Week 3 - Omi & Winant
This question comes straight from our textbook:
If race is not “real” in a scientific sense, why can I look around the classroom or campus and
see that someone is black or Asian or white? What is the difference between something
being “real” (like the book in front of you) and something being a “social construction” (like
race or gender)? Use Omi and Winant’s theory of racial formation to explain how and why
we “see” race as we do.
Provide your answer to this question (as long as it takes you to answer the question) and then
comment (3-5 sentences) on two other reflections.
______________________________________________________
Week 3 - John Iceland
When you look through the appendix in this book what is made abundantly clear is that
quality of life indicators like wealth, health and educational attainment vary by race. It is
also the case in most instances that racial minorities experience more socioeconomic
inequality than whites. John Iceland asks the question, “why is this so?” Is the reason for
such disparities the result of discrimination? How and in what ways might the role of
human capital, social capital, culture assimilation, racism and discrimination play in creating
and maintaining racial inequality?
Week 3 - Overall Reflection
After you have read and watched the material for this week, thoughtfully answer and discuss
the following:
1. What have you learned this week about the concept of race?
2. Is race a biological fact, or a social construction?
A. If race is not a biological fact, then why do we as a society still talk about it? Doesn't
it just divide us as a nation.
Week 5 Reflection
Using the documentary, "Race: The Power of an Illunision, Episode 2," briefly answer the
following:
What are some ways that race has been used to rationalize inequality? How has race been
used to shift attention (and responsibility) away from oppressors and toward the targets of
oppression?
_________________________________________________________________
Week 6 - Reflection
Name at least 3 things that you learned from the text and the documentary that we watched
this week, that you either didn't already know or things think would be the most important
to share with someone else who is learning about these eras for the first time. When you
remember to include:
1. Where did you find it (was it in the reading for this week or the videos. Be specific, so
others can find it as well).
2. If it is something you didn't know before, talk about why it stood out to you.
3. If it is something you think others should know, discuss why? Provide the context for
why this is important.
__________________________________________________________________
Week 7 - Reflect & Share
Identify and discuss at least 3 things that you learned from the text and the videos that we
watched this week, that you either didn't already know or things think would be the most
important to share with someone else who is learning about these eras for the first time.
When you remember to include:
1. Where did you find it (was it in the reading for this week or the videos. Be specific, so
others can find it as well).
2. If it is something you didn't know before, talk about why it stood out to you.
3. If it is something you think others should know, discuss why? Provide the context for
why this is important.
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I believe that such disparities are due to discrimination, because since it is
the baseline of acting on certain beliefs that one group if inferior while
other is superior. There are other things that can also affect racial inequality
such as human capital, social capital, culture assimilation, racism and
discrimination. Human capital is known as the experiences, skills, and
knowledge people have in order to land a job and improve their career. This
is contributed mostly by education which plays a vital role in attaining
knowledge in order to have a solid career, this can be in high school and
college education. In John Iceland mentions how education can be affected
by other factors of racial inequality, such as quality of public schooling in
different areas and even just the neighborhood of the school. Social capital
is the resources people have due to social connections, this plays a part
because this network serve as a mean of upward mobility. Socioeconomic
inequality can contribute to further differences in social networking.
Culture assimilation is the reduction of ethic group differences over time,
which affects the racial and ethic disparities since minorities are trying
become more like the majority. Racism and discriminations tend to be the
baseline for maintaining racial inequalities since racism is the idea that one
race group is inferior or superior to one another due to abilities and
behaviors. While discrimination goes pat abilities it is the the different and
unequal treatment of other groups based on those abilities and behaviors.
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John Iceland makes a lot of valid and impactful arguments throughout his
section about the various reasons why certain racial minorities have fewer
opportunities, socioeconomic inequality, and have different life indicators
than whites. Although discrimination is not the sole reason for such
disparities, it is certainly one of them. Throughout history, minority groups
have been exploited and used for the benefit of the white upper class. This
led to discrimination in society and made it harder for minority groups to do
certain things like obtaining a job, buying a house or car, getting a loan, or
something as simple as eating at specific restaurants. These practices
hindered and limited social mobility for the minority groups in our society.
