CSEC 477 Oakton Community College USA Patriot Act of 2001 Cyber Security Essay

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Using background reading material referenced in class that offers varied perspectives on the content and appropriateness of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 (‘the Act’), write a persuasive essay explaining your individual pro (supportive), con (against), or neutral (neither mostly pro or mostly con) position regarding ‘the Act’

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CSEC 477 Homework Assignment 1 Due: October 2, 2021 General Instructions Using background reading material referenced in class that offers varied perspectives on the content and appropriateness of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 (‘the Act’), write a persuasive essay explaining your individual pro (supportive), con (against), or neutral (neither mostly pro or mostly con) position regarding ‘the Act’. Specific Instruction 1. Read the following referenced the following three (3) articles that offer varying perspectives on ‘the Act’. a. DOJ Patriot Act Overview b. ACLU View of the US Patriot Act c. Congressional Research Service - Info Security & the US Patriot Act 2. As the basis for developing your position, consider the following aspects of ‘the Act’ and where you stand on each of these aspects of ‘the Act’. The following table will help guide your analysis and may be of help in establishing your position. You may add other provisions of ‘the Act’ for consideration in determining your pro, con, or neutral position. 3. Additionally, consider the following questions while determining where you stand on ‘the Act’. a. Do you think these provisions are still needed today? b. Do you think there is still a threat of a terrorist attack in the USA? c. Do you think it is worth it to sacrifice some personal privacy and freedoms to prevent terrorism? CSEC 477 Homework Assignment 1 Due: October 2, 2021 d. How much personal freedom and privacy would you be willing to sacrifice? Where would you draw the line? Has ‘the Act’ crossed your personal ‘line’? e. How does the need for USA security and reducing the risk of terrorism change your ideas about personal freedom and privacy rights? f. Is the information security provision of the Act effective and worthwhile? 4. Write the persuasive essay describing and building an argument for your pro, con, or neutral position on ‘the Act’. a. Use the guidelines detailed in the Homework 1 GRADING RUBRIC. b. A good source for writing persuasive essays can be found at the following web site. Writing a Persuasive/Argumentative Essay c. Or the persuasive essay writing set of tips can be uploaded directly from the Class Session 2 segment of the class website’s Content section Response Format & Creation Notes & Tips • Read, review, and use the Homework 1’s GRADING RUBRIC the paper’s completion guide. For example: § In the paper’s Introduction § clearly describe what the paper is about. § Include any central premise of the paper or the point of view that is going to be supported in the content of the paper, and what is to follow in the body of the paper. § The presentation and clarity of the paper’s central theme, the clarity of discussion around central points, and the paper’s ease of navigation will be important in the grading of this assignment. § Completed essay responses should include a table of contents and navigational hyperlinks that link each section listed in the table of contents to the specific section of the paper. • Ask for more instruction if there is no prior experience with this feature. Submission and Grading • • • Ensure that the response is complete and uploaded via the D2L class site by the specific due date and time. Grades will be based on the completeness, factual accuracy, and logical consistency. Grades will be posted in the class COL site. Just 45 days after the September 11 attacks, almost without debate, Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act, an overnight revision of the Bill of Rights. UNDER THIS SWEEPING LEGISLATION, THE GOVERNMENT CAN NOW: 1. Label you a “terrorist” if you belong to an activist group. The USA PATRIOT Act broadly expands the official definition of terrorism, so many domestic groups that engage in certain types of civil disobedience could very well find themselves labeled as terrorists. (Sections 411, 802) 2. Search your home and not even tell you. The USA PATRIOT Act allows the law enforcement to conduct secret “sneak and peek” searches of your home. Investigators can enter your home or office, take pictures and seize items without informing you that a warrant was issued for a very long time – if ever. (Section 213) 3. Collect information about what books you read, what you study, your purchases, your medical history and your personal finances. The USA PATRIOT Act gives law enforcement broad access to any types of records – educational, medical, financial, sales, library, etc. – without probable cause of a crime. It also prohibits the holders of this information, like librarians, from disclosing that they have produced such records, under the threat of jail time. While a court order is required to obtain the information, the Act requires that a judge rubber stamp such orders. (Section 215) 4. Take away your property without a hearing. The USA PATRIOT Act allows the government to seize the assets of an individual or organization without prior notice or hearing if the government says that they have engaged in or are planning an act of “domestic