AMU New Face of Title IX Due Process Article Discussion

User Generated

tnzory

Law

American Military University

Description

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Read this article on Title IX and Due Process The New Face of Title IX Due Process Daniel Kees Twitter Facebook LinkedIn Email Print Font Size: • A A Education Department’s proposed rule could transform procedural protections under Title IX. Tweet Share Post Email Print Link Font Size: • A A Sexual harassment and other forms of gender-based violence occupy a larger segment of the national conversation than ever before. Repeated revelations of harassment by famous men have dominated the news cycle over the past year, but a major part of the larger national conversation has also focused on sexual misconduct on college campuses. Recently, the Trump Administration took a major step to revise federal policy related to campus sexual assault. In November 2018, the U.S. Department of Education proposed a rule that would change how schools respond to sexual harassment and assault under Title IX, the federal law prohibiting sexbased discrimination in any federally funded school. The period for public comment on the proposed rule ended last week. The proposed rule would take the novel step of articulating a definition for Title IX sexual harassment, which the Education Department considers consistent with Supreme Court case law: unwelcome conduct so “severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive” that it denies a person equal access to an education. Schools would need to dismiss formal complaints alleging harms that fail to meet the Education Department’s definition of harassment. Last year, the Education Department rescinded Obama-era guidance documents advising schools on a different way to handle sexual misconduct and other Title IX violations. Under the Obama Administration standard, schools—not law enforcement—had the responsibility to investigate sexual assault allegations. Although this responsibility would continue under the proposed rule, Education Secretary Betsy DeVos stated that the Obama guidance did not offer sufficient due process protections for persons accused of sexual assault. Unlike Obama-era guidance, the Trump Administration’s proposed rule would require formal due process protections for the students involved. Although schools must still provide a meaningful response to all reports of sexual harassment, only formal complaints would trigger the requirement that they investigate. This distinction would give schools greater discretion in handling informal complaints of sexual harassment. Schools would have to provide formal written notice to the accused that specifies the alleged misconduct, and the schools’ grievance procedures would include a presumption of innocence until the school makes a determination of responsibility. Students would be given the opportunity to review all evidence—which cannot be copied or downloaded—used in the investigative report, and students would have at least 10 days to submit optional written responses prior to the report’s filing. The Education Department’s proposal specifies that schools would not be able to restrict either party’s ability to discuss matters of the case, which means that schools could not issue a “gag order” to keep proceedings confidential. This action could pose problems for students wanting to keep the case private. If an investigation is initiated, the school—not the students involved—carries the burden of proof and the burden of evidence gathering to determine responsibility. The on-campus Title IX Coordinator or a school-appointed investigator would interview the students and witnesses, collect documentary or other types of evidence, compile a report, and perform all other investigation-related duties. This person, however, could not also serve as the decision-maker or as part of a decision-making panel. In the proposed rule, the Education Department rejected a “single investigator” or “investigator-only” model for the Title IX grievance process, reasoning that the separation of investigative and decision-making duties would create a fairer process. Under the proposed rule, schools could apply the clear and convincing evidence standard or the Obama-backed preponderance of the evidence standard. The lower preponderance standard, however, would only be available if the school already uses it for non-sexual harassment conduct violations that carry the same maximum disciplinary penalties. Schools must use the same standard for complaints involving students and employees, including faculty, a move the Department says will lead to fairer outcomes, as students have traditionally had fewer formal protections than faculty in misconduct investigations. The proposed rule would also require colleges and universities to conduct a live hearing that could include cross-examination. Subject to school approval, the students’ chosen advisors, who may be attorneys, would perform the cross-examination. The proposed rule would require that an advisor conduct the questioning because it bars personal confrontation between the students, who can request that cross-examination take place with students in separate rooms, allowing the accused to watch live via technological means. The proposed rule would also require that “rape shield” protections—which generally prohibit questions about an accuser’s sexual history—be in place during the hearing proceedings. After reaching a decision, schools would issue a written decision outlining the investigation’s findings and evidentiary support, the decision-making rationale, the appropriate sanctions, and information about the school’s appeals process. In the proposed rule, the Education Department emphasized that all students must be treated equitably throughout the process and that all remedies must be designed to “restore or preserve access” to the school’s educational program or activity. If schools comply with these grievance procedures, the proposed rule would create a safe harbor against a finding of “deliberate indifference” in court, reducing the viability of a lawsuit against a school for its handling of a Title IX investigation. Proponents of the proposal applaud what they consider its transparency and focus on accountability. Secretary DeVos said in a press release that the proposal’s goal is to make Title IX grievance proceedings “more transparent, consistent, and reliable.” She also noted that protecting the accuser and the accused “are not mutually exclusive ideas.” Opponents of the proposed rule argue that the focus on protecting accused students would create barriers that deny equal protection to those who report sexual harassment. For example, they point to a provision that allows students to submit to an informal resolution, such as a mediation, at any point before a responsibility determination—which Obama guidance ruled out due to its potential chilling effect on reporting assaults. The Education Department, however, says this options gives schools more flexibility in handling sexual harassment matters. Critics also contend that the proposed rule creates “procedural and technological challenges” for schools—which vary in their capacities to investigate Title IX complaints—to comply with the grievance procedures. Many critics argue that the lack of a gag order might hurt accusers’ reputations on campus and that hearings might re-traumatize assault victims. Some opponents also lament that the rule would completely absolve schools of misconduct occurring off campus at places like fraternity parties—a likely setting for campus sexual assault. The Education Department denies that the rule would make such a geographic distinction, and it affirms that school liability will be based on the particular facts of the case—such as whether an off-campus event was paid for by the school or occurred on property the school owns. The proposed rule has also drawn criticism by individuals and groups that view the change as harmful to student safety. The Society of Women Engineers (SWE), for example, said that Title IX is critical to the “persistence and ultimate success” of women in the academic setting, who now make up a majority of college graduates. SWE warned that inadequate protections would lead to a continued shortage of engineering talent in the United States. Former Vice President Joe Biden tweeted that the proposal would “discourage sexual assault reporting and investigations,” and he urged people to voice their concerns through the public notice-and-comment period that accompanies proposed rules. Now that the comment period has closed, the Education Department will begin the process of reviewing public input as it works to finalize the rule. Tagged: Barack Obama, Department of Education, Donald Trump, Due Process, Proposed Rule, Title IX question Discuss any of the following questions: • • • How have different Presidential administrations influenced the procedures for Title IX actions involving sexual harassment and assault? Do you see a need to protect federal agencies from political influence or is it proper for agencies to implement the President’s policy preferences? Why do you think the Department of Education used notice and comment rulemaking, rather than guidance documents, enforcement discretion, or other means to change how schools respond to Title IX claims? Discussion: Part 2 Does the FDA have the authority to regulate drugs intended for lethal injection, or other devices used for execution (such as electric chairs, gallows, firing squads, and firearms), as “drugs” or “devices” under the FDCA? How would the FDA Tobacco case apply to this question? Factors to consider: • • • Definitions of “drug” and “device” in the FDCA FDA’s “efficacy” and “no harm” requirements Whether FDA would have to ban execution drugs and devices In thinking about how the FDA Tobacco case would apply to this question, consider the following: • • • • If a product can’t be safely used for a therapeutic purpose but also can’t be banned, does it fit under the FDCA’s regulatory scheme? Is it relevant that the FDA claimed it did not have the authority to regulate drugs/devices used in capital punishment before 2017? Does it matter whether a particular substance is safer or more effective than other means of execution? In the tobacco case, the Supreme Court reasoned that Congress had repeatedly confirmed that tobacco products would remain available. How would that reasoning apply in the context of capital punishment and availability of the death penalty? If the FDA doesn’t have jurisdiction regulate lethal injection drugs, what are the implications for importing drugs from other countries for this purpose? Are there any safety concerns?
Purchase answer to see full attachment
User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Explanation & Answer

