UW Geographies of COVID 19 Discussion

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GISC 380 Term Project – ‘Geographies of COVID-19’ Background The field of spatial epidemiology focuses on analyzing and understanding the factors that influence geographic variation in disease (Elliot & Wartenberg 2004). As you might expect, factors that influence the occurrence and spread of a disease or virus are diverse and complex and include demographics, environmental conditions, human (and animal) behaviour, socioeconomic conditions, genetics, and intrinsic properties of the disease or virus itself (Elliot & Wartenberg 2004). While you were likely aware of research in spatial epidemiology (and we have seen a classic example of cholera by John Snow already in class), the COVID-19 (‘CO’: ‘corona’; ‘VI’: ‘virus’; ‘D’: ‘disease’ and ‘19’: ‘2019’) pandemic and the global impacts have amplified the importance of the field and its role in our everyday lives. Understanding what factors influence the spread of COVID-19 has been the focus of an unprecedented amount of research. By May 2020, one estimate suggested 23,000 papers had been published related to COVID-19 since January 2020, with the number of studies doubling every 20 days (Brainard 2020). Despite the global implications of the novel coronavirus, there are notable geographic disparities in research on spatial epidemiology (e.g., Jia & Yang 2020 discuss some of the challenges in China) and the rush to understand the virus has resulted in some questionable science. For example, just a few days ago a major study on the use of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 was retracted from The Lancet (Mehra et al. 2020). Since the onset of COVID-19, there has been numerous efforts to map the spread and number of cases (Kamel Boulos & Geraghty 2020). The earliest and most widely used example is the COVID19 web-based dashboard (https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html) developed by researchers at John Hopkins University that compiles data from hundreds of US and international health agencies and authorities in near real-time (Dong et al. 2020). The dashboard uses the ESRI Living Atlas as it’s mapping engine and graduated symbols to represent the number of cases. Among the many notable things that this and other maps show is the huge geographic variability in reported cases and deaths attributed to COVID-19. Because of this, our day to day lives and activities are now largely governed by the geography of COVID-19: the fact that we are meeting online for this course is a good example. Consider as well that until recently none of us had probably heard of ‘contact tracing’ and now we are examining the implications of using location data for public health and privacy (Bengio et al. 2020). From global to local scales, the impacts, not only cases and deaths attributed to the virus but the also social, economic, political, health, and environmental outcomes, of COVID-19 have been profound. While most of us probably follow national or international media sources, each community has unique concerns and a story to tell from the pandemic. For example, last year the Heiltsuk Nation, Nuu-chach-nulth Tribal Council and Tŝilhqot'in National Governments filed a petition with the British Columbia privacy commissioner to obtain information on cases in surrounding 1 communities from the B.C. Ministry of Health (CBC News 2020). For these and other First Nation communities, an outbreak of COVID-19 could have devastating impacts considering the lack of health care facilities and the importance of elders in their societies. This is in stark contrast compared to a community like Kelowna, with ample resources but that depends on tourism and somewhat infamously became a COVID-19 hotspot this summer. Geography matters and as a class we will explore how different communities and regions have been coping with the ongoing pandemic. References Bengio, Y., Janda, R., Yu, Y. W., Ippolito, D., Jarvie, M., Pilat, D., ... & Sharma, A. (2020). The need for privacy with public digital contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Digital Health. doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30133-3 Brainard, J. (2020). Scientists are drowning in COVID-19 papers. Can new tools keep them afloat? Science, doi: 10.1126/science.abs7839 CBC News (2020). First Nations seek order forcing ministry to release data on COVID-19 cases near their communities. Retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/britishcolumbia/heiltsuk-nation-cultural-contact-tracing-1.5724080. Dong, E., Du, H., & Gardner, L. (2020). An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 533-534. Elliott, P., & Wartenberg, D. (2004). Spatial epidemiology: current approaches and future challenges. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(9), 998-1006. Jia, P., & Yang, S. (2020). Time to spatialise epidemiology in China. The Lancet Global Health, 8(6), e764-e765. Kamel Boulos, M.N. & Geraghty, E.M. (2020). Geographical tracking and mapping of coronavirus COVID-19/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic and associated events around the world: how 21st century GIS technologies are supporting the global fight against outbreaks and epidemics. International Journal of Health Geographics, 19(1), 1-12. 