terrorism.” Under this law, the government could effectively bankrupt an organization with which it disagrees. (Section 806) 5. Monitor your e-mails and watch what Internet sites you visit. The USA PATRIOT Act permits the government to monitor Internet traffic and e-mail communications on any Internet service provider without probable cause by obtaining detailed “routing” information like a web address. While this provision is supposedly aimed at lawbreakers, it sweeps broadly because e-mails and Internet traffic information of innocent individuals cannot be separated from the activity of targeted individuals. (Section 216) 6. Spy on innocent Americans. The USA PATRIOT Act permits a vast array of information gathering on U.S. citizens to be collected and shared with the CIA (and other non-law enforcement officials) without proper judicial oversight or other safeguards. This law effectively puts the CIA back in the business of spying on Americans. (Sections 203 and 901) 7. Put immigrants in jail indefinitely. The USA PATRIOT Act permits indefinite incarceration of immigrants and other non-citizens without the government having to show that they are, in fact, terrorists. (Section 412) 8. Wiretap you under a warrant that doesn’t even have your name on it. The USA PATRIOT Act changes the nature of warrants for wiretaps by requiring judges to approve a wiretap without knowing who is to be tapped nor where it is to be placed. (Section 216) Visit www.aclu.org/safeandfree to get more information and find out how to make a difference. Act now because freedom cannot protect itself! Keep America Safe and Free! USA PATRIOT ACT OVERVIEW The Department of Justice’s first priority is to prevent future terrorist attacks. Since its passage following the September 11th attacks, the PATRIOT Act has played a key part - and often the leading role - in a number of successful operations to protect innocent Americans from the deadly plans of terrorists dedicated to destroying America and our way of life. While the results have been important, in passing the PATRIOT Act, Congress provided for only modest, incremental changes in the law. Congress simply took existing legal principles and retrofitted them to preserve the lives and liberty of the American people from the challenges posed by a global terrorist network. 9 Congress enacted the PATRIOT Act by overwhelming, bipartisan margins, arming law enforcement with new tools to detect and prevent terrorism: The USA PATRIOT Act was passed nearly unanimously by the Senate 98-1, and 357–66 in the House, with the support of members from across the political spectrum. THE ACT IMPROVES OUR COUNTER-TERRORISM EFFORTS IN SEVERAL SIGNIFICANT WAYS: 1. The PATRIOT Act allows investigators to use the tools that were already available to investigate organized crime and drug trafficking. Many of the tools the Act provides to law enforcement to fight terrorism have been used for decades to fight organized crime and drug dealers, and have been reviewed and approved by the courts. As Sen. Joe Biden (D-DE) explained during the floor debate about the Act, “the FBI could get a wiretap to investigate the mafia, but they could not get one to investigate terrorists. To put it bluntly, that was crazy! What’s good for the mob should be good for terrorists.” (Cong. Rec., 10/25/01)  Allows law enforcement to use surveillance against more crimes of terror. Before the PATRIOT Act, courts could permit law enforcement to conduct electronic surveillance to investigate many ordinary, non-terrorism crimes, such as drug crimes, mail fraud, and passport fraud. Agents also could obtain wiretaps to investigate some, but not all, of the crimes that terrorists often commit. The Act enabled investigators to gather information when looking into the full range of terrorism-related crimes, including: chemical-weapons offenses, the use of weapons of mass destruction, killing Americans abroad, and terrorism financing.  Allows federal agents to follow sophisticated terrorists trained to evade detection. For years, law enforcement has been able to use “roving wiretaps” to investigate ordinary crimes, including drug offenses and racketeering. A roving wiretap can be authorized by a federal judge to apply to a particular suspect, rather than a particular phone or communications device. Because international terrorists are sophisticated and trained to thwart surveillance by rapidly changing locations and communication devices such as cell phones, the Act authorized agents to seek court permission to use the same techniques in national security investigations to track terrorists.  Allows law enforcement to conduct investigations without tipping off terrorists. In some cases if criminals are tipped off too early to an investigation, they might flee, destroy evidence, intimidate or kill witnesses, cut off contact with associates, or take other action to evade arrest. Therefore, federal courts in narrow circumstances long have allowed law enforcement to delay for a limited time when the subject is told that a judicially-approved search warrant has been executed. Notice is always provided, but the reasonable delay gives law enforcement time to identify the criminal’s associates, eliminate immediate threats to our communities, and coordinate the arrests of multiple individuals without tipping them off beforehand. These delayed notification search warrants have been used for decades, have proven crucial in drug and organized crime cases, and have been upheld by courts as fully constitutional.  