View attached explanation and answer. Let me know if you have any questions.Hello🙋 I've attached the final answer to Question 1: Discussion Part 2. Please check it out then get back to me in case you'll need any changes made. I'll also submit the final answer to question 2 down below.Thank you for your patience and cooperation!😇

1

Discussion: Part 2

Name
Institution
Course
Date

2
Discussion: Part 2
Does the FDA have the authority to regulate drugs intended for lethal injection or other
devices used for execution (such as electric chairs, gallows, firing squads, and firearms) as
“drugs” or “devices” under the FDCA?
In answering this question, several factors have to be considered. The first factor entails
the definition of “drug” and “device” according to the FDCA (“Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act”). Thus, based on the FDCA, drugs entail articles acknowledged in the “official
National Formulary” or “United States Pharmacopoeia” or any addition to any of them. The
term also means articles used to treat diseases among human beings or animals or articles
focused on affecting the body’s structure-function among human beings or animals (FDA, 2021).
On the other hand, a device is defined as any instrument/apparatus that is also recognized by the
“official National Formulary” or “United States Pharmacopoeia.” The device should also treat
diseases among humans/animals or focus on affecting the body's structure-function. Another
factor to consider is “FDA’s efficacy and no harm requirements.”
The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is tasked with ensuring efficacy and no-harm
among the products it regulates, including food, medical devices, and drugs. Effectiveness is
usually established based on sufficient and well-controlled studies of the products with
convincing results (FDA, 2021). Therefore, FDA as a regulatory body ensures the effectiveness
of the products distributed across America. On the other hand, the “no harm” requirements, any
injury whatsoever as well as drug-linked risks are among the FDA agency’s top regulations...


Anonymous
Awesome! Perfect study aid.

Studypool
4.7
Trustpilot
4.5
Sitejabber
4.4

Similar Content

Related Tags