homeland security, law assignment help

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tnzory

Business Finance

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Ill add the students reply plus the teacher in the drip box. Respond to two other students initial forum plus teacher is the first one at the top answers with a minimum of 150 words each. In your replies to classmates you may offer your opinion on the topic of the week, substantially support or supplement another student’s answer, or even politely disagree with or challenge their forum answer (but do not ask your classmates questions, or do so only as a last resort per the forum philosophy). You will also reply to my follow up question in your own forum string, and also read and acknowledge the Professor wrap up forum I post toward the end of the week. Also, do not be afraid to respectfully disagree with the readings or a classmate where you feel appropriate; as this should be part of your analysis process and employs critical thinking and academic freedom. Forum posts are graded on demonstrated knowledge of the lesson and weekly readings, relevance, timeliness, as well as clarity and quality of analysis and synthesis. Sources utilized to support answers are to come from the weekly readings, but other credible and scholarly sources may be used to supplement (but not replace) the assigned readings. However, dictionaries, encyclopedias and Wikipedia are not scholarly and are not acceptable sources in college level work. All forum work must be completed within the academic week.

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Jeff teacher Thanks for your post and let me expand more on the role of state and local law enforcement with regard to homeland security intelligence. First, consider some numbers -- there are only about 120,000 full-time federal law enforcement officers for the entire country, but state and local law enforcement officers number almost 800,000 combined (Reaves, 2012; Reaves, 2011). In fact, State, Local, and Tribal (SLT) officers are one of the main “collectors” of intelligence and a great source for both the DHS Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR) Initiative (NSI), as well as the FBI’s “Guardian” system (U.S. Department of Justice 2015; Durner, 2012). I consider that it is possible some of the 9/11 hijackers that were already KNOWN to be in the U.S at the time, could have been rolled-up during the multiple routine traffic stops that occurred before that fateful September day an All-Points-Bulletin (APB) or Be-Onthe-Lookout for (BOLO) had been issued for these terrorists (Kobach, 2004, p.6). Of course that would assume that the FBI and CIA other agencies shared intelligence with each other on what they knew about AQ back then (as we have previously discussed). However, this type of state and local intelligence work is very controversial for some, which is best represented by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) on their site titled More About Fusion Centers as well as a more recent issues about state and local fusion centers monitoring social media. In December 2016 "Twitter asked Dataminr, a company that Twitter partly owns and provides a social media monitoring tool for the platform, to stop allowing federally funded fusion centers (local information centers that share threat-related data with the Department of Homeland Security) access to Dataminr’s tool. Twitter did so after the ACLU of California found out that the centers had access to Dataminr’s service and could use it to surveil users. Specifically, Twitter ordered Dataminr to disallow access because Twitter prohibits any entity from using Twitter’s data for surveillance purposes" (Rosbrow-Telem, 2016, para. 4). So my follow up question relates to fusion centers. These centers give the government (even state and local governments) the ability to 'data mine' about their own citizens (driving records, tax records, vehicle and property records, etc, etc) and then also enables them have access to federal intelligence information too. So with this in mind, do you think that state and local agencies should have their own intelligence "fusion centers" where they assemble and analyze threat information as well as have access to citizen’s data? Thanks, Jeff P.S. I totally agree with your point on actionability and that was something I emphasized in my PhD dissertation on this same topic. Durner, C. (2012, January). eGuardian Gains Momentum. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. https://leb.fbi.gov/2012/january/technology-update-eguardian-gains-momentum Kobach, K. W. (2004, June). State and Local Authority to Enforce Immigration Law: A Unified Approach for Stopping Terrorists. Center for Immigration Studies. http://www.cis.org/sites/cis.org/files/articles/2004/back604.pdf Reaves, B. A. (2012, June). Federal Law Enforcement Officers. U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), Bureau of Justice Statistics. http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/fleo08.pdf Reaves, B. A. (2011, July). Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies. U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), Bureau of Justice Statistics. http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/csllea08.pdf Rosbrow-Telem. L. (2016, December 16). Twitter stands alone as the one major tech company that is defying Trump. Business Insider. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-trump-muslim-registry-2016-12 U.S. Department of Justice, The Nationwide SAR Initiative. Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programs. http://nsi.ncirc.gov/about_nsi.aspx Justin May Greetings class, this week I will discussing the role if any the intelligence should have supporting state and local law enforcement. After reading and conducting my research, I believe that the incorporation of intelligence departments supporting the law enforcement at the state level and below is redundant. In the Article, Improving Homeland Security at the State Level: Needed: State-level, Integrated Intelligence Enterprises, Dr. Steiner explains the roles of the federal agencies regarding intelligence support to the state and local law enforcement. He explains that having similar organizations with the similar structures defeats the purpose of the federal agencies, also he explains that the state agencies are not as proficient with handling intelligence. (Steiner, 2009, para.5) Although, Dr. Steiner brings us a great point regarding redundancy in the intelligence organizations when mirrored at the stated and local law enforcement levels. There are exceptions though, big major cities that have a multitude of interaction and tourism with foreigners like New York City need additional support aside from the federal agencies. The case of 9/11 is a drastic enough of an example that in bigger cities, it is impossible to fully track every threat in the city and an intelligence department supplementing the federal agencies may prove to be a boon. However, after reading about law enforcement intelligence and its purpose to anticipate crime. The idea of intelligence driven investigations aiding law enforcement to accurately and applicably attribute justice with respective crime makes perfect sense. The idea that intelligence can complete a picture is misleading, and it is understandable why investigators often look at the intelligence community discarding the importance. (Gerringer and Bart, 2017, p. 322) The redundancy of the State and local law enforcement mirroring the federal intelligence organizations along with the law enforcement intelligence providing a misleading concept of a complete picture can cause issues with intelligence dissemination. I can see both sides to the argument that it should be present and not be, however, there is still a need for the intelligence to be collected. In my opinion, as long as the information is collected and disseminated appropriately and timely is the heart of the matter. The understanding of the intelligence and its actionability is what really matters. I look forward to everyone’s feedback. Sincerely, Justin Gerringer, A. E. and Bart, B. (2017). Law Enforcement Intelligence. (Pages 321-325 in AFIO's Guide to the Study of Intelligence). Retrieved April 22, 2017 from http://www.afio.com/publications/AFIO's_Intelligence_Study_Guide_ver1_for_public_r elease_2017Jan01.pdf Steiner, J. E. (2009). Improving Homeland Security at the State Level: Needed: State-level, Integrated Intelligence Enterprises. Studies in Intelligence. Retrieved April 22, 2017 from https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csistudies/studies/vol.