Developmental Theory Development Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. (B-2): Trust v. Mistrust (2-4): Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt (4-6): Initiative v. Guilt (6-12): Industry v. Inferiority (13-19): Identity v. Role Confusion (20s & 30s): Intimacy v. Isolation (40s, 50s & 60s): Generativity v. Stagnation (70s & Up): Ego Integrity v. Despair Trust v. Mistrust • Hope • Considered the most important stage of development because it sets the stage for all of the other stages. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt Independence •The child learns to say “no” in this stage to assert themselves as separate individuals. Initiative v. Guilt • Curiosity • The child often asks “why” in this stage. Industry v. Inferiority • Skill/Competence • This is the stage in which the child tries to find out what they are good at and develop a skill. Boys especially are competitive but girls can be too. Identity v. Role Confusion • Self-Esteem • The stage in which teenagers attempt to find themselves and fit in with others at the same time. • Role Confusion can be expressed in 5 major ways: Drugs/Alcohol, Bullying/Violence, Depression/Suicide, Eating Disorders, Promiscuity Intimacy v. Isolation • Love • This is the stage in which the individual attempts to connect to another human being. If the person can communicate and share, they experience intimacy. • People can be married and still be isolated. It shows itself in the same ways that role confusion appears. • Erikson considered stages 5 & 6 the most closely related stages and said you need identity to experience intimacy. Generativity v. Stagnation • Purpose • The stage in which the parent serves as a role model for the younger generation. Mid-life Crisis is a synonym for stagnation when it is not handled well. Ego Integrity v. Despair • Wisdom • Integrity is achieved when one looks back over their life and is satisfied. • Despair usually shows itself in 2 ways: depression and hostility Bullying • Occurs most during middle school • Boys bully physically while girls bully verbally. • Girls hang on to bullying situations longer than boys. • Schools have a moral obligation to help students overcome being bullied. Depression • 3 kinds of depression: 1) Mild-Moderate 2) Severe 3) Manic (now designated as “bipolar”) Depression Signs • • • • • • Changes in eating/sleeping habits Sadness/withdrawal/apathy Aggression/irritation/violence Drug & alcohol use Drop in grades Promiscuity Depression Causes • • • • • • • Loss Relationship and Family Problems School Pressures/Grades Financial Problems Trauma Drug & Alcohol Use Genetics Depression Treatments • For Mild/Moderate: Exercise, Diet, Therapy • For Severe/Manic: Medication as needed • Support groups, alternative/herbal, meditation, reading Suicide • Females attempt 3/1 (3 female attempts for every 1 male attempt) • Males commit 3/1 (3 males commit for every 1 female who commits) • Males use more violent methods Suicide Myths • Only crazy people attempt suicide • Attempting suicide makes a person less likely to attempt again • Talking about suicide increases the risk of a person committing suicide • Once you see depressed people get better, they are no longer at risk Eating Disorders 1) Anorexia 2) Bulimia 3) Obesity Anorexia • Definition: 15% or more under normal body weight • Distorted body image • Disgust for food Anorexia Characteristics • Upper-middle class whites, ages 15-35 • Perfectionism issues • Over-controlling mother-daughter relationships • 95% female & 5% male Bulimia • Bulimics are usually within 5 pounds of normal body weight • 2 Kinds: Binge-Purge & Binge-Non Purge Correlation between bulimia and past sexual abuse 90% female & 10% male Obesity • Definition: 30% or more over normal body weight and 30-40% in the U.S. are considered obese • Obesity is the most common type of eating disorder. • #1 killer in the U.S. today is heart disease, often caused by obesity. Promiscuity • U.S. has the #1 teen pregnancy rate in the industrialized world (United Kingdom is #2) • 50% of all teens have had intercourse by high school graduation (stat. is falling in the last 10 years) • 40% of all sexually active females will be pregnant by age 17 • 80% of all those pregnant by age 17 will be pregnant again by age 19 • 15% of high schoolers have had sex with 4 or more partners throughout high school Promiscuity • • • • Average age of the father of the child is 23 90% of these men leave 50% of teen mothers graduate high school The abuse rate among teen mothers is 3 times the normal population of mothers Birth Control • 2 most effective methods not including abstinence: pill & condom • 2 least effective methods: rhythm & withdrawal Death & Dying • Elisabeth Kubler-Ross wrote On Death and Dying • 5 stages of grief: 1. Denial: inability to admit death 2. Anger: overcome by angry emotions 3. Bargaining: promising to do more 4. Depression: withdrawing from others 5. Acceptance: coming to terms with mortality -Hope: thinking about the welfare of others Death & Dying • People can go through any order and be in one stage or get through all of the stages. • Most people do get to acceptance at some point.
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