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YORK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies Urban Studies, Department of Social Science SOSC 3701 3.0 Urban Analysis I: Developing a Research Proposal Fall 2021 Course Director: Class meetings: Classroom: Professor Teresa Abbruzzese Thurs 11:30am - 2:30pm https://eclass.yorku.ca Prof. Teresa Abbruzzese Office Hours: by appointment Email: teresa@yorku.ca Introduction This course explores major theoretical and methodological approaches to urban research. Students learn about the research project as a multi-stage process, and they will take the first steps of this process. Students will be encouraged to develop their own approach to research and will select a topic that reflects their individual research interests. Students will conceptualize and write a research proposal. The urban object of study is the Toronto region (city, surrounding inner and outer suburbs, periphery/exurbs). The emphasis of the course is on development of the skills required for urban research, in terms of research techniques as well as critical and analytical skills. Although the course draws heavily on texts from geography and urban studies, students will also be introduced to material from other disciplines as well as to a wide variety of methods covering the social sciences and humanities including both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The course is divided into two sections: Pre-Fieldwork: The course begins with a consideration of different approaches to urban studies, and on students’ analysis of academic research. Prior to beginning empirical research, the researcher needs to understand their own theoretical approach to research, and to have a clearly defined research topic and plan of action. Class work will assist students in choosing, defining, and refining a research topic, developing a theoretical framework, as well as discussing and addressing ethical issues in research. Students will begin work on designing their research proposal and developing a literature review. Fieldwork and fieldwork techniques: The course will provide an overview of both quantitative and qualitative methods for urban research, with an emphasis on qualitative methods. We will start an investigation of research methods by looking at surveys as a research method and discuss techniques for designing a questionnaire. Qualitative methodologies reviewed will include interviewing using different interviewing styles and techniques, visual analysis, including observation and participant observation, and documentary analysis. The emphasis will be on choosing the method that will generate the data best suited to both the topic and the student’s approach. 1 Lectures are divided into two parts. The first part of lecture will present a particular theoretical and methodological approach to the urban question in critical debates and conversations. You will be required to complete the readings under each section for each lecture. The second part of the lecture will focus on doing urban research, which will be informed by the course text and other readings on Reserve. The purpose of examining theoretical perspectives from the literature is to build a conceptual and theoretical toolkit that will help you with your own thinking about your research topic and formulating a research question that can be empirically investigated and theoretically situated. Learning Objectives: Successful completion of the course will ensure that the student has had practical experience of developing and implementing the following research components: Objective Understanding the relationship between theoretical and methodological approaches Undertaking a literature review on a research topic which recognizes and critically assesses the key arguments in a text Developing an original research plan and selecting appropriate research methods Learning outcome • Be able to formulate researchable social science questions and understand how to go about answering them • To develop competence in describing and commenting upon current research or equivalent advanced scholarship • To understand how to gain access to books and journal articles using the on-line electronic library catalogues and electronic journal article databases • Become familiar with finding research material on the Web • To become acquainted with qualitative and (descriptive) quantitative social science research methods, including: archival research, surveys, case studies, field research, interviews, focus groups Breakdown of marks Pre fieldwork Participation Critique of an academic article: 20% Hashtag urbanism Assignment: 25% Research proposal: 35% Attending lectures synchronously and participating in class discussions: 20% Course Text Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2019) Social Research Methods (5th Canadian Edition). Don Mills: Oxford University Press. Available as an eBook through Bookstore for purchase. 