CSEC 477 Homework Assignment 1
Due: October 2, 2021
General Instructions
Using background reading material referenced in class that offers varied perspectives on
the content and appropriateness of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 (‘the Act’), write a
persuasive essay explaining your individual pro (supportive), con (against), or neutral
(neither mostly pro or mostly con) position regarding ‘the Act’.
Specific Instruction
1. Read the following referenced the following three (3) articles that offer varying
perspectives on ‘the Act’.
a. DOJ Patriot Act Overview
b. ACLU View of the US Patriot Act
c. Congressional Research Service - Info Security & the US Patriot Act
2. As the basis for developing your position, consider the following aspects of ‘the
Act’ and where you stand on each of these aspects of ‘the Act’. The following
table will help guide your analysis and may be of help in establishing your
position.
You may add other provisions of ‘the Act’ for consideration in determining your pro,
con, or neutral position.
3. Additionally, consider the following questions while determining where you stand
on ‘the Act’.
a. Do you think these provisions are still needed today?
b. Do you think there is still a threat of a terrorist attack in the USA?
c. Do you think it is worth it to sacrifice some personal privacy and freedoms
to prevent terrorism?
CSEC 477 Homework Assignment 1
Due: October 2, 2021
d. How much personal freedom and privacy would you be willing to
sacrifice? Where would you draw the line? Has ‘the Act’ crossed your
personal ‘line’?
e. How does the need for USA security and reducing the risk of terrorism
change your ideas about personal freedom and privacy rights?
f. Is the information security provision of the Act effective and worthwhile?
4. Write the persuasive essay describing and building an argument for your pro, con,
or neutral position on ‘the Act’.
a. Use the guidelines detailed in the Homework 1 GRADING RUBRIC.
b. A good source for writing persuasive essays can be found at the following
web site.
Writing a Persuasive/Argumentative Essay
c. Or the persuasive essay writing set of tips can be uploaded directly from
the Class Session 2 segment of the class website’s Content section
Response Format & Creation Notes & Tips
•
Read, review, and use the Homework 1’s GRADING RUBRIC the paper’s
completion guide. For example:
§ In the paper’s Introduction
§ clearly describe what the paper is about.
§ Include any central premise of the paper or the point of view that is
going to be supported in the content of the paper, and what is to
follow in the body of the paper.
§ The presentation and clarity of the paper’s central theme, the
clarity of discussion around central points, and the paper’s ease of
navigation will be important in the grading of this assignment.
§ Completed essay responses should include a table of contents and
navigational hyperlinks that link each section listed in the table of
contents to the specific section of the paper.
• Ask for more instruction if there is no prior experience with
this feature.
Submission and Grading
•
•
•
Ensure that the response is complete and uploaded via the D2L class site by the
specific due date and time.
Grades will be based on the completeness, factual accuracy, and logical
consistency.
Grades will be posted in the class COL site.
Just 45 days after the September 11 attacks, almost without
debate, Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act, an overnight
revision of the Bill of Rights.
UNDER THIS SWEEPING LEGISLATION, THE GOVERNMENT CAN NOW:
1. Label you a “terrorist” if you belong to an activist group.
The USA PATRIOT Act broadly expands the official definition of terrorism, so many domestic groups that engage
in certain types of civil disobedience could very well find themselves labeled as terrorists. (Sections 411, 802)
2. Search your home and not even tell you.
The USA PATRIOT Act allows the law enforcement to conduct secret “sneak and peek” searches of your home.
Investigators can enter your home or office, take pictures and seize items without informing you that a warrant was
issued for a very long time – if ever. (Section 213)
3. Collect information about what books you read, what you study, your purchases, your
medical history and your personal finances.
The USA PATRIOT Act gives law enforcement broad access to any types of records – educational, medical,
financial, sales, library, etc. – without probable cause of a crime. It also prohibits the holders of this information,
like librarians, from disclosing that they have produced such records, under the threat of jail time. While a court
order is required to obtain the information, the Act requires that a judge rubber stamp such orders. (Section 215)
4. Take away your property without a hearing.
The USA PATRIOT Act allows the government to seize the assets of an individual or organization without prior
notice or hearing if the government says that they have engaged in or are planning an act of “domestic terrorism.”