2 Geographies of COVID-19 There are two primary goals of the project. First, you will gain experience locating and evaluating the quality of spatial data, as well as manipulating and analyzing the data to create mapped outputs. Second, you will gain experience contextualizing spatial data and developing narratives that include web-based interactive mediums. For your term project, you will develop an ‘ArcGIS Story Map’ (see https://www.esri.com/enus/arcgis/products/arcgis-storymaps/stories for some great examples) that combines each of your unique perspectives on the impacts of COVID-19 in a case study of a community or region of your choice. You don’t necessarily need to use your hometown as the case study and can select any place that holds meaning for you (it could be wherever you are living right now). However, you will need to keep the geographic scale of the case study quite large (remember in geography large scale means small area!). You will need to carefully consider the location of your case study and it will be important to start doing some preliminary searches for spatial data soon as there is a chance you will not find suitable data for your region of choice. We will explore some data sources to get you started in the lectures and labs over the next few weeks. The purpose of a Story Map is to craft a narrative that presents and explains a topic where maps and geography are central to the story and message and are supported by text and other media (e.g., images, sounds, video). You can select whatever theme you like related to COVID-19 for your case study as part of Story Map. You likely won’t find data on the spread of the disease, especially in Canada where we are only provided case counts. Rather, it would be best to select a topic that deals with the impacts of COVID-19 in your region of choice. These impacts could be related to social factors, demographics, economics, other health related issues, politics, or the environment. Once you decide on a topic, you will need to locate spatial data to develop a map (or maps) of your study area and then build a narrative around your topic that draws from popular media, your own understanding of the topic, and scientific research. **NOTE: If you would like to select a topic not related to COVID-19 you should discuss with me early. Setting boundaries on the scope of the topics helps myself and the TA’s provide suggestions on suitable datasets. Considering the impacts the pandemic is still having globally, finding data, scientific research, and stories in the media needed to develop a Story Map is relatively straightforward. 3 Deliverables The term project is worth 35% of your course grade. There are three deliverables for the term project that are explained in detail below. The first two deliverables are short milestones meant to keep you on track for the third deliverable which is the final Story Map. Deliverable #1 – Story Map Plan & Outline Due: Friday October 15 at 11:59 pm PST via Canvas. Grade: 5% of the total 35% Submission Criteria: 2 pages (3 pages max), 1.5 space, 12 pt font, APA reference style. For the first deliverable you will prepare a short research proposal and outline of your individual case study. The best Story Maps have a well thought out plan and outline that is developed from the outset. The plan may change a bit as you continue working on the case study and project, but it will help me provide feedback on data sources and feasibility. For some helpful tips on developing a Story Map Plan & Outline see this ESRI resource: https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/arcgis-storymaps/sharing-collaboration/planningand-outlining-your-story-map-how-to-set-yourself-up-for-success/ Example Topic Your topic will be specific, but the content you develop will mostly be descriptive. Remember, with a Story Map the goal is to develop a narrative around a topic. As an example, suppose I select a case study on the experience of the Heiltsuk Nation with COVID-19 and the concerns surrounding access to case data detailed in the background. I would explain the rationale for this topic and then provide some details on the community of Bella Bella, BC. My content in the Story Map will largely be descriptive. I might incorporate some of the information from the CBC News on the topic, go to the website the Nations have developed describing their cause, and then delve a little bit deeper into some of the implications of why COVID-19 would be so devastating in this community (e.g., importance of Elders etc.). The visuals I would include would be a map of the community of Bella Bella (or the surrounding area) and then perhaps some visuals of the landscape (we will discuss copyright issues). Your Story Map Plan & Outline must include: 1. A description of your topic of choice and of the study area/region of choice (e.g., general description of where it is located, demographics etc.) for the case study (1 to 2 paragraphs). 2. A description of who you consider to be your target audience and what you think the key takeaway or message will be from your case study (approximately 1 paragraph) 4 3. An initial inventory of the spatial data sets you might need for the project and other media sources (e.g., pictures and videos) (point form is fine with a 4-5 bullet points, this is just to get you thinking). 4. A point form outline of your Story Map – think of it as a storyboard of your case study with an introduction, main text, and a final take home conclusion (the link above provides a good format). • Remember that the text and other media will be focused on a map(s) that you create, so think ‘spatially’. • *** Your case study should not be too long (and I will provide comment if it seems overly ambitious). Think of it as 5-8 pages or so with visuals (maps, images etc.) included. Story Map Outline & Plan – Marking Rubric Criteria A. Description of topic and study area B. Target audience and takehome message. C. Data inventory D. Outline E. Writing and formatting Description - Topic is well described and the rationale for choosing this topic is clear. - The study area is clear and the relevance of the topic for the study area is well described. - The target audience for the case study is clearly identified. - There is a clear take-home message(s) articulated to guide the case study. - Initial inventory of data required to support the case study is presented - The outline clearly lays out the rationale and proposed flow of the case study (intro, main text, take-home message, ideas for visuals etc.) - Grammatical errors and proper formatting (APA for references) TOTAL Marks /10 /5 /5 /13 /2 /35 5 Deliverable #2 – Data Sources & Metadata Due: Monday November 15 at 11:59 pm PST via Canvas. Grade: 5% of the total 35% Submission Criteria: 2 pages (3 pages max), 1.5 space, 12 pt font, APA reference style. The second deliverable is designed to help ensure that you have located and evaluated the quality of the spatial data you will be using for your case study in the group Story Map. Over the coming weeks we will discuss how to locate different datasets, how to evaluate the quality of the data based on your objectives, and how to evaluate the metadata. We will discuss in lecture, but metadata are ‘data about the data’ and should be provided for every available dataset (we will see that is not the case). Ideally, metadata at the very least should describe the following: 1. The lineage of the data: the data source, who generated/developed the data and at what scale. 