Allows federal agents to ask a court for an order to obtain business records in national security terrorism cases. Examining business records often provides the key that investigators are looking for to solve a wide range of crimes. Investigators might seek select records from hardware stores or chemical plants, for example, to find out who bought materials to make a bomb, or bank records to see who’s sending money to terrorists. Law enforcement authorities have always been able to obtain business records in criminal cases through grand jury subpoenas, and continue to do so in national security cases where appropriate. These records were sought in criminal cases such as the investigation of the Zodiac gunman, where police suspected the gunman was inspired by a Scottish occult poet, and wanted to learn who had checked the poet’s books out of the library. In national security cases where use of the grand jury process was not appropriate, investigators previously had limited tools at their disposal to obtain certain business records. Under the PATRIOT Act, the government can now ask a federal court (the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court), if needed to aid an investigation, to order production of the same type of records available through grand jury subpoenas. This federal court, however, can issue these orders only after the government demonstrates the records concerned are sought for an authorized investigation to obtain foreign intelligence information not concerning a U.S. person or to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities, provided that such investigation of a U.S. person is not conducted solely on the basis of activities protected by the First Amendment. 2. The PATRIOT Act facilitated information sharing and cooperation among government agencies so that they can better “connect the dots.” The Act removed the major legal barriers that prevented the law enforcement, intelligence, and national defense communities from talking and coordinating their work to protect the American people and our national security. The government’s prevention efforts should not be restricted by boxes on an organizational chart. Now police officers, FBI agents, federal prosecutors and intelligence officials can protect our communities by “connecting the dots” to uncover terrorist plots before they are completed. As Sen. John Edwards (D-N.C.) said about the Patriot Act, “we simply cannot prevail in the battle against terrorism if the right hand of our government has no idea what the left hand is doing.” (Press release, 10/26/01)  Prosecutors can now share evidence obtained through grand juries with intelligence officials -- and intelligence information can now be shared more easily with federal prosecutors. Such sharing of information leads to concrete results. For example, a federal grand jury recently indicted an individual in Florida, Sami al-Arian, for allegedly being the U.S. leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, one of the world’s most violent terrorist outfits. Palestinian Islamic Jihad is responsible for murdering more than 100 innocent people, including a young American named Alisa Flatow who was killed in a tragic bus bombing in Gaza. The Patriot Act assisted us in obtaining the indictment by enabling the full sharing of information and advice about the case among prosecutors and investigators. Alisa’s father, Steven Flatow, has said, “When you know the resources of your government are committed to right the wrongs committed against your daughter, that instills you with a sense of awe. As a father you can’t ask for anything more.” 3. The PATRIOT Act updated the law to reflect new technologies and new threats. The Act brought the law up to date with current technology, so we no longer have to fight a digital-age battle with antique weapons—legal authorities leftover from the era of rotary telephones. When investigating the murder of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl, for example, law enforcement used one of the Act’s new authorities to use high-tech means to identify and locate some of the killers.  Allows law enforcement officials to obtain a search warrant anywhere a terrorist-related activity occurred. Before the Patriot Act, law enforcement personnel were required to obtain a search warrant in the district where they intended to conduct a search. However, modern terrorism investigations often span a number of districts, and officers therefore had to obtain multiple warrants in multiple jurisdictions, creating unnecessary delays. The Act provides that warrants can be obtained in any district in which terrorism-related activities occurred, regardless of where they will be executed. This provision does not change the standards governing the availability of a search warrant, but streamlines the search-warrant process.  Allows victims of computer hacking to request law enforcement assistance in monitoring the “trespassers” on their computers. This change made the law technology-neutral; it placed electronic trespassers on the same footing as physical trespassers. Now, hacking victims can seek law enforcement assistance to combat hackers, just as burglary victims have been able to invite officers into their homes to catch burglars. 