Under this law, the government could effectively bankrupt an organization with which it disagrees. (Section 806)
5. Monitor your e-mails and watch what Internet sites you visit.
The USA PATRIOT Act permits the government to monitor Internet traffic and e-mail communications on any
Internet service provider without probable cause by obtaining detailed “routing” information like a web address.
While this provision is supposedly aimed at lawbreakers, it sweeps broadly because e-mails and Internet traffic
information of innocent individuals cannot be separated from the activity of targeted individuals. (Section 216)
6. Spy on innocent Americans.
The USA PATRIOT Act permits a vast array of information gathering on U.S. citizens to be collected and shared
with the CIA (and other non-law enforcement officials) without proper judicial oversight or other safeguards. This
law effectively puts the CIA back in the business of spying on Americans. (Sections 203 and 901)
7. Put immigrants in jail indefinitely.
The USA PATRIOT Act permits indefinite incarceration of immigrants and other non-citizens without the
government having to show that they are, in fact, terrorists. (Section 412)
8. Wiretap you under a warrant that doesn’t even have your name on it.
The USA PATRIOT Act changes the nature of warrants for wiretaps by requiring judges to approve a wiretap
without knowing who is to be tapped nor where it is to be placed. (Section 216)
Visit www.aclu.org/safeandfree to get more
information and find out how to make a difference.
Act now because freedom cannot protect itself!
Keep America Safe and Free!
USA PATRIOT ACT OVERVIEW
The Department of Justice’s first priority is to prevent future terrorist attacks. Since its passage following
the September 11th attacks, the PATRIOT Act has played a key part - and often the leading role - in a
number of successful operations to protect innocent Americans from the deadly plans of terrorists
dedicated to destroying America and our way of life. While the results have been important, in passing
the PATRIOT Act, Congress provided for only modest, incremental changes in the law. Congress simply
took existing legal principles and retrofitted them to preserve the lives and liberty of the American people
from the challenges posed by a global terrorist network.
9 Congress enacted the PATRIOT Act by overwhelming, bipartisan margins, arming law
enforcement with new tools to detect and prevent terrorism: The USA PATRIOT Act was passed
nearly unanimously by the Senate 98-1, and 357–66 in the House, with the support of members from
across the political spectrum.
THE ACT IMPROVES OUR COUNTER-TERRORISM EFFORTS IN SEVERAL SIGNIFICANT WAYS:
1. The PATRIOT Act allows investigators to use the tools that were already available to investigate
organized crime and drug trafficking. Many of the tools the Act provides to law enforcement to fight
terrorism have been used for decades to fight organized crime and drug dealers, and have been reviewed and
approved by the courts. As Sen. Joe Biden (D-DE) explained during the floor debate about the Act, “the FBI
could get a wiretap to investigate the mafia, but they could not get one to investigate terrorists. To put it
bluntly, that was crazy! What’s good for the mob should be good for terrorists.” (Cong. Rec., 10/25/01)
Allows law enforcement to use surveillance against more crimes of terror. Before the PATRIOT
Act, courts could permit law enforcement to conduct electronic surveillance to investigate many
ordinary, non-terrorism crimes, such as drug crimes, mail fraud, and passport fraud. Agents also
could obtain wiretaps to investigate some, but not all, of the crimes that terrorists often commit. The
Act enabled investigators to gather information when looking into the full range of terrorism-related
crimes, including: chemical-weapons offenses, the use of weapons of mass destruction, killing
Americans abroad, and terrorism financing.
Allows federal agents to follow sophisticated terrorists trained to evade detection. For years,
law enforcement has been able to use “roving wiretaps” to investigate ordinary crimes, including
drug offenses and racketeering. A roving wiretap can be authorized by a federal judge to apply to a
particular suspect, rather than a particular phone or communications device. Because international
terrorists are sophisticated and trained to thwart surveillance by rapidly changing locations and
communication devices such as cell phones, the Act authorized agents to seek court permission to use
the same techniques in national security investigations to track terrorists.