However, discrimination cannot be the sole explanation as to why racial
inequality has existed for so long. Social capital is one of the most
important in my opinion. As a society, we have socially constructed beliefs
about who should work where. An example used in the book and one that
may be the most obvious is Wall Street. It is dominated by white men and
the simple phrase, "it's all about who you know" is the reason why
industries have become so exclusive, not because there are any
discriminatory practices. Racial inequality has always been an issue in
America starting with the discriminatory practices at the formation of the
country, but more recently, the roles of human and social capital and
cultural assimilation have in maintaining this racial inequality.
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Disparities among racial minorities are not resulted only by discrimination,
although it plays a role. Discrimination is the action of treating someone
differently based on race, gender, sexual orientation, etc. These actions will
negatively effect the people who are being targeted whether it being
emotional damage or not allowing them to receive equality. If the media
portrays racial stereotypes, racism or discrimination then it will be seen by a
large audience which could affect the way they view a group of people. This
could be in the form of a movie, game, or commercial. Today, we can see
that racial minorities live together in areas where income is lower. Schools
there may not have enough funding to provide the best resources for
students such as books and computers which limits the experience and
knowledge they receive. Some may not even be able to afford to go to
school which results in having minimum wage jobs or none at all. This goes
into the stereotypes that certain groups of people are less intelligent. Social
capital might be the most important role in racial inequality because
minorities usually don't have good social connections to those with high
status which could lead them to find better jobs or opportunities.
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The reason for such disparities is the result of discrimination among many
other factors because these factors have contributed to ideologies of a race
being superior to another. Discrimination can also stem from prejudices
that are contributing to inequalities. As a society, we judge people based on
what 'group' they belong to which leads to these different disparities
because resources are only available to those that can afford them.
However, it goes back to who society is hiring in high-paying jobs which
leads to the different opportunities that are provided through the
educational system. Human capital contributes to inequalities because to
be able to attain a good job an individual must have the skills and
experience. However, these skills are often only attainable with higher
education. Higher education isn't always available for minorities, as they are
faced with fewer resources. Ultimately leading to a bigger disparity in
unemployment between the races. Social capital also plays a significant role
in racial inequality because social networking gives individuals more access
to jobs or opportunities which in turn allows them to be able to move
upwards in society. Whereas minorities don't have the connections or
resources to good-paying jobs or might even be exploited and taken
advantage of and are unable to speak up because it is their only source of
income. Culture assimilation also plays a role in creating racial inequality
because as more immigrants are coming to America they are not
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Human capital, social capital, culture assimilation and racism and
discrimination all play an important role in creating and maintaining racial
inequality. I feel like human capital is the start of the struggle for inequality
among whites and minorities. When it comes to schooling, usually low
funded and underdeveloped schools are in the neighborhoods inhabited by
minority groups. This puts them at a disadvantage for academic
achievement and less likely to attend college. Then the incarceration rates
are higher among young black men which means they will enter the work
force with a criminal record. This automatically disqualifies them from
higher paying jobs. Also, there are loan companies that prey on minority
groups because of their vulnerability and give them these petty loans with
high interest rates regardless of their credit worthiness (Iceland, 26). Culture
contributes to maintaining inequality because usually people of the same
group share some of the same behaviors and customs. One negative
behavior among the black community is bearing children out of wedlock.
This increases the chances of poverty and lower well-being, as well as the
chances of marriage decreasing. America has an extensive history of racism
and discrimination even after civil rights laws and abolition of slavery. The
colorblind privilege is something we "embrace" in our society; that all
people from all backgrounds are treated equally regardless. However, that is
not the case. The white community often uses this as a way to disregard
racial and systemic inequalities as well as act oblivious to the privilege they
have over minorities. Some of those privilege's being no discrimination at
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1. I learned actual terms to certain behaviors or acts such as the "old boy's network" and the different theories like the Capital Theory, Cultural
Theory, Assimilation Theory and Human Capital Theory. I obtained knowledge on how those theories along with racial discrimination and racism still
play a role in our generation even if not presented the same way as they were from before.
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2. I believe that race is a social construction made up by people's beliefs of what a certain group of people should look like. A variety of people and
forms of advertisement like social media or television portray these images of how these groups should look and because these forms are exposed
to such a large audience, it is so easy to influence people's mindset or perspective. Society still speaks about the concept of race because of the
incidents that take place basically every day where people, such as men are attacked by those whom they can't defend themselves to simply because
of their skin tone and racialization they have to experience.
