Description
I am trying to complete the task outlined in the attachment. I would like to provide a timeline specific to the field of ballistics because it has been influential in developing so many technologies from weapons to space flight but am struggling with how specific discoveries "shaped scientific thought". This is the list of events I've selected from wikipedia:
In 1537, Niccolò Tartaglia did some test firing to determine the maximum angle and range for a shot. His conclusion was near 45 degrees. He noted that the shot trajectory was continuously curved.[15]
In 1636, Galileo Galilei published results in "Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences". He found that a falling body had a constant acceleration. This allowed Galileo to show that a bullet's trajectory was a curve.[16][17]
Circa 1665, Sir Isaac Newton derived the law of air resistance and stated it was inversely proportional to the air resistance. Newton's experiments on drag were through air and fluids. He showed that drag on shot increases proportionately with the density of the air (or the fluid), cross sectional area and weight of the shot. Newton’s experiments were only at low velocities to about 260 m/s (853 ft/s).[18][19][20]
In 1718, John Keill challenged the Continental Mathematica, “To find the curve that a projectile may describes in the air, on behalf of the simplest assumption of gravity, and the density of the medium uniform, on the other hand, in the duplicate ratio of the velocity of the resistance”. This challenge supposes that air resistance increases exponentially to the velocity of a projectile. Keill gave no solution for his challenge. Johann Bernoulli took up this challenge and soon thereafter solved the problem and air resistance varied as “any power” of velocity; known as the Bernoulli equation. This is the precursor to the concept of the “standard projectile”.[21]
In 1753, Leonhard Euler showed how a theoretical trajectories might be calculated using his method as applied to the Bernoulli equation, but only for resistance varying as the square of the velocity.[25]
In 1881, the Commission d'Experience de Gâvre did a comprehensive survey of data available from their tests as well as other countries. After adopting a standard atmospheric condition for the drag data the Gavre drag function was adopted. This drag function was known as the Gavre function and the standard projectile adopted was the Type 1 projectile. Thereafter, the Type 1 standard projectile was renamed by Ballistics Section of Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland, USA as G1 after the Commission d'Experience de Gâvre. For practical purposes the subscript 1 in G1 is generally written in normal font size as G1.[70][71]
The first successful test flight of a V2 Rocket was on 3 October 1942, reaching an altitude of 84.5 kilometres (52.5 miles):[3]
Explanation & Answer
Attached.
INSERT SURNAME HERE1
Discoveries
Institutional affiliation
Date
HOW SPECIFIC DISCOVERIES IN BALLISTICS SHAPED SCIENTIFIC THINKING
Ballistics is technical art design of throwing machines and instruments specifically weapons.
Specific discoveries have taken place early date of Stone Age man till when the first missile was
tested during the Second World War in 1942.
Niccolo Tartaglia 1537
He did a test firing to determine maximum angle and range for a short. He established laws of
falling bodies with previous theories that were known empirically differentiating types of
motions with their velocities. To measure the ability of a body to overcome air resistance in
flight he found that at nearly 45˚ the trajectory was continuously curved. Also he established that
the trajectory shape is determined force of gravity even though today the trajectory angle of a
gun is nearly 30˚ (183-201).
Galileo Galilei 1636
He advanced Niccolo’s relation that a bullets trajectory path was a curve. He found that falling
bodies have a constant acceleration. He tried to prove his argument by dropping two cannonballs
from a leaning tower one with long series of gravitational experiments. He found that falling
bodies have a constant acceleration and therefore curved trajectory of a bullet. He ignored drag
in air because in his time, there was no a method of measuring it, therefore the angle was found
at 45 ˚.
INSERT SURNAME HERE 2
Circa 1665, Sir Isaac Newton
Tried to derive laws of resistance in air and fluids, established the relationship that it is inversely
proportional to the air resistance. He also showed that gravity varies with attitude which was
important factor in mechanics and computation of rockets. He also formulated the newton laws
of mechanics which are necessary in computation of bullet trajectories. He also showed the
relationship between drag in air and velocity. He shown that drag on a body increases with
density of the fluid or air, cross sectional area of the body and its square velocity.
John Keill 1718
John keill showed that air resistance increases with velocity of the projectile. He criticized Isaac
newton that he had not proved conic sections for forces that act on center of a body with inverse
square force. Though he never solved the solution his successor john Bernoulli established the
Bernoulli equation as any power of velocity. He said that to find the curve a projectile describes
in air, with a simple assumption of gravity and uniform density of air it’s the duplicate ratio of
resistance and velocity.
Leonard Euler 1753
He extended the theoretical trajectories using his methods based on Bernoulli’s equation. He
varied resistance with square of velocity. He provided mathematical education military engineers
using comments added on Bernoulli’s theories.
1881, commission d’ experience de gavre
They did a research to establish a standard atmospheric condition of drag force and standard
projectile by developing Gavre drag function. This was to establish the relationship of drag
INSERT SURNAME HERE 3
characteristic to certain bullet configuration. Although it contained some errors due to varying
atmospheric conditions the expression of drag was also adopted and used.
They can also be used to express drag deceleration of actual bullet and standard bullets. They
specify a constant ba...
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