Allows law enforcement to conduct investigations without tipping off terrorists. In some cases if
criminals are tipped off too early to an investigation, they might flee, destroy evidence, intimidate or
kill witnesses, cut off contact with associates, or take other action to evade arrest. Therefore, federal
courts in narrow circumstances long have allowed law enforcement to delay for a limited time when
the subject is told that a judicially-approved search warrant has been executed. Notice is always
provided, but the reasonable delay gives law enforcement time to identify the criminal’s associates,
eliminate immediate threats to our communities, and coordinate the arrests of multiple individuals
without tipping them off beforehand. These delayed notification search warrants have been used for
decades, have proven crucial in drug and organized crime cases, and have been upheld by courts as
fully constitutional.
Allows federal agents to ask a court for an order to obtain business records in national security
terrorism cases. Examining business records often provides the key that investigators are looking
for to solve a wide range of crimes. Investigators might seek select records from hardware stores or
chemical plants, for example, to find out who bought materials to make a bomb, or bank records to
see who’s sending money to terrorists. Law enforcement authorities have always been able to obtain
business records in criminal cases through grand jury subpoenas, and continue to do so in national
security cases where appropriate. These records were sought in criminal cases such as the
investigation of the Zodiac gunman, where police suspected the gunman was inspired by a Scottish
occult poet, and wanted to learn who had checked the poet’s books out of the library. In national
security cases where use of the grand jury process was not appropriate, investigators previously had
limited tools at their disposal to obtain certain business records. Under the PATRIOT Act, the
government can now ask a federal court (the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court), if needed to
aid an investigation, to order production of the same type of records available through grand jury
subpoenas. This federal court, however, can issue these orders only after the government
demonstrates the records concerned are sought for an authorized investigation to obtain foreign
intelligence information not concerning a U.S. person or to protect against international terrorism or
clandestine intelligence activities, provided that such investigation of a U.S. person is not conducted
solely on the basis of activities protected by the First Amendment.
2. The PATRIOT Act facilitated information sharing and cooperation among government agencies so
that they can better “connect the dots.” The Act removed the major legal barriers that prevented the
law enforcement, intelligence, and national defense communities from talking and coordinating their
work to protect the American people and our national security. The government’s prevention efforts
should not be restricted by boxes on an organizational chart. Now police officers, FBI agents, federal
prosecutors and intelligence officials can protect our communities by “connecting the dots” to uncover
terrorist plots before they are completed. As Sen. John Edwards (D-N.C.) said about the Patriot Act, “we
simply cannot prevail in the battle against terrorism if the right hand of our government has no idea what the
left hand is doing.” (Press release, 10/26/01)
Prosecutors can now share evidence obtained through grand juries with intelligence officials -- and
intelligence information can now be shared more easily with federal prosecutors. Such sharing of
information leads to concrete results. For example, a federal grand jury recently indicted an
individual in Florida, Sami al-Arian, for allegedly being the U.S. leader of the Palestinian Islamic
Jihad, one of the world’s most violent terrorist outfits. Palestinian Islamic Jihad is responsible for
murdering more than 100 innocent people, including a young American named Alisa Flatow who was
killed in a tragic bus bombing in Gaza. The Patriot Act assisted us in obtaining the indictment by
enabling the full sharing of information and advice about the case among prosecutors and
investigators. Alisa’s father, Steven Flatow, has said, “When you know the resources of your
government are committed to right the wrongs committed against your daughter, that instills you with
a sense of awe. As a father you can’t ask for anything more.”
3. The PATRIOT Act updated the law to reflect new technologies and new threats. The Act brought
the law up to date with current technology, so we no longer have to fight a digital-age battle with
antique weapons—legal authorities leftover from the era of rotary telephones. When investigating the
murder of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl, for example, law enforcement used one of the Act’s
new authorities to use high-tech means to identify and locate some of the killers.
Allows law enforcement officials to obtain a search warrant anywhere a terrorist-related
activity occurred. Before the Patriot Act, law enforcement personnel were required to obtain a
search warrant in the district where they intended to conduct a search. However, modern terrorism
investigations often span a number of districts, and officers therefore had to obtain multiple warrants
in multiple jurisdictions, creating unnecessary delays. The Act provides that warrants can be
obtained in any district in which terrorism-related activities occurred, regardless of where they will be
executed. This provision does not change the standards governing the availability of a search
warrant, but streamlines the search-warrant process.
Allows victims of computer hacking to request law enforcement assistance in monitoring the
“trespassers” on their computers. This change made the law technology-neutral; it placed
electronic trespassers on the same footing as physical trespassers. Now, hacking victims can seek
law enforcement assistance to combat hackers, just as burglary victims have been able to invite
officers into their homes to catch burglars.
