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ANNOTATE them. Each article should have many annotations.
Women in Extreme Sports
Figure 1. Wilder, T. (2019). 5 Most Badass Female Extreme Sports Athletes. Retrieved from https://adventuretribes.com/most-badass-female-extreme-sports-athletes/
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
2. Traditional Theory of Extreme Sports ................................................................................ 1
3. Reversal Theory of Extreme Sports ..................................................................................... 2
4. History of Extreme Sports .................................................................................................... 2
5. Women in Extreme Sports .................................................................................................... 3
5.1 Skate Boarding ................................................................................................................. 3
5.2 Snow Boarding ................................................................................................................. 3
5.3 Freestyle Skiing ................................................................................................................ 4
6. Factors Motivating Women in Extreme Sports .................................................................. 4
6.1 Money ................................................................................................................................ 4
6.2 Fame .................................................................................................................................. 4
6.3 Ego ..................................................................................................................................... 5
6.4 Challenging Oneself ......................................................................................................... 5
6.5 Behavioral Benefits .......................................................................................................... 5
6.6 Parental and Coach Support .......................................................................................... 5
7. Challenges Facing Women in Extreme Sports ................................................................... 6
7.1 Half Payment .................................................................................................................... 6
7.2 Representation ................................................................................................................. 7
8. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 8
References................................................................................................................................... 9
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1. Introduction
High-speed and high-risk games, also known as sports of movement or alternative sports,
sports and pursuits. Skateboarding, freestyle skiing, snowboarding, roller skating, road lugging,
BMX, and mountain biking are the sport’s most frequently performed by this category. Extreme sports
typically exist beyond conventional sports and are famous for their adrenaline thrills
Primary sports, such as skateboarding, in-line roller, and BMX, also employ a broad spectrum
of tricks across half-pipes (U-structures) and urban environments. It has embraced Punk and Fashion
and emphasizes individual individuality (Brymer, & Mackenzie, 2017). In general, the word extreme
sports is given to the X Games, a festival produced by ESPN's cable television network in 1995. The
X Games' popularity has raised the profile of these sports and their economic viability. In the winter
and Summer Olympics in 1996 and 1998, extreme snowboarding and mountain biking disciplines
debuted.
2. Traditional Theory of Extreme Sports
There are various traditional reasons why extreme sports are so common. The success of some
is described as the urge to rise against an increasingly risky society. In contrast, others are concerned
with the exposure and the commodities that are linked to organized sport (Apter, & Desselles, 2019).
For some, it's all about wanting to be part of subcultures and the glamor of extreme sports. There's still
a negative view about extreme participation in sports despite their popularity.
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3. Reversal Theory of Extreme Sports
In sports psychology, inversion theory considers that an athlete displays a dynamic, evolving,
and contradictory conduct that, depending upon his sense and motivation, can and will alternate
between psychological conditions from moment to moment.
According to reverse theory, motivational conditions exist in four pairs of alternate forms (called
"motivational" states) these states combine in different ways to produce the entire spectrum of human
actions and emotions at various times. Inversion theory considers that an athlete displays a dynamic,
evolving, and contradictory conduct.
4. History of Extreme Sports
The first major female skateboarding competition was held almost twenty years ago. The
sport has been overwhelmingly male since the early stages of skateboarding. However, advocacy
and enterprise were fundamental in tackling gender discrimination from the X Games' skate park,
both for girls and women, who are long overlooked in what is purported to be an advancing sport
(Hlaciuc, 2017). Skateboard manufacturers such as Makaha and Hobie attempted to capitalize on the
popularity of surfing by promoting skateboarding, then known as side surfing, as an option for
diversions when there were no rideable waves in the early 1960s. In 1963, the first professional
skateboarding team was created, and the first skateboarding competition was held in Hermosa,
California. Competitions for slalom skateboarding and freestyle skating were included. Patti McGee
was the first female professional skateboarder. She won the first women's national championship in