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Hey Jami! Social media does play a huge role on the images displayed of different people and their races. I think that most generalizations come from
media sources.
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What I learned this week about the concept of race is that it is something that society has put an importance on. it is the cause for a lot of misconceptions
and stereotypes because of physical characteristics like color. Race is a social construction because society puts the importance on the differences
between different people. With out society's opinions, race does not effect how someone acts, thinks, or feels.
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Great response, I like how you really went into detail about the inability to measure race and the sometimes drastic genetic differences between
people who would otherwise be lumped into the same racial category. I also agree with your perspective on race being a social construct rather than
biological, and how you included the eugenics study in your support. Thanks for sharing!
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This week covered several, fundamental, concepts that I have previously discussed in other sociology courses. The Race - The Power of an Illusion (the
Difference Between Us) video discussed the past notion of there being biological explanation for the intellectual, athletic, etc.) differences between races.
It also touched on the idea that while we might assume there would be more genetic similarities between people that look like us, it is often the case that
the most genetic variation is seen between a collective group of people from the same region or who would otherwise be classified as the same race. One
of my favorite topics to discussed was covered in John Iceland's chapter, "Race and Ethnicity in America," human, social, and cultural capital and their
effects on inequality for racial minorities. We learned that race is socially constructed sociohistorical concept which we have continued to be reliant on in
our perceptions of other people and our own identities. It has become made an integral part of how society has been designed to operate. So, while race,
racial identity and organization do divide us, we have become so dependent on them, going away from that would mean redesigning not just the way
society functions but the way we as humans function and understand the world and people around us.
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Hey Mackenzie! I like how you touch base on the fact that race, even though it is used in negative ways, is all we know. It's been used for many years.
I think that it would be interesting to imagine a life without having to your race in your applications or other things. Would we find something else to
separate ourselves because of our differences? Who knows.
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Great points. I believe we had pretty similar understandings of the effects race has on our society. While continuing the discussion is at times dividing,
race and racial classification, I believe, was never constructed to bring us together. Thanks for sharing!
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I think the most notable thing I have learned surrounding the concept of race has been the fact that there is no way to measure race -- not through skin
color, not through internal attributes of intelligence and physical performance, and definitely not through genetics. When people are racialized and
confined to one specific race, it is imperative to note that even people of the same racial groups can have as many genetic and physical differences as with
people in other racial groups. Not all light-skinned people will have the same DNA sequence, nor will they all have the same hair color and texture, same
intellectual abilities, etc. It was interesting for me to realize that race is a modernized term, having it come AFTER slavery in order to justify the difference
in free and enslaved groups. From this, the concept of race has become widespread and cultivated itself in our social system, where race is taken into
every account, deeply impacting the livelihoods of people as a way to preserve social hierarchies. As Bonilla-Silva (36) illustrates, once a social formation is
created, "its 'normal' dynamic always include a racial component."
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Taking into consideration the material for the week, it is safe to say that race is, in fact, a social construction. It has been developed on several accounts
and has different interpretations amongst various countries. However, race is still brought up as being a biological fact because race alludes to superficial
traits and socialized behaviors. One believes that genetics or something as simple as melanin has emerged through one's biological make-up. This form of
thinking does tend to divide us as a nation because if people believe race is inherent, they can use this as the perfect rationale for believing that certain
races have earned the right to be labeled as superior or inferior, such was the reasoning for the invention of eugenics. With eugenics, particular traits
characterized people as being "feeble-minded," and so it was important to eliminate such traits in order to establish a superior race that will be preserved
for generations.
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Race has been used to rationalize inequality and determines what privileges one has access to. Race has been used to shift the attention of oppressors
and towards the target of oppression because the oppressors would corroborate their oppression by saying that certain races were not valid because the
white people were the majority so whatever rules they decided to implement, had to be followed.
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Thank you for contributing to this weeks discussion board! I really enjoyed reading your input on this topic. I believe that race has been used to shift
the attention from the oppressors towards the targets of oppression because the ones doing the oppressing would paint these targets as being
inferior, savage, and uncivil where the majority of those in power had than implemented segregation rules that had to be followed.
