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Week 10 Assignment 4 Submission

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Assignment 4: PowerPoint Presentation

Due Week 10 and worth 200 points

Using Assignments 1, 2 and 3, create a 6-8 slide PowerPoint presentation in which you:

  1. Provide a historical perspective of the policy from Assignment 1.
  2. Describe the official and unofficial actors of the policy from Assignment 2.
  3. Present both of the positions of the policy from Assignment 3.
  4. Persuade the audience that the position you have chosen is worthy of the policy being implemented.
  5. Include at least four (4) peer-reviewed references (no more than five [5] years old) from material outside the textbook. Note: Appropriate peer-reviewed references include scholarly articles and governmental Websites. Wikipedia, other wikis, and any other Websites ending in anything other than “.gov” do not qualify as peer-reviewed.

Your assignment must:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the tile of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
  • Be narrated, using the slide notes section in PowerPoint. This is what your grade will be based on.

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Running head: Public policy Historical Perspective Rodriko Sankey Rick Humphress Public Policy Analysis April 23, 2017 2 Public policy Week 3 Assignment 1 President Clinton’s and Obama’s healthcare policies The main reason for the development of Obamacare was to ensure there is patient’s protection as well as avoidable health care in the United States for both the rich and the poor alike. Healthcare is one of the best need for better survival of people, and that is why both President Clinton and President Obama fought for it so as to assist the entire population. The policy was enacted on March 10, 2010, and was signed by Obama and thus it became law. The process of Obamacare policy making was initiated by the former President Clinton but was implemented by President Obama during his tenure. The policy became into effect under the leadership of the former President Obama and had served a great deal in helping people access to medication and better healthcare (Manchikanti, 2015). The policy was fueled by the state to some of the citizens with low living standards in the United States and could not afford the medication and other healthcare facilities. Few people in the United States are immigrants who came to America in search of better working conditions and thus most of them are poor, and they are the one working hard in improving the economy of the entire nation. President Clinton and Obama did promise the citizens on the better health care through the implementation of different policies and thus the enactment and use of the Obamacare which played a critical role in assisting Americans to have access to patient’s protection as well as better health care facilities. The main urgency of the policy was as a result Public policy 3 of the poor Americans who were provided unskilled labor in the country. The US government were in a position to provide the service and thus the passing of the policy (Oberlander, 2016). During the time of policy process making, United States had improved economic growth, and this was as a result of the unskilled labor in the country. Since there was the most working population in the entire country, the leadership came up with a policy to cover them regarding medication and allow them to have access to medication. The economic growth of United States is one of the best around the globe and thus the need to help its citizens in living a better life, and one of the best ways is to ensure that they all have access to better healthcare facilities since health is the first step to wealth. Socially, Americans diverge when it comes to their beliefs, norms and the customs that they hold on to like the country. To bring different cultures together and out the interest of the entire country as the priority, there were a need to unite all Americans using some policies that will apply to them all as one. One of the policies that played a very paramount role in uniting Americans across social differences is the Obamacare which became available to them all. By virtue of being an American, the Obamacare were functional and this united and brought some sense of ownership among Americans and patriotism as a whole (Romney, 2015). In the world of politics, the Obamacare received a lot of rejection both from the locals and also in the international world. It is normal for any policy to receive critics from the political world and this was one of the main challenges during the implementation of the policy because of the differences which were fueled by the politicians. Obama was seen as winning more Americans both the republicans and the democrats because of the policy which assisted all regardless of the political difference and thus more rejection from the opponents. Even though the policy were one of the best since it aimed at helping the less fortunate in the society have Public policy 4 access to medication, it faced a lot of rejection from the political arena and even the current president of the United States, Donald Trump administration is radically changing the policy about Obama health care instead of enhancing it to fit the current situation in the United States. The policy was more effective at the time of amendment due to the situations which were prevailing at that particular time. The policy helped a lot of people have access to patient’s protection and much better health care facility at that particular time, and since there has been a lot of changes in the United States, there was a need to advocates for policy change so as to fit the current prevailing situations. The current leadership wants to completely to get rid of the policy because of some few issues, and this is not the most feasible solution since Americans have tasted and seen the importance of the policy. The differences regarding social and political need to be put aside and address the real issues affecting the people of American (Kilkenny, 2016). The Obamacare establishment was met with great opposition especially from the Republicans who prefer the patient care systems of the health care.the republicans