2 Class Schedule 9 Sept Pre-Fieldwork and What is the Difference between Critical Urban Studies and Critical Urban Theory? A) What is Critical Urban Studies? Davies, Jonathan S., and David L. Imbroscio. “Introduction.” In Critical Urban Studies: New Directions, edited by Jonathan S. Davies, David L. Imbroscio, and Clarence N. Stone. New York: State University of New York Press (2010): 1-5. Ebook Marcuse, Peter and David Imbroscio (2014). Critical Urban Theory versus Critical Urban Studies: A Review Debate. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38.5: 1904-17. EJournal B) What is Critical Urban Theory? Brenner, Neil. 2009. What is Critical Urban Theory. City 13(2-3): 195204. EJournal Jayne, Mark and Kevin Ward (2017). “A Twenty-First Century Introduction to Urban Theory.” In Urban Theory: New Critical Perspectives, edited by Mark Jayne and Kevin Ward. Abingdon and New York: Routledge (2017): 1-18. Reserve Stone, Clarence N. “Foreword.” In Critical Urban Studies: New Directions, edited by Jonathan S. Davies, David L. Imbroscio, and Clarence N. Stone. New York: State University of New York Press (2010): vii-xi. Ebook C) Doing Urban Research: Researching the Urban World (discussion) Bryman Guide to the Book and Ch. 14 Course Text Theoretical and Conceptual Toolkit: urban studies, critical theory, critical urban theory, Henri Lefebvre, Karl Marx 16 Sept Approaches to the City and the Urban Question A) What is the Urban? What is the City? Wyly, Elvin. City. In Critical Urban Studies: New Directions, edited by Jonathan S. Davies, David L. Imbroscio, and Clarence N. Stone. New York: State University of New York Press (2010): 9-22. Ebook Sidney, Mara S. Critical Perspectives on the City: Constructivist, Interpretive Analysis of Urban Politics. In Critical Urban Studies: New 3 Directions, edited by Jonathan S. Davies, David L. Imbroscio, and Clarence N. Stone. New York: State University of New York Press (2010): 23-40. Ebook Suggested Readings Boudreau et.al., Ch. 1 “Canada Urbana: Perspectives of urban research” Hubbard, Ch. 1 “Urban Theory, modern and postmodern” Reserve Hubbard, Ch. 12 “Urban Theory, modern and postmodern” Reserve B) A New Epistemology of the Urban and Urbanity Brenner, Neil and Christian Schmid (2015). Towards a new epistemology of the urban? City 19 (203): 151-182. EJournal Boudreau, Julie-Anne. Reflections on Urbanity as an Object of Study and a Critical Epistemology. In Critical Urban Studies: New Directions, edited by Jonathan S. Davies, David L. Imbroscio, and Clarence N. Stone. New York: State University of New York Press (2010): 1-5. Ebook C) Urban Research: Developing Research Ideas Bryman Ch. 1, Ch. 16, pp. 360-372. Course Text Theoretical and Conceptual Toolkit: urban, city, urbanity, urbanism, Epistemology, ontology, inductive and deductive approaches 23 Sept Library Session---Dana Craig (Research) and Rosa Orlandini (Maps) How to create a research topic and find sources online 30 Sept Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Urban Question: Poststructural Urban Theory A) Assemblage, Practices, and Spaces McCann, Eugene and Kevin Ward (2011). “Introduction. Urban Assemblages: Territories, Relations, Practices and Power.” In Mobile Urbanism: Cities and Policymaking in the Global Age, edited by Eugene McCann, Kevin Ward, and Allan Cochrane. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, xiii-xxxv. Ebook Robinson, Jennifer (2011). “The Spaces of Circulating Knowledge: City Strategies and Global Urban Governmentality.” In Mobile Urbanism: Cities and Policymaking in the Global Age, edited by Eugene McCann, Kevin Ward, and Allan Cochrane. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 15-40. Ebook B) Digital Methodologies and Discourse Analysis Kim, Soochul (2010). Moving Around Seoul. Cultural Studies, Critical Methodologies 10(3): 199-207. EJournal 4 Postill, John and Sarah Pink. “Social Media Ethnography: The Digital Researcher in a Messy Web.” MIA (Media International Australia) 145 (2009): 123-134. EJournal Suggested Reading Whitehead, Neil L., and Michael Wesch, eds. Human No More: Digital Subjectivities, Unhuman Subjects, and the End of Anthropology. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Press, 2012 Scott Stacks GN 33 H944 2012 C) Urban Research: Quantitative Methods Surveys and Sampling Bryman Chs. 4, 7, and 8 Course Text Questionnaire Design Bryman Chs. 5 and 6 Course Text Writing up Quantitative Research Bryman Ch. 15 Course Text Questionnaire design resources http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/movies/SRM/Questionnaires.php SurveyMonkey: Free online survey software & questionnaire tool https://www.surveymonkey.com/ Create and publish online surveys in minutes, and view results graphically and in real time. SurveyMonkey provides free online questionnaire and survey Discourse and Textual Analysis McCann, Eugene.”‘Best Places’: Interurban Competition, Quality of Life and Popular Media Discourse.” Urban Studies, 41 (2004): 1909–1929. EJournal Theoretical and Conceptual Toolkit: urban assemblage, fast policy transfer, mobile urbanism, Foucault, global urban governmentality, mobile media, movements, periambulatory, social space, performed space 7 Oct Critical Ethnography and Reflexivity A) Critical Ethnography Conquergood, Dwight (1991). Rethinking Ethnography: Towards a 5 Critical Cultural Politics. Communication Monographs 58: 179-194. EJournal B) Situated Knowledge Haraway Donna (1988). Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist Studies 14(3): 575–599. EJournal C) Urban Research Ethnographic Research Methods Bryman, pgs. 11, 42, 45, 163, 172, 179-96, 219-22, 287, 291-2, 345-8 Course Text Research Ethics Bryman Ch. 3 Course Text Read the Ethics Review Requirements from the Office of Research Ethics: https://www.yorku.ca/research/wpcontent/uploads/sites/39/2020/07/Ethics-Review-Requirements-CourseRelated-Research-8.15.17-1-1.pdf I also strongly recommend that you visit the Tri Council site on Research Ethics and that you consider doing the tutorial (TCPS 2): https://ethics.gc.ca/eng/home.html https://ethics.gc.ca/eng/education_tutorial-didacticiel.html NB: You will need to create an account to complete the tutorial. Participatory Action Research Evans, Mike, Rachelle hole, Lawrence D. Berg, Peter Hutchinson, Dixon Sookraj (2009). Toward a Fusion of Indigenous Methodologies, Participatory Action Research, and White Studies in an Aboriginal Research Agenda. Qualitative Inquiry 15.5: 893-910. EJournal Suggested Reading Lawson, Hal A., James C. Caringi, Loretta Pyles, and Janine M. Jurkowski, Christine T. Bozlak. Participatory Action Research. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Scott Stacks H 62 L334 2015 Theoretical and Conceptual Toolkit: critical ethnography, participatory action research, situated knowledge, research ethics, Indigenous methodologies, white studies 14 Oct FALL READING DAY - NO CLASS 6 21 Oct Zoom meetings with Teresa regarding individual research topics 28 Oct Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Urban Question: Decolonizing Research and Practices of Representation A) Postcolonial Urban Theory Robinson, Jennifer (2011). Cities in a World of Cities: The Comparative Gesture. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 35.1: 1-23. EJournal Robinson, Jennifer (2014). “New Geographies of Theorizing the Urban: Putting Comparison to Work for Global Urban Studies.” In the Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South, edited by S. Parnell and S. Oldfield, 57-70. New York: Routledge. Ebook Roy, Ananya (2015). Who’s Afraid of Postcolonial Theory? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 40.1: 200-09. EJournal Roy, Ananya (2014). “Worlding the South: Towards a Post-Colonial Urban Theory.” In The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South, edited by S. Parnell and S. Oldfield, 9-20. New York: Routledge. Ebook Roy, Ananya (2011). Slumdog Cities: Rethinking Subaltern Urbanism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 35.2: 223-238. EJournal Suggested Reading Roy, Ananya and Aihwa. Ong. Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011. Scott Stacks HT 151 S272 2012 B) Antiracist, Anticolonial, Indigenous Approaches Simpson, Michael and Jen Bagelman (2018). Decolonizing Urban Political Ecologies: The Production of Nature in Settler Colonial Cities. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 108.2: 558-568. EJournal Suggested Readings Denzin, Norman K., Yvonna S. Lincoln, and Linda Tuhiwai Smith. Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2008. Ebook Sefa Dei, George J. and Gurpreet Singh Johal. Critical Issues in AntiRacist Research Methodologies. New York: Peter Lang, 2005. Scott Stacks: HT 1521 C75 2005. 7 Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books, 2012. Ebook Theoretical and Conceptual Toolkit: postcolonial urban theory; subjugated knowledge, subaltern, racialized disposession C) Urban Research: Formulating a Research Question What is a Literature Review? Bryman Ch 16 pp.363-365 Course Text Suggested Please review the University of Toronto site and at least one more of the following sites: http://researchguides.library.yorku.ca/awg (AWG = Academic Writing Guide) (required) http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literaturereview (required) http://library.ucsc.edu/ref/howto/literaturereview.html 4 Nov Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Urban Question: Capitalist Urbanization (Urban, Feminist, and Queer Approaches) A) Political Economy and Political Ecology Harvey, David. 