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The Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal" yet people still continued to own slaves. Thomas Jefferson, who wrote this, has
slaves of his own. The reason why this was allowed people society made it seem as if African Americans and Natives were inferior to white people due to
"lack of intelligence" and physical traits. However, Jefferson wrote how he believed that Natives could be converted and had the ability to become
"civilized" unlike Africans. He thought that they were like the whites because they fought for their land and had the intellect to learn. This resulted in
people accepting inequality on race because it was "proven" by science that these people were inferior or dehumanized them. The media helped gain
these ideas by showing how savage and unintelligent minorities are through movies, newspapers, etc. These are able to reach large audiences in order to
spread the message quickly. Race has been used to shift attention and responsibility towards the targets of oppression by imbedding the idea that some
races are inferior to the whites due to the lack of intelligence and morals. Status was no longer about money or power, but about the color of ones skin.
This became the norm in society and deeply rooted so that it would be difficult to turn back on.
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The idea of differences existing between races has perpetuated the idea that inequality is acceptable because some human beings are less than others.
The documentary expounds on the rationalization of inequality by delving deeper on Thomas Jefferson's involvement with researching race and his
approach to his research. Jefferson's idea of race is incredibly contradicting to his famous statement "all men are created equal". He believed that Black
people could not assimilate like poor Europeans could. The basis of this idea was that Black people were not at the same level to Europeans. To him all
evidence pointed to them being inferior and his research focused on finding the reason behind this inferiority. The approach to his question is another
way that inequality was able to be perpetuated. This is because scientists and researchers of the 18th and 19th century were building a case to find a
reason for the inferiority between races. This resulted on theories of race that focused on the differences of humans. Race has been used to shift
attention from the oppressors by placing the blame on the oppressed. The documentary discusses how the research made on Blacks versus Europeans
showed how they did not perform at the same level intellectually and academically. This then allowed the oppressors to blame the position of the
oppressed on their inferiority. Which when we really delve deeper, the access to education was not the same meaning that their low performance was not
because they were inferior. This was just a way for the Europeans to assert power and shift blame and responsibility away from themselves.
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Hey Keidy! I love your choice of words in your first sentence. the differences that these groups saw against each-other amounted to the actions and
decisions made to see who was considered dominant or lower in status. Great explanation!
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In order to rationalize inequality, race was used as a justifiable enough reason to pivot other racial groups from each other. For example, the indentured
servants were replaced with African slaves. Having African slaves suddenly meant that slavery would be equated to "blackness," as the documentary
explained. Thus, the poor whites were then able to assimilate with society's white elite, garnering the rights, freedoms, and acceptance that the African
slaves were now losing. Therefore, a racial divide in terms of slavery became normalized to the extent of rationalizing inequality.
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This episode also mentioned how race, specifically racial inferiority, was thought to be innate. Jefferson believed in this claim, and it was also said that
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BA Tyler J Stibal
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Sep 25, 2021
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Whenever there is a conversation about the effects of race and racial inequality, we can always revert to the idea of social construction and the ways in
which society has developed ideas about certain races. These ideas and stereotypes lead to an inaccurate image of certain people and that then leads to
the rationalization of inequality in our society. Taking a historical look through the United States, you can clearly see how the social construct has allowed
whites to keep different groups down in society. Looking at the slaves, the Jim Crow Era, Asian immigrants in California, and even today, many use race to
limit the ability of people that do not share a similar race or ethnicity as them. Looking back again at the historical perspective, the attention was always
on the targets as opposed to the oppressors because so many believe that what they were doing was right. However, as time moved along, these groups
began to revolt against their oppressors and flip the script. Social media and technology have shifted the light towards the oppressors and started to call
out the racial bias and inequality in society, more than ever before.
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I though you had a great response. I agree with you that if we take a look back at America's history, society is constructed to benefit the white people
and oppress people of color, specifically black people. I think that you made a good argument, especially using the Jim Crow laws because we know
how discriminating that was.
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I really like reading what you had to say about the media attention the oppressors in our society are now receiving. Social media has helped keep us
engaged in this way, allowing us to recognize the injustices others are enduring because of the actions of others. Referring to the social construction
of race also helps strengthen your argument in the way that it illustrates how race is almost always the driving force of oppression.
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Race has been used to rationalize inequality by first having this belief that there are races that are inferior than others. Inequality beings there by picking
and choosing who has that advantage in life. Race has been used to shift attention and responsibility away from oppressors and towards the target of
oppression by trying to compare both races. African-Americans were made to be seem like they were violent and in civilized. While white people were
looked as civilized and classy.
