Read the State v. Ulvinen case on pages 136-138 of our textbook and then answer discussion questions 1, 2 and 3 at the end (on page 138).   

You are a Training Specialist hired by Universal Medical Supplies, Inc. This organization has been experiencing low productivity and errors in communication in the workplace. As part of an ongoing professional development series, the Vice President of the Human Resources department has tasked you with creating Critical Thinking training materials. The materials will be presented in many forms and by various means to help improve productivity and communication in the organization.As part of the company’s training plan, they want to provide articles for the staff on the company’s intranet as required reading prior to other training activities. You will create one of those articles in the form of a blog post. It should provide an overview and give concrete examples of logical fallacies being used in the news and social media.InstructionsUse online resources to create a blog post that illustrates how logical fallacies and audience manipulation appear in the news and social media. Social media may include sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and others.Your blog post should be a minimum of 5 paragraphs that includes the following elements:An introduction to the topic of logical fallacies.2 examples of audience manipulation in the news with a clickable link to the articles inserted in the blog post. Explain each fallacy example and how it is being used to manipulate the audience.2 examples of audience manipulation in social media. Explain each fallacy example and how it is being used to manipulate the audience. The two examples can be from the same or different social media sites. Example: One from Facebook and one from Twitter. Insert a screenshot image of each social media post.A summarizing paragraph.References with links to your sources.Write your blog post in a Word document. Be sure to proofread for grammar and spelling.For assistance with logical fallacies in advertising, news, and social media, please see:AnswerTaking a position on an issue and supporting that position with valid evidence is often required in academic writing. Having an awareness and understanding of logical fallacies - arguments that appear valid but are based on faulty reasoning or inaccurate facts leading to false or misleading conclusions - can ensure that your argument is strong and based on a sound foundation.In the study of logic, an argument is composed of the:premises - the reasons for a claim in the argumentconclusion - a statement that the claim is trueSound arguments often use deductive reasoning to reach a valid conclusion. Deductive reasoning includes a premise (argument or position) and evidence supporting the premise presented in a way that leads to a plausible conclusion. (For example, a syllogism: A is B. C is A. Therefore, B is C.)Use these tips when developing a position on an issue and presenting evidence that your position is valid and true:Choose an premise/position that you think is reasonably trueProvide valid evidence to support your positionInclude all significant and relevant issues relating to your positionAvoid broad claims that cannot be provenConsider using the grid below to evaluate the logic of your argument and the validity of the facts used to support your position. Aim for the green square!Berquist, P. (n.d.) Facts vs logic [Image]. Hampton, VA: Thomas Nelson Community College.Logical fallacies come in a variety of forms. Some of the most common are:Ad hominem - A personal attack; not a form of rational argumentStraw man - Attacking a position that an opponent does not holdFalse dichotomy - Limiting options to two when there are more options to be consideredCircular argument - Repeating an argument that was already assumed beforehandHasty generalization - General statements with no evidence to support themRed herring - A distraction from the argument with a topic that seems related but is not relevantFalse cause - Drawing a cause and effect relationship using faulty logicAppeal to Authority - Misusing authority by citing false, poor, or irrelevant authoritiesAd populum - Using people's desire to fit in to accept an argumentAppeal to pity - Using an emotional appeal to get an audience to accept a conclusionSlippery slope - Starting an argument with a benign point, then running through several scenarios to an unrealistic conclusionBlog Writing: Tips and Best Practices to Keep Readers EngagedFull TextListenNEW YORK, Nov. 27, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Though it's an endeavor that many writers are passionate about, blog writing poses numerous challenges. These include, but aren't limited to, developing a central focus for the blog and maintaining inspiration to write. Arguably the greatest challenge is keeping readers engaged. Here are a few tips and best practices from Carola Jain, Spartan CMO that will not only help a blog writer develop strong content but better engage their audience, one post at a time.To start, understand that while blog writing should have a focus – food, technology, travel, just to name a few examples – different types of content should be experimented with. If a food blogger typically discusses and ranks local restaurants they've recently dined at, perhaps they'd be inclined to vary their content with recipes or tips on increasing the flavor of meals. Blog readers have certain expectations when it comes to the content they consume, but this shouldn't come at the cost of variety.The right headlines go a long way in engaging readers at the onset. There are a few rules to follow when crafting catchy headlines, however. First, avoid clickbait; keep them as accurate as possible to the content that awaits the reader. Second, keep them short; headlines shouldn't be any longer than 10 words, as they should get to the point with as few characters as possible. By following these rules, blog posts will engage readers before they get to the substantive matter.Another tip to note is the accuracy of the information provided when blog writing. Instead of relying solely on general terms like "many" or "few," include statistics wherever appropriate. Percentages, fractions, and other stats help to expand upon the content being provided. They offer further insight to readers, which will keep them hooked. When this information is included, it increases the value of every blog post to readers.Perhaps the most important practice that a blog writer can carry out is being passionate about what they write. Simply put, if one doesn't feel strongly about the content they produce, it will become evident to readers. Ergo, they're more likely to click away than stick around. Carola Jain, Spartan CMO, will attest to the importance of writing content that one has an interest in. This helps blog writers produce better content that will keep readers engaged in the long term.These are just a few practices to follow when developing blog posts that keep readers engaged. By staying motivated, crafting content that both you and your readers will enjoy, engagement levels will benefit.About fishbat: fishbat is a full-service web design agency that takes a holistic business approach to their clients' digital marketing