2004. “The ‘New’ Imperialism: Accumulation by Dispossession.” Socialist Register 40: 63–87. Available Online http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5811#.U3j6Vy9BzN s Nik Heynen, Maria Kaika and Erik Swyngedouw (2006). “Urban Political Ecology: Politicizing the Production of Urban Natures.” In The Nature of Cities: Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism, edited by Nik Heynen, Maria Kaika, and Eric Swyngedouw, 1-19. New York: Routledge, 2006. Ebook B) Feminist Urban Theory and Feminist & Queer Political Ecology Heynen, Nik (2017). Urban Political Ecology III: The feminist and queer century. Progress in Human Geography 1-7. Available Online: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309132517693336 8 Peake, Linda (2016). The Twenty-First Century Quest For Feminism and the Global Urban. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 40.1 (2016): 219-227. EJournal Parker, Brenda (2016). Feminist Forays in the City Imbalance and Intervention in Urban Research Methods. Antipode 48.5:1337-1358. EJournal Shillington, Laura J. and Ann Marie F. Murnaghan (2016). Urban Political Ecologies and Children’s Geographies: Queering Urban Ecologies of Childhood. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 40.5: 1017-1035. EJournal Suggested Readings Abbruzzese, Teresa (2011). Gendered Spaces of Activism in Exurbia: Politicizing an Ethic of Care from the Household to the Region (with Gerda R. Wekerle). Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 32(2): 186231. EJournal Theoretical and Conceptual Toolkit: Political Economy, Capitalist urbanization, political ecology, accumulation by dispossession, placemaking, queer urban ecology, feminist urban ecology, feminist urban theory, black feminist theory, intersectionality, social reproduction, embodiment, subjectivities, subaltern spaces C) Urban Research: Choosing a Research Topic Suggested Reading Ward, Kevin. “Introduction” & “Designing and Urban Research Project.” In Researching the City, p. 1-25. London: Sage, 2020. Moodle. 11 Nov Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Urban Question: The Cultural Turn A) Cultural Studies Fraser, Benjamin. “Why Urban Cultural Studies? Why Henri Lefebvre?” In Toward an Urban Cultural Studies: Henri Lefebvre and the Humanities, 19-42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Reserve González, Sara (2006). Scalar Narratives in Bilbao: A Cultural Politics of Scales Approach to the Study of Urban Policy. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30.4: 836-57. EJournal B) Relational Urbanism, Affect, Emotion, and Embodiment 9 McCann, Eugene and Kevin Ward (2010). Relationality/territoriality: Toward a Conceptualization of Cities in the World. Geoforum 41: 175-184. EJournal Hall, Edward and Robert Wilton (2017). Towards a Relational Geography of Disability. Progress in Human Geography 41.6: 727-744. EJournal Thien, Deborah. "After or beyond feeling? A consideration of affect and emotion in geography." Area 37.4 (2005): 450-454. EJournal C) Urban Research: Qualitative Methods Interviewing and focus groups Bryman Chs. 9 and 11 Course Text Writing up Qualitative Research Bryman Ch. 15 Cultural Texts (coding/decoding, semiotics) Bryman Ch. 12 Course Text Soundscapes Cado, Mike and Teresa Abbruzzese (2010). Tracking Place and Identity in Bruce Springsteen’s Tracks. In Reading the Boss: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Works of Bruce Springsteen, edited by Roxanne Harde and Irwin Streight, 95-118. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Reserve Fraser, Benjamin. “Listening to Urban Rhythms: Soundscapes in Popular Music.” In Toward an Urban Cultural Studies: Henri Lefebvre and the Humanities. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Reserve Theoretical and Conceptual Toolkit: affect, emotion, embodiment, body, relational urbanism, soundscapes, performance, rhythm, text 18 Nov Theoretical and Methodological Considerations of the Urban Question: Postmodernism A) Postmetropolis: Geographical Imaginations Queirós, Margarida (2016). Edward Soja: Geographical Imaginations from the Margins to the Core. Planning Theory & Practice 17.1: 154-160. EJournal Smith, Michael Peter (1992). Postmodernism, urban ethnography, and the new social space of ethnic identity. Theory and Society 21: 493-531. EJournal B) Writing the City Spatially 10 Soja, Edward W. (2003). Writing the City Spatially. City 7.3: 269-80. C) Urban Research: Observation, Participant Observation, Writing Bryman Ch. 10 and 15 Course Text Archives, Documents and Images Bryman Ch. 12 Course Text Theoretical and Conceptual Toolkit: Postmodern urbanism, postmetropolis, writing the city, Edward Soja, Michael Peter Smith 25 Nov Presentations of research ideas (2 minutes each) 2 Dec Presentations of research ideas (2 minutes each) 11 Methodology, Research Design & Research Ethics 3701: Urban Analysis October 7, 2021 Starting your research  Main element of your research:  Narrow the focus of your study: one or two things that distinguish your research from others  By framing your study within these set of questions, you ensure that your project has some degree of originality What is the specific objective of my research project? Why am I doing a project on this subject? Who will potentially be affected by the research project? Who will potentially benefit? What things might change as a result? Linking theory and practice  Theory is to be taken as a set of explanatory concepts that can be useful for explaining a particular phenomenon, situation or activity  These concepts offer certain ways of looking at the world and are essential in defining a research problem  The theoretical framework will influence the questions you want to ask (i.e. assessing the validity of a theory or exposing the unequal structures in society)  Deductive (testing a theory) or Inductive (construct a theory or build on a theory)  Your reading of the literature helps you build your critical lens and give you some firm ideas about a topic. These ideas then will be formulated into a theory that you test or that you construct through research Conceptual Model - Mapping research - It outlines processes, concepts and relationships - Sketching out ideas to make these connections can help with your thinking processes - Information is filtered through the researcher’s value system Methodology: A bridge between theory and method  Theory and method together have an important relationship with the research process  It is in methodology that theory and method come together in order to create a guide to your research design from question formulation, to analysis and representation  Methodology can be altered during research to the extent that the researcher’s epistemological beliefs allow for modification and adjustments  A researcher’s conception of objectivity and subjectivity within the research process will influence whether or not they will be open to revising their methodology once data gathering has begun To read more please refer to: Hesse-Biber, Sharlen and Patricia Leavy. “The Craft of Qualitative Research: A Holistic Approach” from the Practice of Qualitative Research, Sage Publications, 2005. Qualitative Perspectives  Qualitative research is generally conducted from an inductive approach and aims at extracting social meaning, understanding social processes and generating theory  However there are many perspectives from which qualitative research is conducted  These approaches vary and offer social scholars a range of ways to engage in qualitative research as diverse ways to think about the production of knowledge Critical Theory  A unitary concept that brings together many perspectives and interests  Committed to unveiling the political dimensions of cultural practices (research and scholarly practices being a part of this)  Critical theory politicizes science and knowledge  Disagreements and tensions arise between science/knowledge and politics  Empiricists are dedicated to the eviction of politics from science, but critical theorists are interested in the political underpinnings of all modes of representation Postpositivism - Qualitative research is associated with interpretive, feminist, and critical perspectives and not the positivist or postpositivist perspectives from which quantitative researchers operate. However at times, qualitative researchers can work from positivist and postpositivist approaches in qualitative practice - Postpositivism is similar to positivism, but it recognizes that researchers cannot be absolutely positive about their knowledge claims - Moves away from positivist idea of proving causal relationships, postpositivists build evidence to support a pre-existing theory - Relies on deductive logic and hypothesis testing like positivists, but postpositivists attempt to create evidence that will confirm or refute a theory Phenomenology - has its roots in the 18th century as a critique of positivism - phenomenologists were critical of the natural sciences for assuming an “objective” reality independent of