Human Biochemistry Homework Assignment # 2 Name: Part 1: For each reaction, name the enzyme involved from the list below. a. Phosphatidyl choline + H2O → free fatty acid + lysophosphatidyl choline b. DHAP + NADH + H+ ↔ glycerol-3-phosphate + NAD+ c. Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP → oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi d. Fructose + ATP → fructose-1-phosphate + ADP e. Glucose 6-phosphate + H2O → glucose + Pi f. EPA or arachidonic acid → Prostaglandins or Thromboxanes (Prostanoids) g. EPA or arachidonic acid → Leukotrienes h. Glycerol + ATP → glycerol 3-phosphate + ADP i. Free fatty acid (FFA) + CoA + ATP → Acyl CoA + AMP + PPi j. Acetyl CoA + HCO3 + ATP → Malonyl CoA + ADP + Pi Part 2: Multiple Choice 1. How does lysophosphatidylcholine differ in its structure from phosphatidylcholine? A. It is missing the glycerol backbone. B. It is missing the fatty acid at the carbon 2 position C. It is missing the phosphate. D. It is missing the choline. 2. The reaction ceramide + phosphatidylcholine forms 1,2-diacylglcyerol + A. sphingomyelin B. sphingocholine C. plasmalogen D. sphingophosphate 3. The synthesis of triacylglycerol (fat) also partly includes the pathway for synthesizing what other group of lipids? A. steroids B. cholesterol C. phospholipids D. ketones 4. . Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning fatty acid nomenclature? A. The omega carbon is at the carboxylic acid (-COOH) end B. The alpha carbon is at the methyl (-CH3) end. C. An omega 3 unsaturated fatty acid has the first double bond located 3 carbons from the methyl end. D. An omega 6 unsaturated fatty acid has the first double bond located 6 carbons from the carboxylic end. 5. Fatty acid synthase complex: A. Synthesizes malonyl CoA from acetyl CoA. B. Needs ATP, biotin, and acetyl CoA to become activated. C. Is an eight protein monomer complex. D. All of the above are correct. 6. Which of the following reactions occurs first in fatty acid synthesis? A. Acyl carrier protein (ACP) binds malonyl CoA. B. A 2 carbon acetyl group binds to the malonyl group and loses a CO2 molecule. C. Synthesis of malonyl CoA from acetyl CoA. D. Synthesis of palmitate. 7. This compound is a precursor for glycerol synthesis. A. Diacylglycerol B. Phosphatidic acid C. DHAP D. Galactose 8. In eicosanoid metabolism, anti-inflammatory steroids inhibit which enzyme? A. Phospholipase A2 B. Lipoxygenase C. Ketoase 9. NSAIDs or aspirin inhibit the activity of synthesis. A. arachidonic acid C. EPA D. Eicosanase which reduces thromboxane B. cyclooxygenase (COX) D. lipoxygenase 10. Which compound is important in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine? A. UTP B. GTP C. CTP D. TTP 11. Fatty acids with higher melting points are generally: A. unsaturated fatty acids C. short chain saturated fatty acids B. long chain saturated fatty acids D. all of the above 12. Which of the following compounds is an example of a trienoic acid? A. 22:5 C. 18:3 B. 20:4 D. 16:1 13. In partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, some of the cis double bonds are: A. oxidized to aldehydes C. oxidized to acids B. isomerized to trans fatty acids D. oxidized to single bonds Part 3: Matching (an answer may be used more than once or not at all) (34 pts). Alpha Linolenic acid A. 20:5 omega 3 Stearic acid B. 20:4 omega 6 Oleic acid C. progesterone Arachidonic acid D. 18:1cis 9 Linoleic acid E. estradiol . DHA F. 22:6 omega 3 This steroid is involved in maintaining pregnancies G. 18:3 omega 3 This steroid regulates sodium excretion H. cortisol This steroid helps regulate blood glucose levels I. 18:0 This steroid regulates menstruation J. aldosterone In this disease, the enzyme hexosaminidase A is deficient K. 18:2 omega 6 These compounds contain ceramide plus sugars L. insulin These eicosanoids are proinflammatory M. arachidonic acid This fatty acid is the precursor to the group 3 eicasanoids N. phosphatidyl choline This compound is the precursor for most O. Niemann-Pick sphingolipids P. gangliosides This hormone initiates triacylglycerol (fat) synthesis following a meal Q. cerebrosides This fatty acid produces the group 3 eicosanoids R. Tay-Sachs S. leukotrienes T. EPA U. ceramide Part 4: Fill in the blank (10 pts) Unsaturated fatty acids synthesized in humans always have the double bond formed in the configuration. unsaturated fatty acids arise due to the partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated vegetable oils or from bacterial metabolism. Lipids containing fatty acids, glycerol and phosphate are called . A group of similar compounds that contain a cyclic nucleus resembling a phenanthrene ring structure are called is the positive presence of ketone bodies in the blood and urine. .
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