headed by President Donald argued that, the patient-care systems enhance competition with a focus on global markets.similary, the Republicans oppose the Obamacare due to fear in reductions of the health standards when the health care is taken care of by the government.this would rather be characterized by the compromise of the relationship between the doctor and patient.despite great opposition from the republicans, the democrats hold their views that the Obamacare would help people across different social status.current government headed by President Triumph have radically changed the policies and principles that were outlined in the Obamacare.according to Roomney, (2015), Obamacare policies not only favor the citizens of the United but also to the immigrants who boost the economy.Rooney, (2015), further criticizes the Republicans who oppose the Obamacare with a view of it being related to the Democrats.many people support the Public policy 5 Obamacare since it is believed to be related to the Affordable care Act which helps in improving the conditions of individuals who suffer from obesity in various states of the United states. In conclusion, the Obamacare plays a critical role in setting a great history and picture in the entire world in which different government can approach medication to its citizens and thus help them live a good life. This policy ought to serve as a lesson to different leadership on the different steps and sacrifices that a country ought to take so as to achieve a better living standard of its people at large (Kilkenny, 2016). 6 Public policy References Gerston, L. N. (2014). Public policy making: Process and principles. Routledge. Kilkenny, S. (2016). Opportunities in Obamacare. Network Journal. Lee, D. &. (2015). Optimal minimum wage policy in competitive labor markets. Journal of Public Economics. Manchikanti, L. &. (2015). Obamacare 2012: prognosis unclear for interventional pain management. Pain Physician. Oberlander, J. (2016). The future of Obamacare. New England Journal of Medicine. Romney, M. (2015). Replacing Obamacare with real health care reform. New England Journal of Medicine. Running head: THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS The Affordable Care Act Policy Analysis Rodriko Sankey Rick Humphress Public Policy Analysis May 14, 2017 1 THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 2 Executive Summary ACA is a healthcare policy in the developed and implemented in the US. The three government arms, the legislature, judicial and the executive have actively involved in it development approval and implementation (Coffin & Rak, 2013). The cost of healthcare services significantly affects the economy of America, the state budget, and virtually every family's health. When the cost of healthcare are high-priced, schooling for children, adult employment, and health lives of the elderly become difficult to endure. Affordable Care Act (ACA), alias the Obama Care Act, is a healthcare policy wadeveloped and implemented in the US. The three government arms, the legislature, judicial and the executive actively involved themselves in its development approval and implementation. ACA was a significant healthcare reform made by the government of US under former President Obama since the creation of Medicaid as well as Medicare in the year 1965. The ACA was developed to aid the poor, the elderly and the disabled that were unable to afford medication bills to have access to the required healthcare by increasing the coverage of Americans who could access medication and other healthcare aspects. Affordability, quality, and accessibility were healthcare issues the ACA was intended to achieve. Recommendations and suggestions of the ACA include increased coverage of people who were able to afford the cost of healthcare through insurance cover, improved quality of the medical care and accessible care to all individuals including the disabled, the poor and the elderly. This paper outlines players alongside the roles and functions played, who enhance the development approval and implementation of the ACA that was purposely made as a health reform in the health sector to save and improve lives of the Americans who could not afford the medical cost. THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 3 Players Involved in the Policy There are many players who have made ACA deliver as planned. Actors that participated in the creation, approval, and execution of the ACA are both government and private stakeholders. These actors played different roles and functions in the insurance policy of the ACA. Examples of these players include the US government, pharmaceutical firms, insurance companies, physicians, employers, patients, interest or lobbying groups, and the general public (Saint Joseph's University, 2017). The government is the overall body that controls all activities involved in the creation, authorization, and execution of the policy. Pharmaceutical firms are companies that manufacture and sell medicine and other medical products and facilities. They can either be public or private. Insurance companies can also be run on either private or public basis. They offer protection services in the healthcare sector. Employers are owners of businesses who provide employment opportunities to American citizens and pay them for labor services they provide to their firms or companies. Physicians are one of the service providers in healthcare facilities. Patients are citizens who are customers to some of the actors such as doctors and pharmaceutical firms. On the other hand, interest groups are significant players in the creation as well as the implementation of ACA. They push for legislation while focusing on their targeted benefits. The functions and roles played by these actors are interrelated in nature as highlighted next. Roles and Functions of the Players Patients Patients receive medical services from the physicians (Saint Joseph's University, 2017). They are customers to healthcare providers such as doctors, and they consume medical care services and products. They have a right to health services, and they are responsible for ensuring THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 4 they are healthy. Their function in the ACA was raising issues of quality of services given in