4. The PATRIOT Act increased the penalties for those who commit terrorist crimes. Americans are
threatened as much by the terrorist who pays for a bomb as by the one who pushes the button. That’s
why the PATRIOT Act imposed tough new penalties on those who commit and support terrorist
operations, both at home and abroad. In particular, the Act:
Prohibits the harboring of terrorists. The Act created a new offense that prohibits knowingly
harboring persons who have committed or are about to commit a variety of terrorist offenses, such as:
destruction of aircraft; use of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons; use of weapons of mass
destruction; bombing of government property; sabotage of nuclear facilities; and aircraft piracy.
Enhanced the inadequate maximum penalties for various crimes likely to be committed by
terrorists: including arson, destruction of energy facilities, material support to terrorists and terrorist
organizations, and destruction of national-defense materials.
Enhanced a number of conspiracy penalties, including for arson, killings in federal facilities,
attacking communications systems, material support to terrorists, sabotage of nuclear facilities, and
interference with flight crew members. Under previous law, many terrorism statutes did not
specifically prohibit engaging in conspiracies to commit the underlying offenses. In such cases, the
government could only bring prosecutions under the general federal conspiracy provision, which
carries a maximum penalty of only five years in prison.
Punishes terrorist attacks on mass transit systems.
Punishes bioterrorists.
Eliminates the statutes of limitations for certain terrorism crimes and lengthens them for other
terrorist crimes.
The government’s success in preventing another catastrophic attack on the American homeland since
September 11, 2001, would have been much more difficult, if not impossible, without the USA PATRIOT
Act. The authorities Congress provided have substantially enhanced our ability to prevent, investigate,
and prosecute acts of terror.
Do you know the difference between “Privacy” and “Confidentiality”?
The federal regulations differentiate between privacy and confidentiality, and it is important
to understand the difference in order to determine whether these regulatory criteria for
approval of human subject research are appropriately met.
Privacy relates to a Person.
Persons may not want to be seen entering a place that might stigmatize them, such as a
pregnancy counseling center that is clearly identified as such by signs on the front of the
building. Privacy concerns people, whereas confidentiality concerns data. The research
proposal should outline strategies to protect privacy including how the investigator will
access information from or about participants.
Examples of Privacy: Curtains are closed during physical examination. Health history or exam
results are discussed in a private area. This may include asking an accompanying family
member or friend to leave the room temporarily.
Confidentiality relates to information/data about an individual.
Confidentiality refers to the researcher’s agreement with the participant about how the
participant’s identifiable private information will be handled, managed, and disseminated.
The research proposal should outline strategies to maintain confidentiality of identifiable
data, including controls on storage, handling, and sharing of data. When appropriate,
certificates of confidentiality could be used to maintain the confidentiality of identifiable
data, to allow the investigator and others who have access to research records to refuse to
disclose identifying information on research participants in any civil, criminal,
administrative, legislative, or other proceeding, whether at the federal, state, or local level.
Examples of Confidentiality: Lap top computers are pass word protected. Emails are
encrypted. Participant files are kept locked not left unattended visibly on top of counters or
desks. Patient/participant information is not shared with other research team members in an
elevator full of people.
The Health Science Center IRB glossary defines these terms as:
PRIVACY: Control over the extent, timing and circumstances of sharing oneself (physically, behaviorally,
or intellectually) with others.
CONFIDENTIALITY: Pertains to the treatment of information that an individual has disclosed in a
relationship of trust and with the expectation that it will not be divulged to others in ways that are
inconsistent with the understanding of the original disclosure, without permission.
OCR Information Sheet
May 2009
Page 1
Writing a Persuasive/Argumentative Essay
In a persuasive essay, you take a position FOR or AGAINST an issue and try to persuade your reader to side
with your argument. The argument must be sound and use reasonable evidence- such as facts, examples, or
quotes- to back up your argument.
How to Plan a Persuasive Essay
1. Take a position.
Which side of the issue or problem do you want to write about, and what solution are you
going to offer? Know what you want to argue and why.
2. Know your audience.
It is important to analyze who your audience will be, and how they will feel towards your topic
and argument.