4. The PATRIOT Act increased the penalties for those who commit terrorist crimes. Americans are threatened as much by the terrorist who pays for a bomb as by the one who pushes the button. That’s why the PATRIOT Act imposed tough new penalties on those who commit and support terrorist operations, both at home and abroad. In particular, the Act:  Prohibits the harboring of terrorists. The Act created a new offense that prohibits knowingly harboring persons who have committed or are about to commit a variety of terrorist offenses, such as: destruction of aircraft; use of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons; use of weapons of mass destruction; bombing of government property; sabotage of nuclear facilities; and aircraft piracy.  Enhanced the inadequate maximum penalties for various crimes likely to be committed by terrorists: including arson, destruction of energy facilities, material support to terrorists and terrorist organizations, and destruction of national-defense materials.  Enhanced a number of conspiracy penalties, including for arson, killings in federal facilities, attacking communications systems, material support to terrorists, sabotage of nuclear facilities, and interference with flight crew members. Under previous law, many terrorism statutes did not specifically prohibit engaging in conspiracies to commit the underlying offenses. In such cases, the government could only bring prosecutions under the general federal conspiracy provision, which carries a maximum penalty of only five years in prison.  Punishes terrorist attacks on mass transit systems.  Punishes bioterrorists.  Eliminates the statutes of limitations for certain terrorism crimes and lengthens them for other terrorist crimes. The government’s success in preventing another catastrophic attack on the American homeland since September 11, 2001, would have been much more difficult, if not impossible, without the USA PATRIOT Act. The authorities Congress provided have substantially enhanced our ability to prevent, investigate, and prosecute acts of terror. Do you know the difference between “Privacy” and “Confidentiality”? The federal regulations differentiate between privacy and confidentiality, and it is important to understand the difference in order to determine whether these regulatory criteria for approval of human subject research are appropriately met. Privacy relates to a Person. Persons may not want to be seen entering a place that might stigmatize them, such as a pregnancy counseling center that is clearly identified as such by signs on the front of the building. Privacy concerns people, whereas confidentiality concerns data. The research proposal should outline strategies to protect privacy including how the investigator will access information from or about participants. Examples of Privacy: Curtains are closed during physical examination. Health history or exam results are discussed in a private area. This may include asking an accompanying family member or friend to leave the room temporarily. Confidentiality relates to information/data about an individual. Confidentiality refers to the researcher’s agreement with the participant about how the participant’s identifiable private information will be handled, managed, and disseminated. The research proposal should outline strategies to maintain confidentiality of identifiable data, including controls on storage, handling, and sharing of data. When appropriate, certificates of confidentiality could be used to maintain the confidentiality of identifiable data, to allow the investigator and others who have access to research records to refuse to disclose identifying information on research participants in any civil, criminal, administrative, legislative, or other proceeding, whether at the federal, state, or local level. Examples of Confidentiality: Lap top computers are pass word protected. Emails are encrypted. Participant files are kept locked not left unattended visibly on top of counters or desks. Patient/participant information is not shared with other research team members in an elevator full of people. The Health Science Center IRB glossary defines these terms as: PRIVACY: Control over the extent, timing and circumstances of sharing oneself (physically, behaviorally, or intellectually) with others. CONFIDENTIALITY: Pertains to the treatment of information that an individual has disclosed in a relationship of trust and with the expectation that it will not be divulged to others in ways that are inconsistent with the understanding of the original disclosure, without permission. OCR Information Sheet May 2009 Page 1 Writing a Persuasive/Argumentative Essay In a persuasive essay, you take a position FOR or AGAINST an issue and try to persuade your reader to side with your argument. The argument must be sound and use reasonable evidence- such as facts, examples, or quotes- to back up your argument. How to Plan a Persuasive Essay 1. Take a position. Which side of the issue or problem do you want to write about, and what solution are you going to offer? Know what you want to argue and why. 2. Know your audience. It is important to analyze who your audience will be, and how they will feel towards your topic and argument. 3. Research your topic. In a persuasive essay, you must use specific and convincing evidence to back up your points. You opinion is not enough; therefore it needs to be backed by facts and research. 