individual consciousness - Phenomenologists is not only a philosophy (how consciousness is experienced), but also a research method that aims at understanding the lived experience of individuals - Possible questions phenomenologists are interested in: - How do individuals experience dying? How does one experience depression? How does one experience divorce? - For phenomenologists, there is no “one reality” to how these events are experienced (experience is perceived along a variety of dimensions: how experience is lived in time and space, relationship with others, and our bodily experience) - Use a variety of methods: observation, in-depth interviewing, and examining written accounts of experience (i.e. diaries and blogs) Feminist Perspectives - Developed as a way to address the concerns and life experiences of women who have been excluded from knowledge construction both as researchers and subjects due to male-centered bias in research - Many feminists began to question the nature of knowledge construction, highlighting that new substantive concerns and related research questions (women-centered) necessitated new ways of thinking about and engaging in research unraveling the dominant positivist paradigm - Some feminists (Halpin 1989) link traditional scientific objectivity with the general process of othering and hierarchical thinking in which women, people of color, and sexual minorities have been deemed “other” and treated as inferior to the traditional white heterosexual male scientist  Feminism has offered new and interesting ways to think about objectivity  Many researchers do not aim to abandon objectivity but rather transform it to “feminist objectivity”  Feminist objectivity means situated knowledge (Haraway 1989, p.581), whereby feminists seek to engage with pure objectivity while acknowledging its impossibility, based on the one fact that all research is produced in a social context. It’s about limited location and situated knowledge  Reflexivity- the ongoing questioning of one’s place and power relations within the research process, which leads to justification as to how research subjects were sampled or selected, methods, measurement tools, etc.  In feminist research, such as ethnography, emotional relationships may be an important aspect of the research design  Ethics of caring– political dimensions of engaged feminist research as well as being concerned with the marginalized and silencing of voices by the dominant order. Thus value-free research is irrelevant  Standpoint Epistemology- based on the assumption that in a hierarchically structured world we are all positioned along lines of economic, social, political, ethno-racial, national, sexual orientation differences, and thus different standpoints are produced. Different experiences… Critical Perspectives - There are many approaches - General overview of the key beliefs is that critical theorists reject the main tenets of positivism and that the historical practice of this epistemological position has maintained radically unequal power relations - Way of notions of absolute truth - The traditional scientific method ultimately creates knowledge to maintain the status quo - Critical theorists seek to to access subjugated knowledges and often the micro-politics of power to challenge dominant ideology - Interested in creating transformational knowledge rather than producing knowledge that feeds the system  Postcolonial perspective  Focus on cities and lived realities beyond the west and embraces the global south as the epicentre of urbanism (not Europe or North America)  Emphasizes the importance of multiple genealogies of knowledge production, and diverse entry points into conversations that do not privilege academics  Political aim: to realign urban studies by bringing in urbanization process and experiences from the Global South  Critical urbanism: the macro and micro forces that shape cities and global regional economic dyanmics  Decolonizing Research  Research is arguably linked to imperialism and colonialism  The word “research” is problematic and conjures up colonial encounters and scientific racism which was a systematic approach to measuring one’s faculties by comparing the size of skulls  Knowledge of Indigenous peoples was collected, classified and then represented in particular ways back to the West, what Edward Said referred to as Western discourse about the Other supported by language, institutions, imagery, doctrines and colonial bureaucracies  Imagined construction of the “Orient”  Decolonizing research is the process of rethinking knowledge production, hierarchies, and institutions  Radical compassion that reaches out and seeks collaboration Research Design Case Study Design  