HEA 310 UK Introduction to Global Health Discussion and Worksheet

User Generated

enxna_n633

Writing

HEA 310

University of Kentucky

HEA

Description

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Choose one of the diseases and do some research and share back. How can the incidence of these diseases be reduced? ( between 200 – 500 words) Trichuriasis Schistosomiasis Elephantiasis Trachoma River Blindness Leishmaniasis Chagas Leprosy Dracunculiasis Buruli Ulcer Chapter 12: Non Com Diseases and Chapter 13: Injuries Chapter 12 1. What is a non-communicable disease? 2. Which type of countries (low, middle, or high income), have high burdens of noncommunicable diseases? 3. T/F: Countries lose a lot of economic factors due to non-communicable diseases. 4. What is the number 1 non-communicable disease killer? 5. What are indirect causes of trouble for people with diabetes? 6. Which type of cancer is the number 1 killer for both men and women? 7. T/F: Drug and alcohol abuse can be considered mental disorders. 8. Why are vision and hearing loss projected to be major sources of disability and disease in the not so distant future? 9. The longer a person lives, the more likely they are to develop a ___________________ disease. 10. What is 1 lifestyle change a person can make to decrease their likelihood of developing a non-communicable disease? Chapter 13 1. What is the difference between an unintentional injury and an accident? 2. Where do the majority of childhood injury deaths occur? (low, middle, or high income) 3. What are some factors that would increase a persons likelihood of suffering an unintentional injury? 4. What are some direct costs associated with unintentional injuries? 5. What are some indirect costs? 6. What are 2 ways to reduce the number of unintentional injuries in countries? Communicable Diseases Guidance 1. Who do communicable diseases affect the most? 2. What is a communicable disease? Give an example of a communicable disease. 3. How are communicable diseases spread? 4. What is the difference between an emerging and re-emerging disease? How do they happen? 5. Why is HIV/AIDS such a significant communicable disease in low and middle income countries? 6. What is DOTS? What is it used to treat? 7. How can you prevent Malaria? 8. Best ways to treat Diarrheal diseases. 9. What is a future goal to prevent Neglected tropical diseases? 10. What is an NTD? Importance of Non-communicable Disease CHAPTER 12 HEA 310 Importance of Non-communicable Disease  Growing importance worldwide  Burden of noncommunicable diseases greater than burden of communicable diseases in low-, middle-, and high-income countries  Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and mental disorders are most important in low- and middleincome countries  Often prevented at low cost, but expensive to treat Definitions  Noncommunicable disease:  Examples:  Low-income countries are simultaneously facing burden of ______ diseases and ______ Definitions  Noncommunicable disease: cannot be spread by an infectious agent, they last a long time and they are often disabling  Examples: cancers, diabetes, endocrine disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, and sense organ disorders  Low-income countries are simultaneously facing burden of communicable diseases and noncommunicable diseases Cardiovascular disease  Cause of about ___ of all deaths worldwide  Leading cause of death in low- and middle-income countries, and high-income countries  Rates vary by region  80% of burden of CVD is due to ischemic heart disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure Cardiovascular disease  Cause of about 30% of all deaths worldwide  Leading cause of death in low- and middle-income countries, and high-income countries  Rates vary by region  80% of burden of CVD is due to ischemic heart disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure Costs and Consequences of Cardiovascular Disease  Study found that men die 56% more at the same age of CVD than men in high-income countries and women die 86% more at the same age of CVD than women in high-income countries  Estimated that the countries involved would lose $84 billion in economic production between 2006 and 2015 from CVD Addressing High Blood Pressure, High Cholesterol, and Obesity  Large-scale health education campaigns to promote healthier eating habits with greater intake of fruits and vegetables and less fat and salt  Public policies and community layouts that promote physical activity Diabetes  ____ people worldwide suffer from diabetes  Loss of ____ DALYs per year  Prevalence is rapidly increasing due to obesity  Costly complications including blindness, kidney failure, amputation of lower extremities, stroke, and others  2/3 of people with diabetes have a disability compared to less than 1/3 of the people without Diabetes  200 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes  Loss of 20 million DALYs per year  Prevalence is rapidly increasing due to obesity  Costly complications including blindness, kidney failure, amputation of lower extremities, stroke, and others  2/3 of people with diabetes have a disability compared to less than 1/3 of the people without Costs and Consequences of Diabetes  Cost of treating diabetes varies between 2.5% and 15% of health expenditures in different countries  _____and the ______ have highest expenditures, ________has the lowest  Indirect costs are probably high because many people do not receive proper treatment Costs and Consequences of Diabetes  Cost of treating