programs. The fishbat team understands the importance of business principles just as well as the nuances of the latest digital technologies. fishbat offers every digital marketing service available from digital marketing research and planning to brand development to website and asset creation through social media management and search engine optimization programs - all custom calibrated for both B2B and B2C businesses.Blog Writing: Tips and Best Practices to Keep Readers EngagedRubricMastery: Advanced or exceeds achievementNewsExamples provided are useful and complete. The descriptions show a deep knowledge of the fallacies and the problems caused by accepting the specific fallacies in question.Proficiency: Clear/effective achievementExamples provided are useful and complete. The descriptions show a working knowledge of the fallacies being demonstrated and how they are used in the chosen news stories.Competence: Adequate/basic achievementExamples provided are explained in a cursory or barely sufficient manner. While the examples are present in the articles selected, they are unclear or difficult to locate and incompletely described.Emerging: Limited or growing achievementExamples provided are unclear or are not instances of the fallacies selected. Description and explanation of the given fallacies are incorrect or irrelevant. Mastery: Advanced or exceeds achievementSocial Media30% of total gradeExamples provided are useful and complete. The descriptions show a deep knowledge of the fallacies and the problems caused by accepting the specific fallacies in question.Proficiency: Clear/effective achievementExamples provided are useful and complete. The descriptions show a working knowledge of the fallacies being demonstrated and how they are used in the chosen social media posts.Competence: Adequate/basic achievementExamples provided are explained in a cursory or barely sufficient manner. While the examples are present in the social media posts selected, they are unclear or difficult to locate and incompletely described.Emerging: Limited or growing achievementExamples provided are unclear or are not instances of the fallacies selected. Description and explanation of the given fallacies are incorrect or irrelevant.Introduction and Conclusion20% of total gradeReferences and APA20% of total grade Mastery: Advanced or exceeds achievementThe introduction and conclusion are clear, precise, and offer real insight into the idea of and problems with accepting logical fallacies. Language is advanced and sentence structure is complex and interesting.Proficiency: Clear/effective achievementThe introduction and conclusion offer some insight into the idea of and problems with accepting logical fallacies. Language and sentence structure show variety and a desire to communicate clearly on the topic.Competence: Adequate/basic achievementThe introduction and conclusion are sufficient, but limited in terms of discussing the idea of and problems with accepting logical fallacies. Language and sentence structure are simple and undeveloped.Emerging: Limited or growing achievementThe introduction and conclusion are incomplete or insufficient to adequately address the topic of logical fallacies. Language and sentence structure are simplistic and vague.Mastery: Advanced or exceeds achievementAPA style and citation are correct, based upon the following components: • Double-Spaced • One-inch Margins • Times New Roman 12 pt. • Page Numbers • Header Titles • Title & Reference Page In-text Citations - CorrectProficiency: Clear/effective achievementEffective use of APA style and citation, missing one of the following components: • Double-Spaced • One-inch Margins • Times New Roman 12 pt. • Page Numbers • Header Titles • Title & Reference Page In-text Citations - Few ErrorsCompetence: Adequate/basic achievementAttempted to use APA style and citation, missing two of the following components: • Double-Spaced • One-inch Margins • Times New Roman 12 pt. • Page Numbers • Header Titles • Title & Reference Page In-text Citations - AttemptedEmerging: Limited or growing achievementAPA style is either not used or missing more than two of the following components: • Double-Spaced • One-inch Margins • Times New Roman 12 pt. • Page Numbers • Header Titles • Title & Reference Page In-text Citations - Missing

Let’s revisit the case studies we used in Chapter 1. Please read each scenario carefully and answer the following questions:1) If you were the judge, how would you achieve specific deterrence in each scenario?2) How would you achieve general deterrence?3) Is your decision consistent with Beccaria’s arguments on the certainty, celerity (swiftness), and severity of punishment?Chapter 1 case studies are below 1) You are a police officer and you are buying a cup of coffee at the local “Stop and Rob” convenience store. You see a juvenile male place a quart of milk inside his jacket. You approach the person and tell him to open his jacket. He complies. He apologizes for his actions. He explains that he could not afford to buy the milk but he needs it for his child. He promises not to do it again and asks you to let him go.2) A major pharmaceutical company introduces a new weight-loss drug. Although the pharmaceutical company knows that the drug may increase the chances of heart attacks and strokes, the company’s warning label states that, “Product X has no known side effects.” After the drug is linked to hundreds of heart attacks and strokes and dozens of deaths, the company pulls the drug off the market.3) Laura has had a hard day at work. Before going home, she decides to stop at a local bar and have a couple of drinks. After consuming several drinks, she decides to drive home. She runs a red light and crashes head-on into another vehicle. The two occupants of the other vehicle are killed. One of the occupants of the car was 6 months pregnant at the time of the crash. Laura’s blood alcohol content was .18. She has a previous conviction for Driving Under the Influence (DUI).4) John and Amy have been in a relationship for 10 years. Amy has grown tired of the relationship and has been having an affair with another man for the last 6 months. Amy and her lover make a plan to kill her husband. Amy takes out a $500,000 life insurance policy on her husband. Several weeks later, her lover breaks into Amy’s house and shoots and kills her husband. He takes a few valuables from the house to make it look like a burglary.5) You and your partner are dispatched to a domestic dispute. When you arrive, you hear loud voices inside the house. You knock on the door and announce that you are with the police department. A small-framed male answers the door. You advise him that you’ve received a call about a domestic dispute. You notice that the man has a small amount of blood dripping from his lower lip, which also appears to be bruised. You ask the man if he is okay or in need of medical attention. He advises you that he and his “roommate” have had a little fight that “got out of hand.” A larger male is standing in the kitchen and he seems irritated that you are there. He speaks up and says “We were arguing and I lost my temper a little.” The smaller male advises you that he does not need medical attention and that he does not want to press charges.