4. Figure out how you want to format your argument. Figure out how you want to present your argument and what order you will present the evidence. Keep in mind the above steps as you do this. What You Must Do to Produce an Effective Argument     Know your topic thoroughly. Read thoroughly about your topic from legitimate sources. Take notes. The more informed you are about your topic, the better your argument will be. Test your thesis. Your thesis/argument must have two sides and be debatable. If you can write down an argument that directly opposes your view, then your argument is debatable. Disprove the opposing argument. Besides arguing for your position, you must understand the opposing argument and be able to counter it. This could be done by using contrasting evidence or by finding mistakes and inconsistencies in the opposing argument. Support your position with evidence. Remember your opinion is not enough and that you need evidence to back up your position. General Guideline for Writing the Persuasive Essay 1. 2. 3. 4. Have a strong position that you want to convince your reader to accept. Catch the reader’s attention with a grabber or hook about your topic. Provide evidence to support your position. Conclude with a final effort to convince the reader to accept your argument. Reference: Adapted from Waterford UHS’s “Writing the Persuasive Essay”, Waterford Union High School Breakdown of the Persuasive/Argumentative Essay The Introduction Refer to the resource/handout Essay Structure for more information, but in general, the introduction introduces the topic of your paper. Your introduction should cover three main things: 1. A hook or grabber to catch your reader’s attention 2. Background information the reader needs to make sense of your topic 3. Thesis statement (argument) The Body In the body, you provide evidence to support your opinion that was stated in your thesis. Each body paragraph should argue one reason to back up your thesis. Also, as most issues have arguments on both sides of the question, a good persuasive writer provides counter-arguments along with their main points. One of the three paragraphs needs to discuss the opposing viewpoints and how you counter-argue them. How to support your argument: Facts, Statistics, Quotes, or Examples *Note: Do not confuse facts with truths. A “truth” is an idea believed by many people. Also, do not let facts/stats/quotes/examples take the place of your opinion. These are supplementary, meaning they support and DO NOT TAKE THE PLACE OF your argument. Tips for successful body paragraphs: A. Have a clear topic sentence- state your reason that supports your thesis and expand on it. B. Include Opposing Arguments and Counter-arguments- acknowledging the opposing side of your argument is not a form of weakness, but is a strength. **You cannot ignore opposing viewpoints. If you do, it looks like you are not well prepared or well informed about the issue you are writing about.** C. Use transitions to make your argument flow. The Conclusion In a conclusion, you summarize the most important details from your argument and try for the last time to convince your reader about your argument. The conclusion must: 1. Restate your thesis (argument) 2. Summarize your main points 3. End with a finalizing statement about future implications for your topic. Reference: Adapted from Waterford UHS’s “Writing the Persuasive Essay”, Waterford Union High School Persuasive/Argumentative Essay Outline Introduction: A. Get the reader’s attention with a “hook” or grabber about your topic B. Provide any background information that your reader will need to understand your topic. C. Thesis statement (argument) Main Body Paragraph 1: First reason to support your argument: A. B. C. D. Topic sentence explaining your point/reason Possible mention of an opposing view to this point Evidence to back your point Transition Main Body Paragraph 2: Second reason to support your argument: A. B. C. D. Topic sentence explaining your point/reason Possible mention of an opposing view to this point Evidence to back your point Transition Main Body Paragraph 3: Third reason to support your argument: A. B. C. D. Topic sentence explaining your point/reason Possible mention of an opposing view to this point Evidence to back your point Transition Opposing Viewpoint This paragraph lets the reader know that you have considered opposing points of view and have a rebuttal to them. A. Opposing view to your argument B. Your rebuttal (how your argument is right to counter this opposition) C. Evidence to back your rebuttal Conclusion A. Restate thesis statement (argument) B. Summary of main reasons to support your argument C. Finalizing statement about your topic and argument Contact the Writing Specialist for help writing a persuasive essay! Taryn Fritz • Writing Specialist • TFritz@mhc.ab.ca Reference: Adapted from Waterford UHS’s “Writing the Persuasive Essay”, Waterford Union High School 1 Running Head: THE PATRIOT ACT The Patriot Act Student Name Institutional Affiliation 2 THE PATRIOT ACT The Patriot Act Following the 9/11 attack, the patriot act came into play to facilitate tracking of information. The following key provisions of the Patriot Act that changed the limits of federal law enforcement. First, it expanded the scope of the FBI and other intelligence organizations to infringe on its citizen’s privacy in the name of combating crime through investigations. Secondly, section 215 of the patriot act provided the government t with the power to ask businesses for their records relating to someone who might be involved in terrorism, in what was called the “the business records” provision. Lastly, section 206, commonly referred to as the “roving wiretap” provision allows the government to tap into every device a person uses, with the permission of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. From the point of those supporting the said changes, I would