healthcare facilities as well as accessibility to medical care. Also, they provided opinions on medical costs that make it difficult for them to have medical care. Physicians Physicians can be grouped as employees because they provide services they are paid for. They provide services to patients since it is their fiducial responsibility to do so (Shipherd, Walton, & Johnson, 2016). Although they are different from other actors in the healthcare system, they are paid for services they provide to patients but a connection between a patient and physician sacred faith that surpasses monetary payment. In the ACA doctors played a great function in soliciting for policies that improved their working environment to improve patient care and protection. Employers under the Obama Care Act provided provide the medical insurance covers to their workers and varied with deductibles and co-pays. According to Garunay (2016), ACA insurance policy also provided that those small businesses with less than 50 full-time employees and make below $ 250,000 would benefit more from a new affordable quality cover. In this manner, employers enhanced access to healthcare to people who could not afford the cost of medical services. Insurance Companies Insurance companies offered insurance services by selling the series in from premiums to Americans. The sales of insurance covers were done either directly to patients or indirectly through intermediaries of the government. They prioritize insurance covers in such a way that they make high premiums sold. The firm link between insurance companies and the government formed one of the major parts of the implementation of the ACA (Abraham, Simon, & KaracaMandic, 2015). THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 5 Pharmaceutical Firms Pharmaceutical companies manufacture and sell medicines and other medical products recommended by professional medical doctors. Just like insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms can either be private or public. The played the role of ensuring the manufacture products are of meeting the required health standards quality and quality. They also ensure the product are available at the time of need. The companies receive salaries through the lawmaking drug-benefit programs of health insurance as necessary by the ACA. It helped the government make medical costs affordable. (Philipson, Koijen, & Uhlig, 2016). Government The government is the core driver of the insurance policy in the ACA. Its response to the poor, disable and elderly American who were unable to afford medical bill was the primary trigger towards the health reform. The role of government in the ACA policy ran throughout the process its development and adoption. The government has three arms, the legislature, judicial and the executive that helped gear towards ACA implementation. The legislative branch created and enacted the ACA, the judicial interpreted the policy, and the executive played the role of implementing it (Joshi, 2015). The policy advocated for improvement of health insurance that has enabled children access schooling without difficulty, grown-ups to work in a more productive way and the elderly live a healthier longer life (Obama, 2016). According to Garunay (2016), the ACA has reformed the health care through expansion and improvement of medical coverage since the population or the uninsured American had been reduced from 16 percent (9 million people) in 2010 to 9.1% (29 million) in 2015. This a significant decrease of 46%. Interest Groups THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 6 Interest groups can be other actor discusses above or any other associations that help in the entire process of enacting and adoption of the ACA policy while pursuing interest benefits. Lobbying groups that include political individuals, some legislative, judicial and executive members were also helpful in enforcing the legislation and implementation if the policy. Pharmaceutical firms are interest groups that put pressure on legislation and execution of the ACA insurance coverage so that at the end of it all they have profited through the sale of medical product the improve the quality of healthcare. Political Influence of the Players Interest Groups or Lobbying Groups Interest and groups had the energy to face the government and exert pressure on the legislation and policy adoption. Interest groups such as pharmaceutical firms have the motive of gaining more profits in their businesses apart from meeting the requirement of the ACA policy, of manufacturing quality medical benefits and availing them accordingly. Pharmaceutical firms are interrelated with the government since it is the government that sets the standards required for the products. There have been conflicts in the prices established by private and public firms about the products manufactured. They affect the ACA policy by enhancing quality healthcare through production and sale of quality products. Insurance Companies These firms affected the prices of premiums they offer to individuals. Their primary motive is to ensure all the poor, disabled and low-income earners in America have access to healthcare by providing subsidized insurance covers. They also have the purpose of making profits from the sales of insurance covers. They have an interrelation with the government in a way that they receive funds from the government to cater for a given percentage of premium THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 7 prices on medical covers for the poor, disabled and elderly Americans. Conflict in fluctuation of premium prices due to inflation as well as disputes among insurance firms themselves due to negotiated rates of premiums. These businesses have an influence on the policy in that it fosters healthcare access (Abraham, Simon, & Karaca-Mandic, 2015). Conclusion The ACA policy was enhanced by many actors. The government, insurance firms, pharmaceutical industries, physicians, patients and interest groups are among the players in the adoption of this policy. The various functions and role played by these actors were essential tools for the success of the ACA policy. Establishment of the policy, enacting, and implementation, provision of insurance covers, manufacturing and sale of medical products are among the roles that