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Great post. I agree with you when you say many people believe stereotypes about races other than white. People really think that others are inferior
to them simply because they are different races. We know that race is a social concept so of course the people who created the concept are going to
try to benefit from it.
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Hi Leslie,
Your post was very nice and I liked your answer to this discussion. I like the point that you made about how race has been used to take attention from
the oppressors by trying to compare them. I feel like this is a huge problem when it comes to our society.
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The first thing that I learned from the article "Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the Color Line in Post Race America," by
Charles Gallagher was that the perception among the white population that the socioeconomic playing field is now level and the whites' belief that they
have been purged of all overtly racist attitudes and behaviors have made the "colorblind" perspective the dominant lens that white individuals use to
understand the present race relations. This perspective allows for the white population to believe that segregation and discrimination are no longer a
social issue because it has become illegal to deny individuals the access to housing, employment, and public accommodations due to their race. This topic
is important because it shows that people believe that racism no longer exists as a social issue because they no longer "see" race. However, this is not the
case since society is still struggling with racist and discriminatory ideology against people of color where they are still seen and treated as being different
from those individuals who are white.
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The next thing that I learned from the same article was the term optional ethnicity. Option ethnicity can be described as "a form of ethnicity that one can
pick and choose" (Gallagher 2019:124). Where there is no to little social cost to engaging in optional ethnicity in the instance that an individual chooses to
be Irish on St. Patrick's Day even if this person does not engage in this ethnicity during the rest of the year. I found this topic in the article interesting
because if it is socially acceptable to pick and choose an ethnicity on certain occasions such as celebrating a holiday than how can certain ethnicities that
one engages in for the entirety of their life have social cost? If the pride in an individual's ethnicity and through extension, one's color is a matter of choice,
then race should no longer matter as an independent force that organizes social life, resources, or creates obstacles towards upward mobility.
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The last thing that I learned from the article" The possibility of a New Racial Hierarchy in the Twenty-First-Century United States," by Herbert Gans was
that ethnicity as racial is a tendency in the contemporary construction of race. The continuing practice of identifying ethnic and national differences as
racial suggests that the lack of education is a casual factor in the conflation which indicates that only college educated individuals are able to distinguish
the difference between ethnicity and race. I believe this is an important topic that should be discussed because it shows that race has always been
implicated into everyone minds with every aspect of life. Where people have seen race and ethnicity as the same thing. To be able to provide more
education on the topic would allow for race to be taken out of some of the misunderstood definitions revolving around one's identification.
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Aquela D Farr
Sep 28, 2021
Amanda, we shared the same first point. It just baffles me how people can really say that racism and equality is gone. there is statistics that shows
that this not true. Yes education and wealth can be obtained by everyone. However it is not a leveled playing field or equally obtainable, which shows
that there are still racial tendencies embedded in these institutional systems.
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Aquela D Farr
Sep 28, 2021
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One thing that I learned about in the reading "Color-Blind Privilege" by Charles Gallagher how some whites use the fact that the U.S. is a meritocracy to
justify their color-blindness. Meritocracy is the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability, which I did not know previously. With that
being said, because of meritocracy, "whites imagine their socioeconomic success is related to individual hard work, determination, thrift and investment in
education" (Gallagher, 122). It stood out to me because when I read some of the interviews Gallagher did, people were really believing that racism is
completely gone. Just because the law is against discrimination, doesn't mean that there are not any institutional barriers for minorities to achieve the
same success as their white counterparts. This is important because if no-one sees nothing wrong with the current system then color blindness will prevail
and there will never come a time of change.
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Another point that stood out to me in "Color-Blind Privilege," is the use of mass media to brain wash people into thinking racism is gone. For example,
page 133 talked about how many cosmetic companies have now included few "light-skinned, anglo-looking colored women" in their ads. They chose the
lighter women to one: bring in women of color into buying their products thinking it caters to them as well, and two: still maintain their true message that
"white bodies are beautiful." They want to deliver the message that brightening ones skin is ok. The more people purchase these products the more they
are getting closer to being just like whites. This is important because it is a marketing strategy used by many companies to mask the message that they are
really trying to send and is still being able to control minorities.