diabetes varies between 2.5% and 15% of health expenditures in different countries  Latin America and the Caribbean have highest expenditures, sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest  Indirect costs are probably high because many people do not receive proper treatment Cancer  Most important worldwide are ___, colon, ___, prostate, ___, stomach, and cervix  7 million cancer deaths and 10 million new cases each year  More likely to be associated with ____, _____and ______  More likely to be associated with an infectious agent in low-income countries Cancer  Most important worldwide are lung, colon, breast, prostate, liver, stomach, and cervix  7 million cancer deaths and 10 million new cases each year  More likely to be associated with tobacco use, environmental factors and lifestyle in high-income countries  More likely to be associated with an infectious agent in low-income countries Addressing rates of Cancer  Tobacco control is first priority  Addressing infectious agents associated with cancer like H.pylori and schistosomiasis Mental Disorders  Includes neurological disorders like epilepsy, drug and alcohol abuse, and mental disorders  Responsible for ___ of DALYs lost in low- and middle-income countries  Start at relatively young ages, go on for a long time, often cannot be cured, and produce large amounts of disability  ________ disorders are growing in importance Mental Disorders  Includes neurological disorders like epilepsy, drug and alcohol abuse, and mental disorders  Responsible for 10% of DALYs lost in low- and middle-income countries  Start at relatively young ages, go on for a long time, often cannot be cured, and produce large amounts of disability  Unipolar depressive disorders are growing in importance Costs and Consequences of Mental Disorders  Little data from low- and middle-income countries indicative of unappreciated costs of mental illness  Study done in the United States indicated that direct and indirect costs of mental illness were equal to 2.5% of GNP  Significant losses in worker productivity Addressing Mental Disorders  Little progress in low- and middle-income countries due to lack of understanding, low funds, and stigma  Creating a mental health policy and budget is the first step  Integrating mental health into community-based primary care and psychosocial supports instead of large, centralized hospitals has demonstrated success Vision and Hearing Loss  Aging of populations globally and improved life expectancy increase importance  Vision loss responsible for ___ of the burden of disease  Hearing loss responsible for ___ of the burden of disease Vision and Hearing Loss  Aging of populations globally and improved life expectancy increase importance  Vision loss responsible for 3.3% of the burden of disease  Hearing loss responsible for 1.7% of the burden of disease  Projected to be in top 10 causes of the burden of disease in 2030 Costs and Consequences of Hearing and Vision Loss  Very little data available  Associated costs could include:  School Missed  cost of additional medical visits  high cost of education for students with hearing loss  difficulties for adults with finding employment  lower income levels Substance Abuse  New Drug import from Ukraine Tobacco Use  ___ deaths annually associated with tobacco use, half of those in low- and middle-income countries  The three most common tobacco-related deaths are:_____, _______, and _______  Rates of smoking vary by region and across regions according to sex, age, socioeconomic status, and other factors  Usage increasing in men in low- and middle-income countries and women in all regions Tobacco Use  5 million deaths annually associated with tobacco use, half of those in low- and middle-income countries  Most common tobacco-related deaths are CVD, diseases of the respiratory system, and cancer  Rates of smoking vary by region and across regions according to sex, age, socioeconomic status, and other factors  Usage increasing in men in low- and middle-income countries and women in all regions Costs and Consequences of Tobacco Use  Estimates from high-income economies suggest that costs of smoking range from 0.1% to 1.1% of GDP  Economic costs are increasing in low- and middleincome countries  Disproportionate impact on relatively poor people because they tend to smoke at higher rates Costs and Consequences of Alcohol and Tobacco Use  Direct costs of treatment  Indirect costs from lost productivity Addressing Tobacco Use  Taxing cigarettes at higher rates would be effective for reducing consumption  Legal restrictions on smoking  Ban on cigarette advertising  Biggest impact in high-income settings has come from comprehensive control programs Abuse of Alcohol  Responsible for ___ of burden of disease  Increases risk for hypertension, liver damage, heart disease, and other problems  Intoxication associated with these two things: _____ & _________  Prevalence of high-risk drinking varies by region with men in _____ and _____ having the highest rates Abuse of Alcohol  Responsible for 4% of burden of disease  Increases risk for hypertension, liver damage, heart disease, and other problems  Intoxication associated with injuries and high-risk sexual encounters  Prevalence of high-risk drinking varies by region with men in Europe and Central Asia having the highest rates Addressing Abuse of Alcohol  Very few countries have made coherent efforts to reduce alcohol consumption  Limiting hours when alcohol can be bought or sold and checking sobriety of drivers has showed some success  