3. Research your topic.
In a persuasive essay, you must use specific and convincing evidence to back up your points.
You opinion is not enough; therefore it needs to be backed by facts and research.
4. Figure out how you want to format your argument.
Figure out how you want to present your argument and what order you will present the
evidence. Keep in mind the above steps as you do this.
What You Must Do to Produce an Effective Argument
Know your topic thoroughly. Read thoroughly about your topic from legitimate sources. Take notes.
The more informed you are about your topic, the better your argument will be.
Test your thesis. Your thesis/argument must have two sides and be debatable. If you can write down
an argument that directly opposes your view, then your argument is debatable.
Disprove the opposing argument. Besides arguing for your position, you must understand the
opposing argument and be able to counter it. This could be done by using contrasting evidence or by
finding mistakes and inconsistencies in the opposing argument.
Support your position with evidence. Remember your opinion is not enough and that you need
evidence to back up your position.
General Guideline for Writing the Persuasive Essay
1.
2.
3.
4.
Have a strong position that you want to convince your reader to accept.
Catch the reader’s attention with a grabber or hook about your topic.
Provide evidence to support your position.
Conclude with a final effort to convince the reader to accept your argument.
Reference: Adapted from Waterford UHS’s “Writing the Persuasive Essay”, Waterford Union High School
Breakdown of the Persuasive/Argumentative Essay
The Introduction
Refer to the resource/handout Essay Structure for more information, but in general, the introduction
introduces the topic of your paper. Your introduction should cover three main things:
1. A hook or grabber to catch your reader’s attention
2. Background information the reader needs to make sense of your topic
3. Thesis statement (argument)
The Body
In the body, you provide evidence to support your opinion that was stated in your thesis. Each body paragraph
should argue one reason to back up your thesis. Also, as most issues have arguments on both sides of the
question, a good persuasive writer provides counter-arguments along with their main points. One of the
three paragraphs needs to discuss the opposing viewpoints and how you counter-argue them.
How to support your argument:
Facts, Statistics, Quotes, or Examples *Note: Do not confuse facts with truths. A “truth” is an idea believed by
many people. Also, do not let facts/stats/quotes/examples take the place of your opinion. These are
supplementary, meaning they support and DO NOT TAKE THE PLACE OF your argument.
Tips for successful body paragraphs:
A. Have a clear topic sentence- state your reason that supports your thesis and expand on it.
B. Include Opposing Arguments and Counter-arguments- acknowledging the opposing side of your
argument is not a form of weakness, but is a strength.
**You cannot ignore opposing viewpoints. If you do, it looks like you are not well prepared or
well informed about the issue you are writing about.**
C. Use transitions to make your argument flow.
The Conclusion
In a conclusion, you summarize the most important details from your argument and try for the last time to
convince your reader about your argument. The conclusion must:
1. Restate your thesis (argument)
2. Summarize your main points
3. End with a finalizing statement about future implications for your topic.
Reference: Adapted from Waterford UHS’s “Writing the Persuasive Essay”, Waterford Union High School
Persuasive/Argumentative Essay Outline
Introduction:
A. Get the reader’s attention with a “hook” or grabber about your topic
B. Provide any background information that your reader will need to understand your topic.
C. Thesis statement (argument)
Main Body Paragraph 1: First reason to support your argument:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Topic sentence explaining your point/reason
Possible mention of an opposing view to this point
Evidence to back your point
Transition
Main Body Paragraph 2: Second reason to support your argument:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Topic sentence explaining your point/reason
Possible mention of an opposing view to this point
Evidence to back your point
Transition
Main Body Paragraph 3: Third reason to support your argument:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Topic sentence explaining your point/reason
Possible mention of an opposing view to this point
Evidence to back your point
Transition
Opposing Viewpoint
This paragraph lets the reader know that you have considered opposing points of view and have a rebuttal to
them.
A. Opposing view to your argument
B. Your rebuttal (how your argument is right to counter this opposition)
C. Evidence to back your rebuttal
Conclusion
A. Restate thesis statement (argument)
B. Summary of main reasons to support your argument
C. Finalizing statement about your topic and argument
Contact the Writing Specialist for help writing a persuasive essay!