-53-no.-3/improving-homeland-security-at-the-state-level.html Ray Hinojosa How should State and Local Law Enforcement be utilized, if at all, in homeland security intelligence? The state and local law enforcements (as well as the privates sector) need to be utilized in the gathering of homeland security intelligence. The responsibility of keeping America safe is the responsibility of all governments, not just the federal government. This is why fusion centers were created after the 9/11 commission report. A fusion center is a source of gathered information that is shared with the federal government from state and local law enforcement in an effort to stop terrorism. Without state and local law enforcement as well as the private sector reporting possible terror acts to the proper authorities, it would be nearly impossible to prevent lone wolf terror attacks. As we are all aware, a lone wolf terror attack is just as it sounds, a person commenting a terror attack by themselves without any outside aid (Bershidsky, 2016). Although a lone wolf may not be on the “radar” of homeland security that does not mean the people around that lone wolf may not report something to deem to be suspicious. The term “people” would include neighbors, law enforcement and the general citizens that see something they deem to be suspicious. That one tip alone could be the beginning to an investigation that could lead to a terror attack being halted. To recap, the state and local law enforcement (as well as the private sector) should be utilized to report information (intelligence) to homeland security when the opportunity presents itself. This can be done by the use of the Fusion centers that were created post 9/11.To think this should not be done would be opting to not use a strong resource to prevent terrorism from spreading and occurring. References Department of Homeland Security, Our mission 2014. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/ourmission Terrorism, The Only Way to Prevent Lone Wolf Attacks. Authored by Leonid Bershidsky, July 19, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-07-19/the-only-wayto-prevent-lone-wolf-attacks Steiner, J. E. (2009). Improving Homeland Security at the State Level: Needed: State-level, Integrated Intelligence Enterprises. Studies in Intelligence. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csistudies/studies/vol.-53-no.-3/improving-homeland-security-at-the-state-level.html Steven Sanzaro How should State and Local Law Enforcement be utilized, if at all, in homeland security intelligence? State and local law enforcement play a vital role in homeland security intelligence procedures. Speaking from personal knowledge at the state level of law enforcement, federal agencies rely heavily on their state and local counterparts to perform their job functions. A huge reason behind this is the fact that federal agents are not intertwined with members of the community due to being from the federal level. State and locals operate in the communities in uniformed and plain clothes assignments on a daily basis. This allows them to get a much better understanding of what the community is doing plus it builds relationships with those community members. Federal agencies benefit greatly from deputizing state and local officers and granting them federal authority. I myself was a Title 19 Task Force Officer (TFO) with Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) for a couple of years while serving in a previous assignment. We worked drug and money laundering investigations, but the premise was the same. I received the authority to charge individuals federally, I could swear out warrants with federal magistrates, and my authority stretched outside of my normal state jurisdictional limits. HSI was then able to pull from my agencies resources of informants, manpower, on-view arrest authority, and contacts. You learn how the federal agency wants investigations to be conducted, you adapt to their requirements, and you bring your experiences and resources with you. It is a win-win. This type of relationship can be the same when dealing with intelligence instead of drug violations. Fusion centers are a great example of state, local, and federal authorities working together. I have personally used fusion centers for assistance in several states and have noticed a difference in the quality and options available from state-to-state. You’d be surprised what some states could access and what others could not. I can also attest to what happens to the state agencies if the federal government pulls out of a fusion center. A short time ago, the FBI pulled out of one of our fusion centers and it almost crippled the center. The federal government brings huge resources, most importantly their check, to the table. State and locals need to know where the federal government stands with their involvement in these partnerships. This is highlighted in Eack’s (2009) State and Local Fusion Centers: Emerging Trends and Issues, “The federal government has not clearly articulated the long-term role it expects to play in sustaining fusion centers. It is critical for center management to know whether to expect continued federal resources, such as personnel and grant funding, since the federal government, through an information sharing environment, expects to rely on a nationwide network of centers to facilitate information sharing with state and local governments”. Reference: Eack, K. (2015, January 23). State and Local Fusion Centers: Emerging Trends and Issues. Retrieved April 26, 2017, from https://www.hsaj.org/articles/130
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1.

Jeff, the teacher.

The teacher introduces a topic on the role of local and state enforcement agencies in maintaining
national security. Gathering of information is vital in maintaining safety and handling threats.
The federal agencies are outnumbered regarding personnel. The federal agencies have 120000
officers who work on a full-time basis. The number of local and state enforcement officers is
almost eight times that. The state and local law enforcement serve as an excellent source of
intelligence for national organizations, for example, the FBI. However, the involvement of local
and state law enforcement is controversial. The federal agencies have to create departments in
local and state law enforcement that are proficient in the ...


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