1964. Skateboards' success decreased in the next decade.
In the mid-1970s, developed revived skateboards after the rapid and more maneuverable
polyurethane wheels and the kick tail was introduced, a raised back end of the board, which
allowed kicks to turn! The first skate park opened in Florida in 1976, and since then, dozens more
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have opened across North America, Europe, and Asia, including a variety of paths and paved surfaces
for south turns and stunts. At the time, riders started swimming in empty pools to test their "vertical"
capacity. (Brymer, & Schweitzer, 2013). Half-pipes and U-shaped riding surfaces, which were
originally used for air stunts, soon became the route for empty pots. Safety problems and the growing
insurance costs of skate parks played an important role in sport's second fall from its wide popularity.
The notion of a female athlete became obscure and widely discouraged at the beginning of the 20th
century.
5. Women in Extreme Sports
High-octane and high-risk activities, also known as movement sports or alternative sports,
sports, and pursuits. The most common sports in this category are skiing, freestyle skiing,
snowboarding, in-line roller skating, street lugging and BMX, and mountain biking. (Hong, &
Mangan, 2004). Extreme sports are known for their adrenaline rushes and usually occur outside of
traditional sports. Extreme sports include acrobatic contests and racing on snowmobiles and
motorcycles, as well as adventurous events such as skydiving and skyscraping.
5.1 Skate Boarding
Skiing as a specialized gym is considered one of them as such extreme sports with various
competitions, including vertical and street activities. Vertical skating (also known as "vert") involves
aerial acrobatics in semi-pipes that were built to resemble empty ponds at first.
5.2 Snow Boarding
Main activities are on snowboard with their feet at the board and in its directions.
Snowboarding is a unique kind of soul medicine for die-hard drivers and enthusiasts worldwide.
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5.3 Freestyle Skiing
Winter sport of freestyle skiing, which combines skiing and acrobatics. Sport has put
numerous practices to the test, but the sport's international rivalry has two consistent events: aerial and
mogul. Somersaults and other techniques were shown before 1914, and they became popular in the
twentieth century. Aerial stunts (now known as aerials) were popularized in the 1950s, thanks to
Olympian gold medalist Stein Erikson. There are two types: upright and inverted. Aerials Mogul
Skiing was brought in shortly after to navigate the major bumps on the ski slopes known as moguls.
The skier competes on a hill (22°–32°) course (200–270 m) and is judged on altitude, turning
techniques, and two mandatory upright jumps.
6. Factors Motivating Women in Extreme Sports
Since the Second Early Olympic Games in 1900, women have been involved in international
sports. Of the 1066 competitors in these 1900 Olympic Games, only 12 of them were female. Until
recently, women participated in as many Olympic competitions.
6.1 Money
In certain instances, only a handful of you can live out your favorite sport decently. In
triathletes, for example, most are amateurs.
6.2 Fame
Most people have never heard of big wave surfer Ross Clarke Jones or world champion
Chrissie Wellington. Fame is something flirtatious, something temporary. In that case, it will take just
a century, and then you lost.
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6.3 Ego
I believe you could say when it's the case in the person of an athlete. Fortunately, if the ego is
bloated enough, there's only one thing that will happen if the sport you do is severe. Your ego will
crush. Your ego will overcome. Or somebody gets better.
6.4 Challenging Oneself
Competition with and with each other brings the best out. I can play in every sport because of
this definitive reason or inspiration. The biggest motivation for people to challenge themselves is selfimprovement.
6.5 Behavioral Benefits
Women involved in sports at the elite level were suggested to feel stronger and more
empowered. Sports participation might even positively affect reducing harmful conduct in health.
6.6 Parental and Coach Support
Research on the motivational effects of coaches, parents, and peers in young children found a
significant impact on coaches and parents. Motivated by peers was not as powerful as the two other
societal variables, but peers were strongly inspired by friendship, membership, community identity,
and membership.