Taryn Fritz • Writing Specialist • TFritz@mhc.ab.ca
Reference: Adapted from Waterford UHS’s “Writing the Persuasive Essay”, Waterford Union High School
1
Running Head: THE PATRIOT ACT
The Patriot Act
Student Name
Institutional Affiliation
2
THE PATRIOT ACT
The Patriot Act
Following the 9/11 attack, the patriot act came into play to facilitate tracking of
information. The following key provisions of the Patriot Act that changed the limits of federal law
enforcement. First, it expanded the scope of the FBI and other intelligence organizations to infringe
on its citizen’s privacy in the name of combating crime through investigations. Secondly, section
215 of the patriot act provided the government t with the power to ask businesses for their records
relating to someone who might be involved in terrorism, in what was called the “the business
records” provision. Lastly, section 206, commonly referred to as the “roving wiretap” provision
allows the government to tap into every device a person uses, with the permission of the Foreign
Intelligence Surveillance Court.
From the point of those supporting the said changes, I would argue that this is a good move
by the government, in order to promote security of its people, since that the primary mandate of
every government. On the issue of privacy, the right to privacy as provided for under the US
constitution is not an absolute right and can limited upon justifiable grounds such as the grounds
following 9/11 attack. However, from the point of those not in support of the motion, I would
suggest that every provision has limitations, and the place of the law should be respected. From
the doctrine of lex leta lex ferenda, the law should be as it is, as it ought to be, hence people should
be granted the right to privacy and it be respected.
I select the side in support of the patriots act. This is for the reason that as a law enforcement
officer, I do not wish to see what happened during the 9/11 happen again. The purpose of life is to
be enjoyed, and people cannot enjoy life, if they live in constant fear of attack or if they are already
dead. Since the surveillance is controlled and is for a given period, it should be upheld.
3
THE PATRIOT ACT
References
How the USA-Patriot Act Expands Law Enforcement "Sneak and Peek" Warrants. (n.d.).
Retrieved
from
https://www.aclu.org/other/how-usa-patriot-act-expands-law-
enforcement-sneak-and-peek-warrants
Lind, D. (2015, June 2). Everyone's heard of the Patriot Act. Here's what it actually does. Retrieved
from https://www.vox.com/2015/6/2/8701499/patriot-act-explain
Running Head: THE U.S PATRIOT ACT
1
The U.S Patriot Act
Name
Instructor
Institutional Affiliation
Date
THE U.S PATRIOT ACT
2
Under the Patriot Act, the FBI and other U.S security agencies are mandated to secretly
conduct a physical search or even wiretap on American citizens to obtain evidence of crime
without providing probable cause as required by the Fourth Amendment. Moreover, the use of
torture or rendition is granted under this law as a way to help coerce the suspect to provide
information (Guruli, 2020). Although the practice of torture may not be widely known to the
public, it is a practice that has caused controversy among presidential candidates. The logic of
the war on terror has led the United States to take desperate measures such as the creation of the
Patriot Act which mandates controversial measures against suspects. Based on this week’s
reading, I believe Patriot Act permits the use of torture as a way to gain intelligence and combat
terrorism.
As a way to expand national security surveillance and to help protect the civil liberties of
the American people, this Act created new provisions and ways of dealing with suspects. For
example, immediately after the 9/11 attack, alleged terrorists were abducted, arrested, and
tortured to obtain information regarding the planned attack (Guruli, 2020). Although the secret
prisons are now closed, the practice of detaining suspects and torturing them is still evident
particularly in Guantanamo for unlimited periods without trials. Some suspects had to undergo
intense torture through waterboarding, a practice of slow-motion suffocation in water (Thimm,
2018). Moreover, in Iraq, CIA and military intelligence used tortured as an interrogation method
on prisoners something that led to the death of 100 prisoners both in Iraq and in the United
States. However, despite the intense torture granted through this Act, I do not believe the
information gained through these means is credible because they are gained through coercion.
Some victims are forced to speak up or tell lies due to the fear of death or torture.
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THE U.S PATRIOT ACT
References
Guruli, N. (2020). The Unreasonableness of the Citizenship Distinction: Section 412 of the USA
PATRIOT Act and Lessons from Abroad. U. Chi. L. Rev. Online, 1.
Thimm, J. (2018). From exception to normalcy: the United States and the war on terrorism.
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