Choose one of the diseases and do some research and share back. How can the incidence of
these diseases be reduced? ( between 200 – 500 words)
Trichuriasis
Schistosomiasis
Elephantiasis
Trachoma
River Blindness
Leishmaniasis
Chagas
Leprosy
Dracunculiasis
Buruli Ulcer
Chapter 12: Non Com Diseases and Chapter 13: Injuries
Chapter 12
1. What is a non-communicable disease?
2. Which type of countries (low, middle, or high income), have high burdens of noncommunicable diseases?
3. T/F: Countries lose a lot of economic factors due to non-communicable diseases.
4. What is the number 1 non-communicable disease killer?
5. What are indirect causes of trouble for people with diabetes?
6. Which type of cancer is the number 1 killer for both men and women?
7. T/F: Drug and alcohol abuse can be considered mental disorders.
8. Why are vision and hearing loss projected to be major sources of disability and disease
in the not so distant future?
9. The longer a person lives, the more likely they are to develop a ___________________
disease.
10. What is 1 lifestyle change a person can make to decrease their likelihood of developing
a non-communicable disease?
Chapter 13
1. What is the difference between an unintentional injury and an accident?
2. Where do the majority of childhood injury deaths occur? (low, middle, or high income)
3. What are some factors that would increase a persons likelihood of suffering an
unintentional injury?
4. What are some direct costs associated with unintentional injuries?
5. What are some indirect costs?
6. What are 2 ways to reduce the number of unintentional injuries in countries?
Communicable Diseases Guidance
1. Who do communicable diseases affect the most?
2. What is a communicable disease? Give an example of a communicable disease.
3. How are communicable diseases spread?
4. What is the difference between an emerging and re-emerging disease? How do they happen?
5. Why is HIV/AIDS such a significant communicable disease in low and middle income countries?
6. What is DOTS? What is it used to treat?
7. How can you prevent Malaria?
8. Best ways to treat Diarrheal diseases.
9. What is a future goal to prevent Neglected tropical diseases?
10. What is an NTD?
Importance of Non-communicable Disease
CHAPTER 12
HEA 310
Importance of Non-communicable Disease
Growing importance worldwide
Burden of noncommunicable diseases greater than
burden of communicable diseases in low-, middle-,
and high-income countries
Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and mental
disorders are most important in low- and middleincome countries
Often prevented at low cost, but expensive to treat
Definitions
Noncommunicable disease:
Examples:
Low-income countries are simultaneously facing
burden of ______ diseases and ______
Definitions
Noncommunicable disease: cannot be spread by an
infectious agent, they last a long time and they are
often disabling
Examples: cancers, diabetes, endocrine disorders,
neuropsychiatric disorders, and sense organ
disorders
Low-income countries are simultaneously facing
burden of communicable diseases and noncommunicable diseases
Cardiovascular disease
Cause of about ___ of all deaths worldwide
Leading cause of death in low- and middle-income
countries, and high-income countries
Rates vary by region
80% of burden of CVD is due to ischemic heart
disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure
Cardiovascular disease
Cause of about 30% of all deaths worldwide
Leading cause of death in low- and middle-income
countries, and high-income countries
Rates vary by region
80% of burden of CVD is due to ischemic heart
disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure
Costs and Consequences of Cardiovascular
Disease
Study found that men die 56% more at the same age
of CVD than men in high-income countries and
women die 86% more at the same age of CVD than
women in high-income countries
Estimated that the countries involved would lose
$84 billion in economic production between 2006
and 2015 from CVD
Addressing High Blood Pressure, High Cholesterol,
and Obesity
Large-scale health education campaigns to promote
healthier eating habits with greater intake of fruits
and vegetables and less fat and salt
Public policies and community layouts that promote
physical activity
Diabetes
____ people worldwide suffer from diabetes
Loss of ____ DALYs per year
Prevalence is rapidly increasing due to obesity
Costly complications including blindness, kidney
failure, amputation of lower extremities, stroke, and
others
2/3 of people with diabetes have a disability
compared to less than 1/3 of the people without
Diabetes
200 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes
Loss of 20 million DALYs per year
Prevalence is rapidly increasing due to obesity
Costly complications including blindness, kidney
failure, amputation of lower extremities, stroke, and
others
2/3 of people with diabetes have a disability
compared to less than 1/3 of the people without
Costs and Consequences of Diabetes
Cost of treating diabetes varies between 2.5% and
15% of health expenditures in different countries