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7. Challenges Facing Women in Extreme Sports
The mere thought that a woman may equate to a man is an insult to humanity for many. After the
World War, the world could have moved 3" forward.
Figure 2. Wilder, T. (2019). 5 Most Badass Female Extreme Sports Athletes. Retrieved from https://adventuretribes.com/most-badass-female-extreme-sports-athletes/
7.1 Half Payment
Female athletes are less demanding in salaries because they get paid half of what males do,
says CNN's Kristie Lu Stout. Stout: There are significant gaps between male and female competitors'
income. In football, the men's team gets paid around $33 million as much as the women's team, she
says.
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7.2 Representation
Culture brands athletes as potential troublemakers for striving to the top, writes CNN's Zain
Verjee. Verjee: Dute Chand was the first Indian woman to run the 100m dash in the Olympics in 36
years. Sepp Blatter (who was the president of FIFA) has proposed that women should wear
"feminine" clothing and footwear to add an aesthetic value to the sport. These famous female athletes
have argued that being monitored by the media as they become famous is annoying. Many female
athletes are forced to do another job or take a part-time job to practice.
Figure 3. Wilder, T. (2019). 5 Most Badass Female Extreme Sports Athletes. Retrieved from https://adventuretribes.com/most-badass-female-extreme-sports-athletes/
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8. Conclusion
More women are achieving success in professional sports than ever before. Social media is the
important in all of this, to a great extent; a similar to how “unsigned” music found an audience prior to
today with the right exposure and the skill, women can go on their way. More so, extreme sports serve
as the biggest motivation for women to challenge themselves resulting to self-improvement and
empowerment.
This also plays a big role in reducing harmful conduct in their health making these women
medically fit. However, underpaying women athletes is more challenging to women in sports since it
discourages them, for men are more considered in the sports world than them. If their payment is
considered I believe women in sports stand a better chance in future when it comes to extreme sports.
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References
1. Apter, M. J., & Desselles, M. L. (2019). Understanding the motivation to fight: A reversal
theory perspective. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 25(4), 335.
2. Biese, K. M., Post, E. G., Schaefer, D. A., & Bell, D. R. (2018). Sport specialization and
participation characteristics of female high school volleyball athletes. Athletic Training &
Sports Health Care, 10(6), 247-252.
3. Borden, I. (2017). Skateboard City: London in Skateboarding Films. In London on Film (pp.
177-192). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
4. Brymer, E., & Mackenzie, S. H. (2017). Psychology and the extreme sport experience.
In Extreme sports medicine (pp. 3-13). Springer, Cham.
5. Brymer, E., & Schweitzer, R. (2013). Extreme sports are good for your health: a
phenomenological understanding of fear and anxiety in extreme sport. Journal of health
psychology, 18(4), 477-487.
6. Datta, S. (2019). An Overview on Extreme Sports. Nutrition and Enhanced Sports
Performance, 211-229.
7. Hlaciuc, A. M. (2017). A Brief History of the Integrating Optimized Walking Areas in
Traditional Theory. EcoForum, 6(1), 0-0.
8. Holden, S. L., Pugh, S. F., & Schwarz, N. A. (2017). Achievement motivation of collegiate
athletes for sport participation. Int. J. Sports Sci, 7, 25-28.
9. Hong, F., & Mangan, J. A. (2004). Soccer, women, sexual liberation: kicking off a new era.
Routledge.
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10. Robotti, G., Draghi, F., Bortolotto, C., & Canepa, M. G. (2020). Ultrasound of sports injuries
of the musculoskeletal system: gender differences. Journal of ultrasound, 1-7.
11. Sharma, Y. K., Sharma, S. K., Sharma, E., & Kumar, S. Status and recognition of
sportswomen in India.
12. Stecyk III, C. R. Articles from Skateboarder Magazine (1976–1977).
13. Thorpe, H. (2018). Feminist Views of Action Sports. In The Palgrave Handbook of Feminism
and Sport, Leisure and Physical Education (pp. 699-719). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
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