(le^a,4aol{ OlSUO]}O esuEApB luarllula^oSPU?llIEd elp surloJeleulos .u3uJo/r\ Peuessol 'sarlq8ra ,^aeu eql qll1A lueuqsrldurocce srseqdrue uo f+lleclcerd ur io Proral eqt 'perurelc eseu uauro't,t uetll ssel pue aleldurocreleu sB'{^ uIEUaJE o1lurod PlnoclI s,,!re4lslunuuoC eseulqCeql q8noqlly -lrlC Jo lo1eql Sur,ro.rdur ol.lrreuulrururoc :CNVIIOVIX IT .fo ONINS)V,{W,, S,Nf,IAIO/$, ,ssENSnoISsNOC inttr 'I rraql ur dr s/$ollElst{ lqrsuodsa unnl^r arl I alEr-lsr5 a ou eIB srel qJmIIIIIxr oun13utotg] z 'ou 'r lrsa?tqButtis lgt-.fL :(L26r1.rdy7qcru61) '1ue1ts ',{lyqrsuodse.r uteuar am a^II ol o1 dn rno PelIEieABqe/!\ 'l1np ino sI ll 's8urqloseqllnoqe ,{1uedo eq lou lsnu e A 4esdso1PIeTJB JI ' ' ' 'lusIxrBIN1ou sr Surlnods '4eedslaql uaq^\ urslxrEl4l 3eg eql e^e^\ s'{e'+rp'{eq; ere ,{aql tBt{.'!\}nfl 1o .seldrcurrd,4orruu u^\o rreql ol SurpJoccusreqlool 3ur1e1c1p uo lslsul IIqs oq,4A 'PePuItu 'luasard lv'alP IIIA\l},tlearc telr\odur aldoadaurosllurelrac elB araql 'soqlsle^Iun -,t\orreu sr cqsrldturs pue lq8noql PuB se8allocuI Pe^\olp IIB JI ?,^,6, 'rotredns,{pre1core IBI{}sarnllnc esoql ,g plnoqs lq8norl ;o llrsre,rrp1eer3y " ^:i-,tf ^ ,{, r''l -.' selnllnc lueleJJIPo1 uado eq PFoqs alA | ,,,+'? Jo slueuele eql ldoPe o13ut11mPuB Y '8ur4urq1;os,{u,tr luere;grpol uedo oq Plnoqssreqtueurfi;e4 plunuuri? *r,O -dy) 'do1eql 1BuEls Plnor{sa,Lr'aurldrcsrpSuruaq}8uar}s }noqE 'no"" '{11'"' aree^\JI 'aculduoururochan st uotldnr.roclouos slql IEI{IPug 1lm no'{ "letcos 'uotldniloc ,arn1nJ sr pnol) u1 ('asnelddu aql rno lnoqE erol,uuteel no,t se 'lou s1 3urq1aruuseql sl eulldlcslPJo u^\oP{EerqJo puDI slt{l PuV ('esnelddy) Az*)a2 ,eurldrcsrp *,,,,I'"'' a.renol;1 ('la1 lnoqu 3ur41e1 ll lBr{A\Jo aldtuu*aluellecxeuB sr srril -q8ne1pnol) 'ereqtSurol se,ueq lBq^\Eaprou e^sq I 'PJIB8Euw17ro,{Bur-act,r slt{l sl 3ut,uesqo,,PeJePlsuoc asoqqSuouy 2,,eut1drcsrp Surheg selr 8urpue11e .slolBlaleccE rilr^ AuBrlruleJou puB scrslqdur suollBc$IlBnbou peq lues esoql ,, , t. 1 rp ' lueyl 'lltsraltun rno tuorJeuo ,{1uosE^\e'Ieqleldoadual re^olo uone8alep .',,"i','l"r'o9 's('1",'v,Qil1q1o rr",rtq3 oql ur lnfl'{lo/v\Jo puDI slt{l ul Po^lo^ul{pceflp erE oqA\ slredxe 'as:noc 'purtu ,{u u1 'peluesardar puE srBlor{cseq plnoqs sluedrcrpedeql 5o .sro}Erelaccralcrprd uo ulnlsodtu,{s ere^{Eurqc puElurEurpuB uB^{rEJq}ou 'se^lesuoql e-IeqJ :eldruexaue nol e,rr8111't'r I IBuorlBurelulue .,(puecarsE^\ aurldrcsrpol palluj e^Eq sroPuelfired luelrodull lno 1o ,{ueurleql sI uosrar rno lsol o^Eq e/r\ uosee-IIBer eql sl letl1\ 1""i rqg 2eurldrcsrppur sleopl ' ' ' 'PIOAB ro ozltululul ol alqBaq lqtsIuroA\ o"t .r"t(: tuel{} e^los ler{l ornlnJ reau eq} uI sn laseq IIL'!{}Btl} sualqo'rd {p*tPt ol PUE o1,{4 pue A\oulslxe leql suralqord{pt"Pt o1st luupodurt erotu qcnu sI lEtlAA .alntnj aql olur tBJler{+eeslouuEc'eslallun eq1,(pn1soq,uJ1es,{uoTIIslsqualcs ('esnulddy)'peor alg uzvropsrear(uoIIIIu B trleolPuetdoln aulos eq l,uPlnoqs 'aslnor '.{ercos jo JO "'Qetcos luoue^ordur eql oq Plnoqs leo8 .rno lf lnQ B e^Eqplnoqs e/!\lBrf ,(ldurrssr rusIIBepI rno prBlr\olfirpqrsuodser;o 3ur1ae1 'eurldrcslppue usIIBePISurlouord uaeq seq a1elsoq1,{1e1e1 Jo Bepr [st1] LrS oq/h m Jo a^l zq$ I q fa,( seq pe8ernoo -.xru u3rlfil Enoqr.uI rq'fialrt q -b'rvnf,{ ft[-"€,{ti rqr@4 .{!'qp1 {q jo a&i mrmr) e erBq$ru lFqqFil -co r&ut s $m3slPP j0 a$0$ u -,tq[q$uo -uoqnru:t ffrp uns I aJoru{xr s 'sDru!