_____and the ______ have highest expenditures,
________has the lowest
Indirect costs are probably high because many
people do not receive proper treatment
Costs and Consequences of Diabetes
Cost of treating diabetes varies between 2.5% and
15% of health expenditures in different countries
Latin America and the Caribbean have highest
expenditures, sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest
Indirect costs are probably high because many
people do not receive proper treatment
Cancer
Most important worldwide are ___, colon, ___,
prostate, ___, stomach, and cervix
7 million cancer deaths and 10 million new cases
each year
More likely to be associated with ____, _____and
______
More likely to be associated with an infectious agent
in low-income countries
Cancer
Most important worldwide are lung, colon, breast,
prostate, liver, stomach, and cervix
7 million cancer deaths and 10 million new cases
each year
More likely to be associated with tobacco use,
environmental factors and lifestyle in high-income
countries
More likely to be associated with an infectious agent
in low-income countries
Addressing rates of Cancer
Tobacco control is first priority
Addressing infectious agents associated with cancer
like H.pylori and schistosomiasis
Mental Disorders
Includes neurological disorders like epilepsy, drug
and alcohol abuse, and mental disorders
Responsible for ___ of DALYs lost in low- and
middle-income countries
Start at relatively young ages, go on for a long time,
often cannot be cured, and produce large amounts of
disability
________ disorders are growing in importance
Mental Disorders
Includes neurological disorders like epilepsy, drug
and alcohol abuse, and mental disorders
Responsible for 10% of DALYs lost in low- and
middle-income countries
Start at relatively young ages, go on for a long time,
often cannot be cured, and produce large amounts of
disability
Unipolar depressive disorders are growing in
importance
Costs and Consequences of Mental Disorders
Little data from low- and middle-income countries
indicative of unappreciated costs of mental illness
Study done in the United States indicated that direct
and indirect costs of mental illness were equal to
2.5% of GNP
Significant losses in worker productivity
Addressing Mental Disorders
Little progress in low- and middle-income countries
due to lack of understanding, low funds, and stigma
Creating a mental health policy and budget is the
first step
Integrating mental health into community-based
primary care and psychosocial supports instead of
large, centralized hospitals has demonstrated success
Vision and Hearing Loss
Aging of populations globally and improved life
expectancy increase importance
Vision loss responsible for ___ of the burden of
disease
Hearing loss responsible for ___ of the burden of
disease
Vision and Hearing Loss
Aging of populations globally and improved life
expectancy increase importance
Vision loss responsible for 3.3% of the burden of
disease
Hearing loss responsible for 1.7% of the burden of
disease
Projected to be in top 10 causes of the burden of
disease in 2030
Costs and Consequences of Hearing and Vision
Loss
Very little data available
Associated costs could include:
School Missed
cost of additional medical visits
high cost of education for students with hearing loss
difficulties for adults with finding employment
lower income levels
Substance Abuse
New Drug import from Ukraine
Tobacco Use
___ deaths annually associated with tobacco use,
half of those in low- and middle-income countries
The three most common tobacco-related deaths
are:_____, _______, and _______
Rates of smoking vary by region and across regions
according to sex, age, socioeconomic status, and
other factors
Usage increasing in men in low- and middle-income
countries and women in all regions
Tobacco Use
5 million deaths annually associated with tobacco
use, half of those in low- and middle-income
countries
Most common tobacco-related deaths are CVD,
diseases of the respiratory system, and cancer
Rates of smoking vary by region and across regions
according to sex, age, socioeconomic status, and
other factors
Usage increasing in men in low- and middle-income
countries and women in all regions
Costs and Consequences of Tobacco Use
Estimates from high-income economies suggest that
costs of smoking range from 0.1% to 1.1% of GDP
Economic costs are increasing in low- and middleincome countries
Disproportionate impact on relatively poor people
because they tend to smoke at higher rates
Costs and Consequences of Alcohol and Tobacco
Use
Direct costs of treatment
Indirect costs from lost productivity
Addressing Tobacco Use
Taxing cigarettes at higher rates would be effective
for reducing consumption
Legal restrictions on smoking
Ban on cigarette advertising
Biggest impact in high-income settings has come
from comprehensive control programs
Abuse of Alcohol
Responsible for ___ of burden of disease
Increases risk for hypertension, liver damage, heart
disease, and other problems
Intoxication associated with these two things:
_____ & _________
Prevalence of high-risk drinking varies by region