realized expansion and in the delivery of healthcare among the American. In turn, the ACA positively impacted the health of American by increasing the coverage of people who have access to quality and affordable medical care. THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT POLICY ANALYSIS 8 References Abraham, J. M., Simon, K., & Karaca-Mandic, P. (2015, January 01). IS The Medical Loss Ratio a Good Target Measure for Regulation in the Individual Market for Health Insurance? Health Economics, 24(1), 55-75. Coffin, J., & Rak, S. (2013). Affordable Care Act. , 28, 5.). The Journal of Medical Practice Management : Mpm, 28(5). Garunay, M. (2016, July 11). President Obama Writes on Health Care Progress in the Journal of the American Medical Association _ whitehouse.gov. Retrieved from obamawhitehouse.archives.gov: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ Joshi, N. K. (2015, March 01). Party Politics, Governors, and Healthcare Expenditures. Economics & Politics, 27(1), 52-78. Obama, B. J. (2016, August 2). United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps. Journal of American Medical Association: Clinical Review and Education, 525532. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9797 Philipson, T. J., Koijen, R. S., & Uhlig, H. (2016, January 01). Financial Health Economics. Econometrica, 84(1), 194-245. Saint Joseph's University. (2017, January 27). Institute of Catholic Bioethics: Health Care Reform. Retrieved from sites.sju.edu: https://sites.sju.edu/icb/health-care-reform-dutiesand-responsibilities-of-the-stakeholders/ Shipherd, J., Walton, H. M., & Johnson, L. (2016, January 01). The Psychologist's Role in Transgender-specific Care with U.S. Veterans. Psychological Services, 13(1), 69-77. Running head: PUBLIC POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT The Affordable Care Act Policy Analysis Rodriko Sankey Rick Humphress Public Policy Analysis May 28, 2017 1 PUBLIC 2 POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT Contents Position in favor of the policy.................................................................................................... 2 Position against the policy ......................................................................................................... 3 Response to the argument for the policy.................................................................................... 4 Response to the argument against the policy ............................................................................. 5 Anecdote .................................................................................................................................... 6 Evidence ..................................................................................................................................... 6 References .................................................................................................................................. 8 The Affordable Care Act Policy Analysis Position in favor of the policy Among many diseases that affect people, the childhood obesity has been considered to be a major problem for the United States citizens. Despite the recent decline, childhood obesity is still found to be high. According to Coffin and Rak, (2013), the health institutions PUBLIC 3 POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT such as the CDC (The Centre for diseases and control) for the children and the young group aged two to nineteen (2-19) years there has been the stable rate of the prevalence of the childhood obesity. This is considered to be about seventeen percent (17%) and largely affects about twelve million adolescents and children for the last decades. In favoring the “Affordable Care Act,” several lower and middle-class Americans has found to be benefiting from the act due to the affordability of the health insurance initiated by the Act. The affordable care act primarily aims to ensure reduction of the rate of childhood obesity and increment in tobacco consumption through education (Coffin & Rak, 2013). The grants of the Act are used by the department of the public and private health in enhancing the emergency medical services to the kids. In addition to reducing the obesity among children and encouraging cessation from tobacco usage. Analysis by the government Medicaid shows that one out three adults and out of six (1/6) adolescents and adults are obese. Due to the introduction of the affordable care act, both the children health insurance programs and the government Medicaid play vital and significant roles in reducing the prevalence of obesity for the United States citizens. The plan was initiated through the improvement of the access to the services of the healthcare which strives to achieve the healthy weight. Coffin and Rak, (2013), illustrates that with the introduction and implementation of the new reforms, children have been enrolled in these programs to undertake to screen, diagnostic with treatment benefits. Another reason for the favor of the affordable care act is its provision of the increased and broad coverage of for both the employees and employers. This covers the tax credits to the small enterprises. Before the introduction of the Act, the small businesses were unable to afford the healthcare coverage for their workers. Position against the policy PUBLIC 4 POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT There is increased opposition to the Affordable Care Act especially from the Republican of the United States who believe in the patient-care method of the heath care systems. This systems base themselves in fostering and enhancing competition with free markets and reduce costs of the healthcare. Republicans argue that through owning of the health care by the government, there would be the reduction in the standards of health care. They further believe that there would be the compromise of the physician-patient association, extended waiting periods in the healthcare systems. However, they fear the results since they use the evidence from the government health centers as proof to the whole world. The Republican view association believes that the act would increase financial burden to the states and specifically to the individuals. This organization firmly opposes the affordable care act with every