2. The positional accuracy of the data (somewhat dependent on the data type). 3. The temporal accuracy of the data (when the data were generated). 4. The attribute accuracy (when the data were generated and whether the attributes are logical). 5. Completeness of the data (e.g., description of missing values, limitations) In a short document (bullet point is acceptable) you will need to explain: 1. The source of each spatial dataset you will be incorporating in your case study with a brief description of how you intend to use the data. 2. Evaluate the quality and appropriateness of each dataset for your intended application based on the metadata and criteria we will discuss in class. Just because a dataset doesn’t meet all our criteria doesn’t mean we can’t use it – we just need to be aware of and acknowledge the limitations. Each of your map(s) will require a minimum of 3-4 spatial datasets and at most you can incorporate two maps in your Story Map (and it is fine to reuse some data in both maps), so this document should be relatively brief. 6 Data Sources & Metadata – Marking Rubric Criteria A. Data source and intended use B. Data evaluation Description - The source of each dataset is described along with a concise explanation of how the data will be incorporated into the case study. - Each dataset is evaluated according to the criteria for metadata listed above. - If metadata are not available or the quality of the data is in question, provide a brief explanation of how this might impact your maps and interpretation. TOTAL Marks /10 /10 /20 7 Deliverable #3 – Story Map Due: Friday December 4 at 11:59 pm PST via Canvas. Grade: 25% of the total 35% Submission Criteria: You will submit the URL for a ArcGIS Story Map published online. Additional step by step details (similar to the labs) on how to create online maps and create your Story Map will be provided in a separate document. For now, here are some helpful resources to give you some ideas and get you familiar with the process of creating an ArcGIS Story Map: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/cea22a609a1d4cccb8d54c650b595bc4 https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a9a3b76c2d3d4b6bb0d822706e31b33c Deliverables Your Story Map will need to have an Introduction, Main Body (including the interactive maps, images, figures etc.) that contextualizes the topic and spatial data, and Conclusion. The first two deliverables will help you develop the Story Map (acknowledging that some things may change). Remember to think about the intended audience. Some things to consider are what types of maps will you each include and what other media (pictures, figures, videos, sounds etc.) you might incorporate. There is no specific format, so please be creative! The Story Map is not meant to be very long (5 – 8 pages or so) specially in terms of text. A cohesive narrative with a good map(s) and visuals is far more effective than text alone. The minimum requirements for maps and visuals are: 1. One map (a dynamic web map. Instructions on how to create will be provided) with the option of including one additional interactive or static map. 2. Two images/figures etc. that support the case study narrative. 8 3. Story Map Term Project Marking Rubric Criteria Introduction Main body topic & narrative Conclusion Map(s) Visuals Structure Aesthetic & Creativity Writing Description - The topic and the importance in relation to COVID-19 for the focal community is clearly stated. - The goal of the Story Map is clearly articulated with relevant context. - The narrative (text) provides a compelling description of how COVID-19 has impacted the community. - The narrative includes relevant information from scientific research and the media. - The narrative is clearly linked to map(s) and other visuals incorporated in the Story Map. - The narrative is appropriate for the target audience. - There is a clear take-home message that is presented for the target audience. - Summarizes the main message of the Story Map and the importance of the findings/message. - The map(s) incorporates 3-4 spatial datasets that are properly formatted. - The purpose of the map(s) is clear and integrates well with the narrative. - The dynamic map includes appropriate themes and can be queried. - The case study includes a minimum of two visuals that are properly sourced and support the narrative. - The case study is properly formatted in the Story Map and includes an introduction, main body, and conclusion. - All links and media in Story Map function properly. - References are formatted using APA. - The Story Map has good flow with consistent fonts and styles. - The Story Map is creative and does not simply recycle an existing format. - The writing is clear and concise with no grammatical errors. TOTAL: Points /10 /30 /8 /25 /8 /7 /7 /5 /100 9 10
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View attached explanation and answer. Let me know if you have any questions.Hey again, please find the answers attached. They include the Arcgis story map link, and the proposal document. Get back incase of any clarification.😎

