic article since wind energy has
received a lot of attention in recent decades as a renewable energy source due to its low cost and
low environmental impact. Wind energy is rising quickly because renewable energy is becoming
more competitive in the market as technology advances and government laws adapt to the
traditional energy industry's increasing pollution. Wind energy has been employed in various
ways for hundreds of years, but not for generating electricity.
The writers make strong arguments since they have established that the wind generates
wind energy. It was one of the first resources used by humanity. Wind energy is used to convert
the energy created by wind turbine blades to electrical energy, which the wind turbine then
converts to wind energy, which the wind turbine then converts to mechanical energy. It is a
constant source of pollution while simultaneously promoting long-term growth. It is designed,
builds, operated, and maintained solar power plants and other energy conversion systems that
utilize renewable energy sources such as biomass and wind. This is the only indication to the
reader that the author has relevant expertise.
Because wind energy is the most widely used traditional energy source among all
renewable energy sources, the sources provide a wealth of information that took me some time to
summarize. This is for various reasons, one of which is that wind energy is absolutely free,
environmentally beneficial, and has an infinite supply. It has no adverse effect on the
environment because it creates no greenhouse gases or harmful compounds. Due to the limited
nature of the material, the source does not include a hyperlink or a publication date.
This source is appropriate because readers have learned that wind energy is used to
transform the energy produced by wind turbine blades to electrical energy, which is then turned
to wind energy, which is then transferred to mechanical energy by the wind turbine. It is a
constant source of pollution while simultaneously promoting long-term growth. One can be
assisted if they wish to be a part of the renewable energy conversion process. It is designed,
builds, operated, and maintained solar power plants and other energy conversion systems that
utilize renewable energy sources such as biomass and wind. The sources are quite persuasive in
convincing the audience that they must shift to wind energy for economic reasons. As a result, it
does not provide objective information.
Because the term "wind energy" refers to the process of using a wind turbine to generate
mechanical strength through the use of wind and wind, this website is a proponent of the cause.
Windmills were once used for crushing wheat and power pumps hundreds of years ago. On the
other hand, modern wind turbines absorb kinetic energy via propellers. Generators convert
kinetic energy to electrical energy. While larger wind turbines are typically found in wind farms,
small wind turbines can be built in residential and business locations to serve less than 10,000.
The source is directed at those who consume the greatest amount of this type of energy. Wind
energy seeks to meet electricity demand while limiting adverse effects on wildlife and
environmental degradation. We will create new jobs by creating wind farms, operating them
daily, producing components, and exporting components to other nations. In 1986, the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory assessed the United States' wind energy resources.
Purchase answer to see full
attachment