with men in _____ and _____ having the highest
rates
Abuse of Alcohol
Responsible for 4% of burden of disease
Increases risk for hypertension, liver damage, heart
disease, and other problems
Intoxication associated with injuries and high-risk
sexual encounters
Prevalence of high-risk drinking varies by region
with men in Europe and Central Asia having the
highest rates
Addressing Abuse of Alcohol
Very few countries have made coherent efforts to
reduce alcohol consumption
Limiting hours when alcohol can be bought or sold
and checking sobriety of drivers has showed some
success
Taxing can reduce consumption but could lead to
smuggling and consumption of illicit alcohol
Individual counseling shows some success, but
would be difficult for countries with limited
resources
Future Challenges
Number of new cases of noncommunicable disease
will grow because of aging, urbanization,
globalization and lifestyle changes
Number of people with disease will also rise because
the diseases are chronic
Low-income countries will have to deal with
communicable and noncommunicable disease
simultaneously, as well as with injuries
Unintentional
Injuries
HEA 310
Chapter 13
The Importance of
Unintentional Injuries
Among
the single leading causes of
death and DALYs lost worldwide
6% of deaths worldwide, 8% of DALYs lost
Definitions
Injury
–
Unintentional
injuries -
Definitions
Injury
- “the result of an act that damages,
harms, or hurts; unintentional or intentional
damage to the body resulting from acute
exposure to thermal, mechanical,
electrical, or chemical energy or from the
absence of such essentials as heat or
oxygen”
Unintentional injuries - “that subset of
injuries for which there is no evidence of
predetermined intent”
Burden of Unintentional Injuries
More than ___ of deaths from unintentional
injuries in 2001 were in low- and middleincome countries
Percentage of deaths from unintentional
injuries was ___ as high in low- and middleincome countries as in high-income countries
Deaths only represent part of the burden
Significant differences between rates in males
and females
Variation among different regions
Burden of Unintentional Injuries
More than 90% of deaths from unintentional
injuries in 2001 were in low- and middleincome countries
Percentage of deaths from unintentional
injuries was twice as high in low- and middleincome countries as in high-income countries
Deaths only represent part of the burden
Significant differences between rates in males
and females
Variation among different regions
Deaths from Unintentional
Injuries, 2001
Percentage Distribution of Deaths and
DALYs from Unintentional Injuries
Death Rates from
Unintentional Injuries
Percentage of Total Deaths
from Unintentional Injuries
Childhood Injury
___of
childhood injury deaths are in lowand middle-income countries
Represent 2.7% of total deaths for children
ages 0-4 and 3.5% of total deaths for
children ages 5-14 in low- and middleincome countries
Children ages 0 -14 years comprise 30% of
the population but account for about
___of total injury-related DALYs
Childhood Injury
98%
of childhood injury deaths are in lowand middle-income countries
Represent 2.7% of total deaths for children
ages 0-4 and 3.5% of total deaths for
children ages 5-14 in low- and middleincome countries
Children ages 0 -14 years comprise 30% of
the population but account for about 50%
of total injury-related DALYs
Causes
What
are some typical causes of
unintentional injuries??
Risk Factors for Unintentional
Injuries
Developmental
immaturity relative to
dangers present in environment
Inability to provide adult supervision and
child care
Exposure to unsafe workplaces
Poor motor safety practices
Costs and Consequences
List
three DIRECT costs of unintentional
injuries
List
three INDIRECT costs of unintentional
injuries
Costs and Consequences of
Unintentional Injuries
Direct costs including medical care,
hospitalization, rehabilitation and funeral
services
Indirect costs including lost wages, sick leave,
disability payments, and insurance payouts
Rapidly increasing economic burden due to
road traffic injuries in some countries
Psychosocial consequences such as pain,
fatigue, memory loss, changes in work status,
altered family dynamics
Addressing Key Injury Issues
Formal
surveillance systems to provide
information on numbers and patterns
Interventions designed for individual
communities
Haddon’s Matrix to demonstrate
interaction of environment, vector, and
host
Education, enforcement, and
engineering efforts
Emergency Management
Services
Low-cost, but effective ways of improving EMS:
Special vehicles for low-income or rural
communities
Advance arrangements with owners of
available transport
Training truck drivers to provide first aid and
transport
Training healthcare personnel who work in
emergency situations
Future Challenges
Focusing
additional attention on
unintentional injuries in low- and middleincome countries
Integrating lessons learned in high-income
countries
Engineering safety into newer roads
Increasing knowledge of injury prevention
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