Republican voting against it as a reform that was signed into law by President Obama. Another opposing opinion is that the Affordable Care Act has been found to violate the constitution and laws of the United States (Joshi, 2015). This is seen through the change of the article one clause from the section seven of the constitution which allows revenueincrement bills to emerge from the representatives’ house. However, this was considered as tax from the ruling by the supreme court. This has created fear among the citizens who have been advocating for better healthcare reforms in the case of destructive leadership. Response to the argument for the policy For the case for the Policy, there has been sharing of the common views about the childhood obesity. However, obesity has been considered to have broad social and economic effects on both the affected population and the states. Several perceptions have also emerged on whether the United States government has a role and capability in reducing the prevalence of obesity. Research by Pew Centre shows that the Democrats have more support on PUBLIC 5 POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT government playing the significant role in reducing the childhood obesity by a margin of sixty to thirty-seven percent (60%-37%) (Garunay, 2016).However, only twenty percent (20%) of the Republicans supported this with the majority opposing the government towards playing the significant role in the health care. Another argument emphasizes and focuses on the costs of the health to the upper-class individuals residing in different parts of the states. With the exchanges and expansion of the Medicaid, there is subsidization in insurance coverage for the modest means citizens. This is through increasing taxes on the less-modest people. In addition to curbing the Medicare spending growth. The conservatives are considered not to be enthusiastic concerning the redistribution. However, they are skeptical about the redistribution which is not transparent. There is also the principle in the establishment of the marketplaces for purchasing the insurance among people. Garunay, (2016) argues that the Conservative plans have also been initiated that help in featuring of the marketplaces yet the affordable care act exchanges offers much more support rather than providing avenues on comparing different plans. The conservatives shift the responsibilities about the regulation of the insurance market of an individual from the government states to the federal government. This is applicable in situations where partner exchanges have been established by the respective states according to the rules of the federal government. Response to the argument against the policy Due to the introduction and implementation of the Affordable Care Act, there is increased funds for several families, increased demand with the reduction in the unemployment rate. Report from the Whitehouse government shows that about two million PUBLIC 6 POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT people from the United States had selected definite plans in health insurances marketplaces by January and about eighty percent (80%) of the citizens are anticipated to join the program (Garunay, 2016). This is due to the increased benefits obtained from the tax credits in assisting in paying the premiums. The current provision of the Affordable Care Act has made it efficient and reliable for the families in accessing the health care activities and services. According to Birkland, (2011), the Affordable Care Act has also helped in achieving the desired goals to the relatives and individuals. This, in turn, increased the demands for the services and products by more people in the whole economy. Anecdote Most of the under-insured people always attend hospitals to seek medical care. Unfortunately, the majority of these people have always turned away. Example, a patient participated in the ER before proceeding to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to failure in the respiratory system. Unfortunately, the lung cancer of the patient was found to invade the airways and spread all over the body (Joshi, 2015). The patient was coughing for almost an annual period which followed coughing up of blood. As an adult patient, the condition worsened due to neglect and rejection from seeking medical care. The patient was found to have lost the employment and had no any insurance cover. Therefore, the patient failed in the search for the medical attention till it was late. Evidence The cost of the health has been and continues to be a burden to the budget of the united states economically. Before the established of the Affordable Care Act, the new reform had been addressed as an urgent issue by President Obama (Obama, 2016). The president further elaborated that effects with current systems of health care are the causes of PUBLIC 7 POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT the economic challenges to the United States and other global countries. The cost of the medical surprisingly accounts for (1/6) of the total economy of the United States of America (USA). Currently, in the USA the cost of spending is about two trillion dollars which are approximately seventeen percent of the (GDP) gross domestic products (Obama, 2016). The health care cost includes the retail sales, revenues on medical equipment, premiums to the health insurers. Therefore, this is evidently enough the Affordable Care Act. PUBLIC 8 POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT References Acri, M. C., & Hoagwood, K. E. (2015). Addressing parental mental health within interventions for children: A review. Research on social work practice, 25(5), 578-586. Joshi, N. K. (2015, March 01). Party Politics, Governors, and Healthcare Expenditures. Economics & Politics, 27(1), 52-78. Obama, B. J. (2016, August 2). The United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps. Journal of American Medical Association: Clinical Review and Education, 525532. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9797 Coffin, J., & Rak, S. (2013). Affordable Care Act. , 28, 5.). The Journal of Medical Practice Management: Mpm, 28(5).
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Running head: PUBLIC POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT

The Affordable Care Act Policy Analysis
Rodriko Sankey
Rick Humphress
Public Policy Analysis
May 28, 2017

1

PUBLIC POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT

2

The Affordable Care Act Policy Analysis

Executive Summary
Affordable Care Act (ACA), alias the Obama Care Act, is a healthcare policy designed and
implemented in the US. The three government arms, the legislature, judicial and the
executive actively involved themselves in its development approval and implementation.
ACA was a significant healthcare reform made by the government of US under former
President Obama since the creation of Medicaid as well as Medicare in the year 1965. The
ACA was developed to aid the poor, the elderly and the disabled that were unable to afford
medication bills to have access to the required healthcare by increasing the coverage of
Americans who could access medication and other healthcare aspects. Affordability, quality,
and accessibility were healthcare issues the ACA was intended to achieve. For more than the
past four years, many Americans had no access to medical care due to unaffordability. The
number of American individuals who were uninsured was high as 49 million in 2010 (Coffin
& Rak, 2013). The uninsured population was not able to pay for medical care bills, and this
made their health poor. Apart from the government of US, other players have been involved
in the process of enhancing the application of the ACA, and they include, the public, interest
and lobbying groups, pharmaceutical firms among other stakeholders. Recommendations and
suggestions of the ACA include increased coverage of people who were able to afford the
cost of healthcare through insurance cover, improved quality of the medical care and
accessible care to all individuals including the disabled, the poor and the elderly. The policy
also recommended those small businesses with less than 50 full-time employees and made
below $ 250,000 would benefit more from a new affordable quality cover (Garunay, 2016).