argue that this is a good move by the government, in order to promote security of its people, since that the primary mandate of every government. On the issue of privacy, the right to privacy as provided for under the US constitution is not an absolute right and can limited upon justifiable grounds such as the grounds following 9/11 attack. However, from the point of those not in support of the motion, I would suggest that every provision has limitations, and the place of the law should be respected. From the doctrine of lex leta lex ferenda, the law should be as it is, as it ought to be, hence people should be granted the right to privacy and it be respected. I select the side in support of the patriots act. This is for the reason that as a law enforcement officer, I do not wish to see what happened during the 9/11 happen again. The purpose of life is to be enjoyed, and people cannot enjoy life, if they live in constant fear of attack or if they are already dead. Since the surveillance is controlled and is for a given period, it should be upheld. 3 THE PATRIOT ACT References How the USA-Patriot Act Expands Law Enforcement "Sneak and Peek" Warrants. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/other/how-usa-patriot-act-expands-law- enforcement-sneak-and-peek-warrants Lind, D. (2015, June 2). Everyone's heard of the Patriot Act. Here's what it actually does. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/2015/6/2/8701499/patriot-act-explain Running Head: THE U.S PATRIOT ACT 1 The U.S Patriot Act Name Instructor Institutional Affiliation Date THE U.S PATRIOT ACT 2 Under the Patriot Act, the FBI and other U.S security agencies are mandated to secretly conduct a physical search or even wiretap on American citizens to obtain evidence of crime without providing probable cause as required by the Fourth Amendment. Moreover, the use of torture or rendition is granted under this law as a way to help coerce the suspect to provide information (Guruli, 2020). Although the practice of torture may not be widely known to the public, it is a practice that has caused controversy among presidential candidates. The logic of the war on terror has led the United States to take desperate measures such as the creation of the Patriot Act which mandates controversial measures against suspects. Based on this week’s reading, I believe Patriot Act permits the use of torture as a way to gain intelligence and combat terrorism. As a way to expand national security surveillance and to help protect the civil liberties of the American people, this Act created new provisions and ways of dealing with suspects. For example, immediately after the 9/11 attack, alleged terrorists were abducted, arrested, and tortured to obtain information regarding the planned attack (Guruli, 2020). Although the secret prisons are now closed, the practice of detaining suspects and torturing them is still evident particularly in Guantanamo for unlimited periods without trials. Some suspects had to undergo intense torture through waterboarding, a practice of slow-motion suffocation in water (Thimm, 2018). Moreover, in Iraq, CIA and military intelligence used tortured as an interrogation method on prisoners something that led to the death of 100 prisoners both in Iraq and in the United States. However, despite the intense torture granted through this Act, I do not believe the information gained through these means is credible because they are gained through coercion. Some victims are forced to speak up or tell lies due to the fear of death or torture. 3 THE U.S PATRIOT ACT References Guruli, N. (2020). The Unreasonableness of the Citizenship Distinction: Section 412 of the USA PATRIOT Act and Lessons from Abroad. U. Chi. L. Rev. Online, 1. Thimm, J. (2018). From exception to normalcy: the United States and the war on terrorism.
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The U.S Patriot Act
Name
Instructor
Institutional Affiliation
Date

THE PATRIOT ACT

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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2
Violation of Civil liberties ...................................................................................................... 2
Record searches ................................................................................................................ 3
Secret Searches ................................................................................................................. 3
Trap and trace searches .................................................................................................... 3
Roving wiretaps................................................................................................................ 3
Vulnerability to Distorted Interpretation ............................................................................... 3
Unchecked Authority Granted to Intelligence organizations and Law enforcement
Agencies. ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 6

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THE PATRIOT ACT

The U.S Patriotic Act
Introduction
In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, a panicked Congress passed the USA
Patriot Act. It stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools
Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act. This Act was rushed through Congress
without the debate, professional engagement, and civic education required for an Act of its
magnitude and significance. A...


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