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Something important for everyone to know is white flight. Episode 3 of the film "The Power of Illusion," talked about how whites would leave certain
areas. When they did, the value depreciated and became occupied by majority of minorities. When whites would leave they were also taking their
resources with them and the houses that they move into are valued. This shows how fair housing is still hindering the growth of minorities.
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Edited by Aquela D Farr on Sep 28 at 9:37pm
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Amanda Bulow
Sep 29, 2021
Aquela,
Thank you for your contribution to this weeks discussion. I enjoyed reading your thoughts on the subject. I also found that the color blind privilege
can be looked at as white privilege ideology because they can say that race does not "exist" since the social issues revolving around race does not
affect them as they do for people of color. I also found that cosmetic companies that have included a few "light-skinned colored" woman in their ads
to appeal to being a company that accepts diversity to gain more business from woman of color. While still sticking to their true message about white
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One thing that struck me came from very early in the article Color-Blind Privilege by Charles Gallagher. On page 122 he states, "The post-race, color-
blind perspective allows whites to imagine that depiction of racial minorities working in high-status jobs and consuming the same products... is the
same as living in a society where color is no longer used to allocate resources or shape group outcomes" (Gallagher, 122). I never really realized the
impact of media and society on the way in which we perceive racial groups until I started at Dominican. Through the numerous Soc and Crim classes I
have taken, it has opened my eyes to the fact that there are large racial inequalities and discrepancies in our society that our media does not portray.
The mass incarceration of minorities, different policing strategies in lower-income neighborhoods, lack of access to basic needs, and many more issues
have been presented to me through higher education. Anyone who does not take these types of courses or courses related will never truly
understand the way in which the system is still designed to hold minorities down because that is not how the media, movies, televisions, etc. present
the racial situation in our country.
o The second point I want to discuss that I learned was the idea of optional ethnicity when it came to a white person's identity. This was discussed
in Color-Blind Privilege on page 124. I have known about a similar concept when it comes to religion and when someone decides to attend or not but
never really seen it applied to race or ethnicity. The same could be said about ethnicity as provided by the examples of St. Patrick's Day or feeling
connected to Italian food. However, the discussion about race and the color of one's skin is a very interesting one. Racial identity is not a choice nor
something you change. A person's race has been a deciding factor for many things in our country and it was interesting to hear how that plays a role in
society.
The third thing I learned this week came from the reading The Possibility of a New Racial Hierarchy in the Twenty-First Century United States by Herbert
Gans. Although a lot of the article focuses on the concept of a Duel Racial Hierarchy, that is a concept that I have never heard and one that is
important to understand. As society continues to change, we need to start realizing that the system is created for everyone, and it is time for
minorities to have their time at the top. For so long we have kept them down that now they are starting to gain more opportunities, they are
capitalizing on them and making the most out of it which is a move in the right direction for the advancement of society and racial equality.
Edited by Tyler J Stibal on Sep 30 at 11:45am
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Amanda Bulow
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Thank you for you contribution to this weeks discussion post. I really enjoyed reading the three points that you got out of this weeks
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Something I think others should know comes from the reading "Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position" and it's the 4 basic types of feelings present
in race prejudice in dominant groups. This was informative to me and I think this is important to know because sometimes we wonder where peoples
ideologies come from. This shows us that these feelings are embedded in their sense of superiority.
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I think the video "What's Fueling Far-Right Hate in America" is very informative. I think everyone in the US should watch this. They mentioned the fact
that % of politically violent motivated attacks were tied to alt-right ideologies is shocking. This should motivate people to fight against alt-right ideologies.
I don't think enough people are aware of how extreme these groups are.
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I learned something new watching the video "The Value of the Enslaved from Womb to Grave". I never knew about the domestic cadaver trade. Many of
the bodies on the dissection tables were black. Seeing the image taken at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill was honestly disturbing to see. It
seems like they did not value the body, it seemed like they were dehumanizing the body, using it as a prop.
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I also think that the video "What's Fueling Far-Right Hate in America" was also a very important video that should be watched by more people as it
describes how it is impacting America. I also don't think that people are fully aware of how extreme these groups are and how they have continued to
increase in regards to their violent acts. I think that learning more about these groups will increase conversations to fight for change and hold these
groups accountable for the dangers that they are causing.
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Hi Kaitlyn!