Most likely what you will be employing for your own research project  Entails a detailed and intensive analysis of a single case  Examples include: a single community, a family, an organization, a person, a single event, a province, a city, a neighbourhood  Methods in the qualitative paradigm generally entail participant observation, unstructured interviewing  For Quantitative research, survey research is conducted on a single case with a view to revealing important features about its nature Research Ethics - What are the principles adopted by the Tri-Council around the ethical treatment of human participants? - What approval processes are required or recommended within the university setting and external to the university? - How does this research benefit the participants involved and how does it benefit researchers? - How do I respect the work and the personal experiences of others? - How do I stay objective when conducting research on family or someone I know personally? - Link to Purdue Online Writing Lab - “Ethical Considerations in Primary Research” - https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/conducting_research/conducting_primary_ research/research_ethics.html The Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS)  The online tutorial TCPS 2: CORE (Course on Research Ethics) is an introduction to the 2nd Edition of the Tri-Council Policy Statement guiding all research regardless of discipline or methodology. It consists of 8 modules.  Please go to this link to complete the tutorial and the certificate of completion needs to be submitted with your proposal in December.  https://tcps2core.ca/welcome  Click on Institutional Access, and register an account to sign in.  You cannot start your research without completing this certificate. Hashtag urbanism: Digital discourse reflection paper (25% of final grade) For this assignment you need to use Twitter. If you do not have an account, please create one for the purpose of this assignment. You are asked to choose one specific urbanism (i.e. anti- black racism, pandemic, austerity, smart, green, resilient, climate, neoliberal, etc.) from the course syllabus, or any other urbanism that interests you and follow the related hashtags. Observe, read, and write down words that are used in these networked discussions. Who are the digital agents propelling and influencing these conversations? Are ideas connected to global best practices, urban models, theories? Whose perspectives are included in these conversations? Whose perspectives are excluded? Are there any gaps in the discourse? How popular is the urbanism you chose versus other hashtag urbanisms? Follow these hashtag conversations for about two weeks or more and write a reflection responding to the questions above. The word limit is 1000 words, and it is due gth of November.
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OUTLINE
● Introduction
○ Facebook, a social media and technology company, announced a few weeks ago
that it would change its name to Meta.
● The Digital Agents Propelling and Influencing the Conversation
○ Facebook is a global business, and it is only natural that a rebrand will attract
almost everyone.
● Global Best Practices, Urban Models and Theories
○ The ideas in the conversation #Meta is connected to different models and theories.
○ This sentiment is shared by a lot of people and Elizabeth Warren's Tweet, as
illustrated above.
● Critical Ethnography
○ The ideas discussed in this conversation are connected to Urban models; critical
ethnography is a methodology that explores the various discourses considered to
be a "right" way to see, talk and think about various societal situations (Vanover,
2020). After that, ways are recommended to counter social power inequities
(Conquergood, 1991).
● Epistemology
○ While critical ethnography seeks to know how people distinguish between right or
wrong, Epistemology seeks to understand how people get knowledge (Gordon,
2017).
○ Some people tweet that Facebook's new rebrand Meta stands for Make Everything
Trump Again and even connect it to MAGA, which stands for Make American
Great Again (Rini, 2017).
● Digital Urbanism
○ Digital Urbanism is a new urban utility that understands city administration relies
on the pervasiveness of communication and information technologies (Coletta et
al., 2018).
● Perspectives Included and Excluded in the Conversation
○ The perspectives of different people have been included in this conversation. But
companies, individuals, or groups that have the most following are the
perspectives that are mostly included in the conversation.
● References
○ Coletta, C., Heaphy, L., Perng, S. Y., & W...


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