(x(xt ilro ou "ofi mlqeloaq saPrqs F.. 9!fi s,?uag sctltLJsll PuD,,uo11Pz11uapo141,, C18 THE RETURN TO STABILITY AND TRADITION in the workforce' inadvertently reduced women's accessto education and participation Li Xiaoiiang' a As a result, some earlier gainswere lost and new problems appeared' Studies Reprofessorof chinese alzhengzhou University and chair of the women's searchCenter, analyzesthe Situationin 1988' ,,Report on work" of the Thirteenth Party congress clearly lays out the The reform of theory oi the first stagesof socialism:so-calledreform, including development the advance to political structures,is intendedfirst and foremost in ecoof ,o"i"ty', productive forces.The congressinitiated improvements of otrr nomic efficiency in order to realize more quickly the transformation It alsoattacked countryfrom impoverishment,to relativecomfort,to prosperity' world, theoretical the of dogmatism the the bureaucracyof the political world, It proposed individual. the egalitarianir- of th" economy,and the apathyof the goals, approachto reform and true economic competition.These a rea*hstic they sought afte; but unrealized for many years' are well and good-but the squarely face to impelled thriten *o-en. In the spirit of realism,we are ecoIn actual issueof biology and childbirth for women in socialproduction. is inclined no-i. .o*pJtition, the factsthat the quality of women as workers the enterand women make evidently role dual a have to be low and that they prisesthat employ them lesscompetitive' "iron rice bowl" Reform has also eliminatedlife tenure for cadresand the policy and the of industry.At preciselythe sametime that the limited tenure and many of contractsyrt".ow"r. being implemented,much of the protection As a result' by one' one disappear to began the benefitsfor women irrindustry for men promotions the problemsof "samework differentpay" and unequal and women havearisen' only In rgBBa seriesof women'sissuesbecameevenmofe pronounced.Not and women's with intertwined are interests women, but the inany men whose all the as well as affected, who are with women from morning to night, were at glimpse the families concernedabout a daughteror a wife' Let us take a issuesin the natural courseofth4t one year' congresses Firstquarter.In the processof democraticelectionsfor people's female few Congress' at every level and fo, th" SeventhNational People's participation in cadreswere elected, highlighting the problern of women's government. selfsecondquarter.with the simultaneousimplementationof enterDrise social women's systems' managementand discretionaryhiring and contract salary,employment,and promotionswere all threatened,rendering benefi"ts, women workets'problemsmore acute' for collegegraduatesand those_whofailed Third quarter.In job assignments for women to passthe college entranceexaminations,employmentproblems future ,,rrf"".d anew. This directly endangeredyoung women intellectuals' prospectsand develoPment. Fourth q pursuit in i the increas call for "eq lengesin li women en( some wol]r interpretth The har endureare ual problen hasneverb to face real actuallya n with reforn thus been t Historicallr logicalpub excessivelr problems a meansthat unity with r economicI problems,i Discussion oppression of feudalisn were mosth lems of clas Today,h women's is! not only in in the lives cially in cor creatingam crisis. It is hard "Socialism obvious "eq plight, then 'lq8rld -sar8ar peor oql 3ur4e1aq ol suees uolleroqll s,uatuo't{eseulqCuaql Jo snol^qo ,.Ueuro,4PuB uetll ;o l1r1enbo,, Ienlce s(ueuloit\elnsEeLuol PTEPUBIS sa]Elaqllulsllelcos,' slslrr eq] lBrS eql asn e.