Taxing can reduce consumption but could lead to smuggling and consumption of illicit alcohol  Individual counseling shows some success, but would be difficult for countries with limited resources Future Challenges  Number of new cases of noncommunicable disease will grow because of aging, urbanization, globalization and lifestyle changes  Number of people with disease will also rise because the diseases are chronic  Low-income countries will have to deal with communicable and noncommunicable disease simultaneously, as well as with injuries Unintentional Injuries HEA 310 Chapter 13 The Importance of Unintentional Injuries  Among the single leading causes of death and DALYs lost worldwide  6% of deaths worldwide, 8% of DALYs lost Definitions  Injury –  Unintentional injuries - Definitions  Injury - “the result of an act that damages, harms, or hurts; unintentional or intentional damage to the body resulting from acute exposure to thermal, mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen”  Unintentional injuries - “that subset of injuries for which there is no evidence of predetermined intent” Burden of Unintentional Injuries      More than ___ of deaths from unintentional injuries in 2001 were in low- and middleincome countries Percentage of deaths from unintentional injuries was ___ as high in low- and middleincome countries as in high-income countries Deaths only represent part of the burden Significant differences between rates in males and females Variation among different regions Burden of Unintentional Injuries      More than 90% of deaths from unintentional injuries in 2001 were in low- and middleincome countries Percentage of deaths from unintentional injuries was twice as high in low- and middleincome countries as in high-income countries Deaths only represent part of the burden Significant differences between rates in males and females Variation among different regions Deaths from Unintentional Injuries, 2001 Percentage Distribution of Deaths and DALYs from Unintentional Injuries Death Rates from Unintentional Injuries Percentage of Total Deaths from Unintentional Injuries Childhood Injury  ___of childhood injury deaths are in lowand middle-income countries  Represent 2.7% of total deaths for children ages 0-4 and 3.5% of total deaths for children ages 5-14 in low- and middleincome countries  Children ages 0 -14 years comprise 30% of the population but account for about ___of total injury-related DALYs Childhood Injury  98% of childhood injury deaths are in lowand middle-income countries  Represent 2.7% of total deaths for children ages 0-4 and 3.5% of total deaths for children ages 5-14 in low- and middleincome countries  Children ages 0 -14 years comprise 30% of the population but account for about 50% of total injury-related DALYs Causes  What are some typical causes of unintentional injuries?? Risk Factors for Unintentional Injuries  Developmental immaturity relative to dangers present in environment  Inability to provide adult supervision and child care  Exposure to unsafe workplaces  Poor motor safety practices Costs and Consequences  List three DIRECT costs of unintentional injuries  List three INDIRECT costs of unintentional injuries Costs and Consequences of Unintentional Injuries     Direct costs including medical care, hospitalization, rehabilitation and funeral services Indirect costs including lost wages, sick leave, disability payments, and insurance payouts Rapidly increasing economic burden due to road traffic injuries in some countries Psychosocial consequences such as pain, fatigue, memory loss, changes in work status, altered family dynamics Addressing Key Injury Issues  Formal surveillance systems to provide information on numbers and patterns  Interventions designed for individual communities  Haddon’s Matrix to demonstrate interaction of environment, vector, and host  Education, enforcement, and engineering efforts Emergency Management Services Low-cost, but effective ways of improving EMS:  Special vehicles for low-income or rural communities  Advance arrangements with owners of available transport  Training truck drivers to provide first aid and transport  Training healthcare personnel who work in emergency situations Future Challenges  Focusing additional attention on unintentional injuries in low- and middleincome countries  Integrating lessons learned in high-income countries  Engineering safety into newer roads  Increasing knowledge of injury prevention
Purchase answer to see full attachment
User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Explanation & Answer

View attached explanation and answer. Let me know if you have any questions.

Chapter 12: Non Com Diseases and Chapter 13: Injuries
Chapter 12
1. What is a non-communicable disease?
Communicable diseases are conditions that cannot be spread by an infectious agent, they last
a long time and they are often disabling. Examples include diabetes and hypertension.
2. Which type of countries (low, middle, or high income), have high burdens of noncommunicable diseases?
Low-income countries
3. T/F: Countries lose a lot of economic factors due to non-communicable diseases.
True
4. What is the number 1 non-communicable disease killer?
Cardiovascular disease
5. What are indirect causes of trouble for people with diabetes?
Blindness, kidney failure, amputation of lower extremities, and stroke
6. Which type of cancer is the number 1 killer for both men and women?
Lung Cancer
7. T/F: Drug and alcohol abuse can be considered mental disorders.
True
8. Why are ...

Related Tags