Outline For A Case Study of the Fishing Communities in Kerala, India
Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Rationale ........................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Statement of Research.................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overall Objective ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Research Questions ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hypothesis ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Literature Review........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Introduction ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Socio .......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Political and Governmental Regulations.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Environmental ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Economical ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Method and Design ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Area of Study ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Methodology .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Data ................................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Significance and Conclusion.......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Story Map ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
References ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.


RUNNING HEAD: EFFECTS OF COVID-19

Title: An Assessment of the Effects of Covid-19: A Case Study of the Fishing Communities
in Kerala, India

Name:
Institution:
Course:
Instructor:
Date:

Effects Of Covid-19 On The Fishing Community of Kerala ,India
2

Table of Contents
Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Rationale ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Statement of Research................................................................................................................................... 5
Overall Objective .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Research Questions ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Hypothesis .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................................... 7
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Socio ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Political and Governmental Regulations................................................................................................... 9
Environmental ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Economical ............................................................................................................................................. 11
Method and Design ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Area of Study .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 12
Data ............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Significance and Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 13
Story Map ................................................................................................................................................... 14
References ................................................................................................................................................... 17

Effects Of Covid-19 On The Fishing Community of Kerala ,India
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Introduction
This study will investigate the effects of Covid 19 on the dominant fishing communities in India.
A major importance is attached to this study because it will research the contribution of fishing
to India’s economy and the effects of the fishing business disruption through curfews and social
distancing (Chathukulam, & Tharamangalam, 2021).
These measures were enacted after the discovery of the first patient in Kerala, India. A
preexisting apathy to downplay the important role the fish protein plays in Kerala will also be
addressed through demonstrating how households suffered after the lockdowns were enacted in
the regions (Pathak et al, 2021).
Due to the set back on the economic system of the households, the country’s entire economy
also suffered from the withdrawal of the informal income. Some of the specific happenings that
were noted included the entire shutting down of fisheries while farming businesses did not
undergo the same. After the pressurizing demonstrations by the civil society on the importance
of fish protein, an important aspect in the food system, the fishing businesses were allowed to
continue operating although within the boundaries of some restrictions (Paul,et al,2021).
Spatial epidemiology has proved very helpful during the COVID-19 pandemic study of the real
time pandemic control. The field has been used to predict and control the risk areas as well as for
the allocation of health resources. Mapping the disease occurrences has become much more
simplified especially due to the dynamic nature of the plague (Goel, & Emch, 2021).
Visualization is made much easier in urban areas which are adversely populated and facing
mobility issues as global travel escalates (Peet & Peet, 2020).