{\JI 'slslxa,(1a,lqcefqo ,,'uaulo't\ o1OttU tlrtlr,r, eserqdqcluc aql ol Peurolsnrctueuro'\ eseulq3 ro] ua^e "{uep tlll^\ so^lesueqlulacuoc oq/( esoqlSuouE Suquerc Jo asuosE senssls,uauro,4^ 'BulqC &urodueluoc ur '{11erc :uo,lrrr1p auoc suolqord s.uauourl u-ror3 &e,la -edsg 'sa,tr1 s(uauo^\io lace3,{ra,tauI Pue sselc,{'rele1o uatuo't{Jo se^II0q} uI uouo^{Jo stuolqordotll uI ^luo lou oslBlnq {-ro^\lB ueluo,t\IIBJoPue sreryo,4\ 'pecunouord lllenper8 eAEr{senssls,uetuo^\ euocoq oroul pelca$el ere ,(eq1 'pepece; sansslsE1sn['ra'ramoq a^Bq Plro/v\eql PuEEuIqC uI ssBlcJo "{epol 'ssBlc Jo suel -qo:d sepezr:o8alecag Plnoc Pueuerrro,t\8ur>Fo.u;osruelqordeql {llsour ele/v\ 'uor1e1ro1dxa lsrlelrdec;otrcnpo:deql PUEtusllePneiJo oseql'.{l}unlq}! }nd o1 'uotleuturtrcstp'uolsserddo ,rS,lrrn rnotrruredeql aJelr{esaqlllueuenelsuapue ararvr s,{e,,vr1e trsudoql ur senssrs,uaulo/y\ Jo suolssncslq Suunpue uerilo,ry\ 1r-roqu ernln] .slEnlcalle lo] surolq uouto,4A esoql P Pallej oq^\ Suuepuar'Peuel IBIJOS S,UeuIO,t\ 's -JleseslrdraluaJo ur uotledrcrlreds 'ssel: olBtua] /Y\oJ s,eldo sessar8uoc eqt }e esdurll8E oql llE se IIa/Y\s qll PUEs,uoulo/Y\ 'Pecun ,{1uo1o51 zsansslaql erv ,{l}rBxg lBtuv\ uer'tl loJ suollotll 'suralqo:d 'luncgtuSrsur auoceq a,teq,(eqlletll ul ,{11ucr3o1or;os aru a:eq; 'fiercoslq pauopuequLlaeqo^eq ulroJerclulouoce s(uauro,t\,,(pr:1 gllarrAlun s.ueulo.{\ lnq louuEc leql a8pal,LroulJB Jo lsptLuerl.lul seltssr "{larcos or{M'uellto.r\oseulqc lBtll suBeul rreql azruSocaro13uo1eIIBplBr{peilo,4 O^BLI srq; 'luaruclolo^apclurouoce PuE urloJer s..(arcosSurlcn4sqoe:e suelqord '{1e'ttssecxa s(ueuro,4A 1eq1.(eso] aq Plno,t\lurod srql l8 uorlBleqll s(uJtuoM;o tlo qcnu 1ur:do18ur1l,Lrunale suol}Ecllqnd1ecr3o1 >1eeds o1ro1'sanssts,uatuo,{\ - o r r o sr ^ r l r l l l o l l l n r t r P u o , { o l N ' o s s r 1 r , { 1 r 1 euar- r: o s u o J q s e q1 ' { 1 1 e c l r o 1 s t 1 1 'fircedec eql ul euolsJeuloraLIluaaq snql s.fiercos;o a,rrlcnpord luarudole,rep '.'!r,,rr1cnpord :oqe1'roqe1ssecxase qcns) uroJer q}IM e^Br{uouIoAA'(uoos pur peSrauraleql sualqo.rdlErcosroqlo .{ueura,rlosaro1fiercos-roJsuBotuu,i11en1ce 'fir1eareoei ol aql leql aeslsnu euo uaql sr sualqo.rds,ueuro,r\ 5o ecua8rau-ra aq} uI ocroi Sut^ou eq} ueoqre^au sBq ,{1uosreuo;1 '.{rolsrq 8ur1y.L\ 1o ssarSord 'lIe^Eou ol sl lleiun sEllercos Surzrcrlrr3'sualqotdpn acqsnf ecueleqeqJ ;o -pl^lpu1,{1areu sepanl}suocare,{aq}lsualqord IBIcossPuees.Ie^ouoIBalnPua ol anurluoc pue uaql PalnPuouetuol,rsa;nssardoseqlleql sI Alse^Ellot{J 'ueulo.4A jo acroqcsllolrsuor eql sElnq llercosio III^\ aql sBlou slql leldlalul 'etuoq '{1ge1r"raut A uaulo^\ etuos ol ePIcaP urlllel ol eql IIL 1Im eldoed lnfl 'secuelsurncrlc la}unorur ueulo't\ o1Sururnla-r oql tePun 'qlIIqPIIr{clolie {Io,4A eql PuBsluauu8tsse{lo^\ Ienlre aqt 1o lq8q ur se8uel uorlrsoclpeSelue,rpesrp sesnBc,,,{edlenbe- Yon lenbe,,rol 11ec lBqc ora^esololu ue^oacBJ01ueuro,t\ eql ar{J'lcrHuoclcerrp olur eulBcuetllo.t\loJ uePinq elqnoPosuelAIbuIsBeIcul .