PUBLIC POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT

3

Table of Contents
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 2
President Clinton’s and Obama’s healthcare policies ................................................................ 4
Players Involved in the Policy ................................................................................................... 6
Roles and Functions of the Players ............................................................................................ 6
Patients ................................................................................................................................... 6
Physicians .............................................................................................................................. 7
Insurance Companies ............................................................................................................. 7
Pharmaceutical Firms............................................................................................................. 7
Government............................................................................................................................ 8
Political Influence of the Players ............................................................................................... 8
Interest Groups or Lobbying Groups ..................................................................................... 8
Position in favor of the policy.................................................................................................... 9
Position against the policy ....................................................................................................... 10
Response to the argument for the policy.................................................................................. 11
Response to the argument against the policy ........................................................................... 12
Anecdote .................................................................................................................................. 13
Evidence ................................................................................................................................... 13
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 13
References ................................................................................................................................ 15

PUBLIC POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT

4

President Clinton’s and Obama’s healthcare policies
The key intention of introducing the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) was to intensify the
quality and affordability of health insurance. Other goals include reducing the cost of health
and increasing insurance coverage (Tate, 2012). The Act led to the introduction of
mechanisms including insurance exchanges, mandates, and subsidies. According to this
policy, insurers are required to accept all applicants and don’t charge extra rates for
preexistent illnesses.
The policy was fueled by the state of most of the citizens of the United States who could not
afford the medication and other healthcare facilities. Most people in this group are
immigrants who came to America in search of better working conditions and thus most of
them are poor, and they are the one working hard in improving the economy of the entire
nation. President Clinton and Obama did promise the citizens on the better health care
through the implementation of different policies and thus the enactment and use of the
Obamacare which played a critical role in assisting Americans to have access to patient’s
protection as well as better health care facilities. The main urgency of the policy was as a
result of the poor Americans who were provided unskilled labor in the country. The US
government were in a position to provide the service and thus the passing of the policy
(Oberlander, 2016).
During the time of policy process making, United States had improved economic growth, and
this was as a result of the unskilled labor in the country. Since there was the most working
population in the entire country, the leadership came up with a policy to cover them regarding
medication and allow them to have access to medication. The economic growth of United
States is one of the best around the globe and thus the need to help its citizens in living a
better life, and one of the best ways is to ensure that they all have access to better healthcare
facilities since health is the first step to wealth.

PUBLIC POLICY-THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT

5

Socially, Americans diverge when it comes to their beliefs, norms and the customs that they
hold on to like the country. To bring different cultures together and out the interest of the
entire country as the priority, there were a need to unite all Americans using some policies
that will apply to them all as one. One of the policies that played a very paramount role in
uniting Americans across social differences is the Obamacare which became available to
them all. By virtue of being an American, the Obamacare were functional and this united and
brought some sense of ownership among Americans and patriotism as a whole (Romney,
2015).
In the world of politics, the Obamacare received a lot of rejection both from the locals and
also in the international world. It is normal for any policy to receive critics from the political
world and this was one of the main challenges during the implementation of the policy
because of the differences which were fueled by the politicians. Obama was seen as winning
more Americans both the republicans and the democrats because of the policy which assisted
all regardless of the political difference and thus more rejection from the opponents. Even
though the policy was one of the best since it aimed at helping the less fortunate in the society
have access to medication, it faced a lot of rejection from the political arena and even the
current president of the United States, Donald Trump wants the Congress to make radical
changes to it.
The policy was more effective at the time of amendment due to the then prevailing
conditions. The policy helped a lot of people have access to patient’s protection and much
better health care facility at that particular time, and since there has been a lot of changes in
the United States, there was a need to a...


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