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1. The first thing I want to share comes from Reading 16, Race Prejudice As a Sense of Group Position by Herbert Blumer. Throughout my time at
Dominican, I have learned a concept that is related to this topic that I never applied to race and that is socialization. Socialization is often used in
Political Science to determine how people come to their opinions, often through family, friends, the media, etc. However, I was only taught this
concept in the political realm and never really thought how this socialization could be attributed to other concepts, such as race in this case. We learn
things and ideas from those around us and that includes race. If my family and the media pay attention to paint race in a certain light, I will be more
willing to accept that as fact, even if it is not. Those we are around influence us the most and we can see that in the ways in which we think about
race and that can be connected to the group position and ideas shared by Blumer in this text.
2. One of the most important topics I reflected on for this week was presented in Reading 19, The Place of Race in Conservative and Far-Right Movements
by Kathleen Blee and Elizabeth Yates. They argue that race is not the sole ideology among the far-right groups. As young Americans, our knowledge
when it comes to conservatives and those in far-right groups are connected to Donald Trump, January 6th, or other events in the last five-ish years.
This reading reminded me that race is not the only topic of discussion for these people and groups. The authors point out, "Not all far-right
movements are explicitly racist; for example, some radical anti-abortion movements advocate violence that is not attached to a racial agenda... (Blee,
Yates, 175) and they go on to describe other groups that focus on being pro-gun or anti-state but do not hold racist views. As we start a new political
chapter in this country, I think it is important to remember that race is not the only factor in politics and for conservatives and far-right groups.
3. The whole entire idea of the Cadaver Trade talked about in the video lecture from Daina Ramey Berry and reading 21 by Douglas Massey and
Jonathan Tannen is all new to me. I understand the concept and think it is great that unclaimed bodies can be used for medical schools, but the
treatment of black corpses and the "janitors" was shocking. I enjoyed hearing the conversation about the "janitors" who would exhume the bodies for
the universities and how this was a family business. Although it was crazy to hear that they were owned by the college, it was interesting to hear that
they received amazing treatment including pay and proper burial once they passed away. Both of these materials provided me with a whole new study
of this "Cadaver Trade" that I never knew existed.
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Hi Tyler,
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Learning that race was not the only focus of the Far-Right movement was important to me as well. I have always learned about the racially centered
violence. It was also interesting to see that yes racism is a part of their agenda, in order to get their point across about white supremacy. However, the
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The first thing that I learned from the article, "Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position," by Herbert Blumer was that it is important to understand that
the sense of group position is not just the summation of the feelings of position that may have been evolved independently by different individuals as
they compare themselves to other individuals of the subordinate race. Meanings that the sense of group position refers to the position of group to group
and not to the position of an individual to another individual. Where an individual with the shared virtue of the group can form the conception of another
group and treat them accordingly as a representative member of that group.
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The next thing that I learned from the article, "The Place of Race in Conservative and Far-Right Movements," by Katheleen Blee and Elizabeth Yates was
that far-right movements explicitly promote racist ideologies with goals of violent racial terrorism. These groups have often reflected the political legacies
of German Nazism or American traditions of organized racism with the goal to establish a white homeland in the Unites States. However, not all of these
far-right movements are strictly related to race and has created some anti-abortion campaigns advocate violence without the attachmer of any racial
agenda.
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The last thing that I learned from the article, "The Cost of a Black Corpse," by Daina Berry was how cadavers had become tradeable good that were apart
of the clandestine traffic in bodies used for anatomical education. Universities needed cadavers to be dissected, however there were no legally sanctioned
sources where the legal candidates for medical dissection were often unclaimed executed criminals and enslaved people with their enslaver's consent.
Part of the illegal activity involved purchasing cadavers from the clandestine market where the bodies has sold from a range of $5-$30. I found it mind-
boggling that some were directly involved in the practice of grave-robbing for the sole purpose of supplying the dissecting room. Often, these people
would dig up "fresh" bodies from the cemetery at night and served as the school/hospital janitor, student, or anatomy professor during the day.
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Hi Amanda,
Thank you for your post. I knew about the Far-Right Movement and how they used violence to inflict their racial beliefs. However, I did not know that
some of the groups main focus was not always race. I did not know they created anti-abortion campaigns and other things that was not directly linked
to race. I also mentioned the article "the Cost of a Black Corpse." It was crazy to read how they knew they were going to use these bodies, so they
prepared them even before they were buried. However, I do not find it to surprising only because the bodies used were mainly of enslaved people.
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