Effects Of Covid-19 On The Fishing Community of Kerala ,India
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Covid-19 have offered a double blow through the measures that have been enacted by the
governmental directives to the fishing industry disrupting the local and the export market which
is depended on by most families in India. Measures which that include shutdowns have affected
the fishing business through the social distancing restrictions as the government considers the
fishing business a non-essential system (Vipinkuma et al, 2020). Many fisher folks whose
dealings are small scale have been excluded from fishing due to the small vessels capacity as
well as trading in close quarters in fish markets (Refeque et al, 2021).
Information and internet have been key drivers to the behaviour of the fishing communities in
Kerala. Good internet reception and information transfer have shaped the economic and social
aspects of the fishing communities bringing with them complete stand stills, economic knock ons
while alleviating environmental and social stressors which revolve around small scale fishing.
Marginalized communities continue to suffer additional implications as well as vast health risks
and effects of unregulated fishing (Chathukulam, & Tharamangalam, 2021).
Positive outcomes within the fishing communities have been recorded which have contributed to
social and economic resilience. They include; local food networks revival, sharing of the food
rations, collective societal responsibility to safeguard rights collectively, local sales increase
through deliveries and marketing that is direct as well as collaborations between governments
and communities. It has also reduced fishing in the common fishing regions of India (Refeque et
al, 2021).
However there are many other effects that cut across the most prominent dimensions for example
political, environmental, socio and economic that are yet to be investigated and understood. This

Effects Of Covid-19 On The Fishing Community of Kerala ,India
5

study seeks to bridge that grey area while making use of spatial epidemiology methods to
understand the spatial dynamics of Covid-19 (Peet & Peet, 2020).

Rationale
Statement of Research
The current social economic status of the fishing folks in Kerala India predisposes them to the
effects of the Covid 19 virus. Strategies that are in use date back centuries ago when important
aspects were not as advanced as now. Population in Kerala had not risen exponentially while the
climate system had not been anthropogenically altered. This dynamism compounded with global
advancements have exacerbated the effects of COVID-19 on the fisherfolks. Governmental
systems and policies have marginalized this group of people in the past furthering their problems
recently. Hence on this note, this proposal seeks to understand the dynamic feedbacks that have
emanated from Covid-19 as well as the contribution of the existing social, environmental,
political and economic paradigms on the lives of the fisher folks of Kerala. The study will also
bridge the spatial visualization gap that exists and further provide more insight on the current
situation.

Overall Objective
To investigate the effects of Covid-19 on the social and economic aspects of the fishing
Community in Kerala India.
Specific objectives

Effects Of Covid-19 On The Fishing Community of Kerala ,India
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1. To study the factors that have exacerbated the effects of Covid 19 among the fishing
communities in Kerala, India.
2. To visualize the relationship between the disease occurrences through spatial
representation and story maps

Research Questions
1. What are the factors that have led to effects in the Covid 19 disease among the fishing
communities of Kerala, India?
2. What is the visual relationship between the disease occurrence and the fishing
communities in Kerala India?

Hypothesis
This study works on the basis of the following hypothesis;
a) The socio, political, religious and economic status of the fishing communities in
Kerala predisposes them to the Covid19 virus spreading.
b) There is a positive relationship between the working habits of the fisher folks and the
number of the infected cases in the fisher folks group living at the coastal area of
Kerala, India.

Effects Of Covid-19 On The Fishing Community of Kerala ,India
7

Literature Review
Introduction
Vulnerability to Covid-19 virus and its related adverse has been linked to identifiable groups of
people in different geographical areas worldwide. In India, a combination of several factors has
led to uncertainties among the marginalized and poor groups leading to stigma, loss of
significant livelihood means and insecurity (Juliannie, 2021). Different factors which have led to
the increase of the cases include religious, socio, political and...


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