{rlsnpuru1lrnsrnd eq] 'drcedec4ro.r >1ead;o pue sesrrdrelua 1o .ro3r,lpasBarcur 'rauDnb lunog peerdseplneql pue ruroJerclruouocaJo Suruedaapaqi qll,,1A 615 'llnser e sV'euo uol ;o ,{uutu PUE oqtrPue fcrlod ; uoll. ,(l,{\oqeJIr -relue eql PUEu sI slel Peullcul ' -oca ul IBnlcE eql {larEnbs ac {aql lnq-Poo 'sleo8 asrq.T, t pasodordll ler 'ppo,Lr lecriaro; oslB}l Pa{cullE Jno JO UOIleur -oca uI slueu lueurdole,'raP I 8ur 1o tu:o;er eql lno s{EI i -au SOIPUSs. e 'SuerloetYt'acrolllo,^ ar{r s,?uaq srtltrJ sll puD,.uotJDztuJapo61,, ,2O THE RETURN TO STABILITY AND TRADITION sion. In the face of this "reversetide," the long-parroted,never tested,never deeply researchedtheory of women's liberation apPearsexhausted.It is this weaknessof conventionaltheorythat compelsus to facethe realityof Chinese societyand the reality bf Chinese women, to investigateconscientiouslyall women'sissues. theseearth-shattering zhanxian kexue 3oo-31o; 4(re88): lshehui "^T,i"!ilTlJ:;fi1tff'[Ti: T H E N t r WA U T H O R I T A R I A N I S M Many intellectualsdebatedthe merits of the "new authoritarianism"during the latter called half of the rg8os.To its proponents it had some resemblancesto what earlier was for need on the was emphasis main but its "guided democracy," "political tutelage"or decade siability asa precondition for economic growth. We seein the excerptsbelow, a experipolitical after Deng's opening to the outside world, the influence of Western South enceand philosophyand referencesto the Four Dragons Hong Kong,Taiwan, was Korea,and Singapore.Wu f iaxiang,a noted advocateof the new authoritarianism, communist the chinese of Division a researcherat the Investigationand Research pagy,s central office at the time of the debate. Rong Jian, an important opponent of of the new authoritarianism,was a doctoral student in the philosophy department Beijing' in People'sUniversity ..AN THE NEWAUTHORITARIANISM,'' OUTLINEFORSTUDYING WU IIAXIANG: MAY1989 cannotbe without authority;authority 3.The developmentof human society prwides stability.Similarly,it cannotbe without liberty;libertyprovidesvitality' A stableand yet continuouslychangingsocietyis a modern societyin which authorityand freedomare integrated.. ' . the marketecon+. The fundamentalprogramof the new authoritarianismis omy. Without a new authority, marketizationcannot be accomplished,and without that, there can neverbe true democraticpolitics' ' ' ' dedicatedto forming the political power 5. The new authoritarianismis .,"""rr"ry to resolvemaior socialproblemsand liberatesocietyfrom crisesduring the stageof society'stransformation.It has been said that China's most p.oll.* today is that the country is not clear on what its critical prob"ri"ti"rl poor iudgmenl In fact,china is This is a cleversayingbut expresses l"-s "re. alreadyclear on its problems;the reasonthere has not been an effectiveresolution is that a sufficientlylarge and strongpolitical power has not yet been to solve There aretwo aspectsto this political powerthat arenecessary amassed. ..' masses. the of power the and society'sproblems: the government'spower redisthe of form 6. Th; new authoritarianismis most concernedabout the tributior has decl 7.TI this equ perhaps (the old no othe 8. Tl ory of tl political this ther autocra( and potr politics, balance authorit 9.cl cratic p< Roussea democri counrry, goverrin the Fed tarianisr ro. T which st or a set n.T Its scope and plar be prodr explains thority ir of histor of politi tarian st The I stages;tJ somePr in mode idea of r authoritr 
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