Intro to Art (HUM123) Oakton Community College Kelly Cherwin Art Institute of Chicago Artwork Selections List for Research Paper *Select one piece from the following list of artworks on display at AIC during the semester of your visit. While I try very hard to keep this list up to date, unfortunately the AIC Curatorial staff doesn’t consult me when they move/take down items. I suggest going to the AIC website and look up several of the selections. You can then note a few you really like and find their location on the AIC map. If you do this before you go to the museum you will be more organized & have more time to analyze your selection. Please note as much info as possible while you are at the museum in front of your piece. This organization will help you once you are home and ready to discuss the Formal Elements & the Content of your chosen artwork. Please follow the outline you’ve been given and consult the Reference Binder (in the library) to guide you through your writing. Don’t forget to submit your paper in Proper Format as outlined in your syllabus. ** Artwork Selections: - Kerry James Marshall. Many Mansions. (acrylic on paper, mounted on canvas) 1994 - William Sidney Mount. Bar- Room Scene. (oil on canvas) 1835 - Henri de Toulouse- Lautrec. At the Moulin Rouge. (oil on canvas) 1892-95 - Marc Chagall. White Crucifixion. (oil on canvas) 1938 - Eugene Delacroix. Lion Hunt. (oil on canvas) 1860-61 - Ivan Albright. Picture of Dorian Gray. (oil on canvas) 1943-44 - Reginald Marsh. Tattoo and Haircut. (oil on canvas) 1932 - Sir Joshua Reynolds. Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces. (oil on canvas) 1763-65 - Francois Boucher. Are They Thinking about the Grape? (oil on canvas) 1747 - Edouard Manet. Bullfight. (oil on canvas) 1865-66 - Ghasi (?). Maharana Bhim Singh in Procession. (watercolor & gold on paper) c. 1820 - Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Beata Beatrix. (oil on canvas w/ gilded wood frame) 1871-72 - El Greco. The Assumption of the Virgin (oil on canvas) 1577-79 - Suzuki Harunobu. Evening Snow on the Floss Shaper. [from Eight Parlor Views] (woodblock print) 1766 - Peter Blume. The Rock. (oil on canvas) 1944-48 - Archibald Motley Jr. Nightlife. (oil on canvas) 1943 - Leon Golub. Interrogation II. (acrylic on canvas) 1981 - James Abbot McNeil [F/21] Intro to Art (Hum 123) K. Cherwin Form & Content Research Paper Examples INTRODUCTION with THESIS STATEMENT: “Nightlife (1943) by Archibald Motley Jr. is an animated and colorful painting illustrating a group of African Americans at an urban cabaret. At first glance the painting is interpreted as portraying the buoyancy of African American culture. Although Nightlife appears to be a painting representing the vivacity of African American life on the surface, it is actually a painting depicting racism and isolation underneath. This is portrayed through the Form features and further Content interpretation of the artwork. “ A.H. 1114. **FORM: GENERAL DESCRIPTION: “On view in The Weaver, moving from left to right, there is a blue dresser with five drawers that have golden handles at the top left corner. At the bottom left corner, one can see a wood. device with vertical pegs that has a red string tied around in a triangular shape. On the right side one can see a woman with a white shirt and red decorations, and a blue striped long skirt….” A.S. G-M. 718. - Lines Example: “Diego Rivera’s The Weaver uses hatch lines in the carpet and the weaving threads. Outlines are being used on the blue drawer and the handles shapes. Outlines are also being used to give shape to the pegs on the bottom left corner, and there are outlines on the woman’s shirt and her skirt. One can see contour lines in the woman’s chin and her arms and her body overall. There is line of sight from the woman’s eyes down to the fabric in her blouse, looking at the pattern weaving. Finally, one can see an implied line from the woman’s hands diagonally across the fabric. There are also implied lines from the top left to the bottom right via the length of the fabric…. The Weaver uses … expressive quality lines. Overall, the painting has a looser quality. “ A.S.G-M. - Colors Example: “Motley uses several different types of color in his painting. He primarily uses violets, and reds. The walls, floor and bar are a deep burgundy with pops of purple in the tablecloths, clothes, and labels on the bottles… “ “Complimentary colors are used in the work… Yellow dresses are complimented by purple suits or tablecloths, orange trousers are complimented by blue shirts, and red hats are complimented by green dresses and vice versa. Representational colors are used…” A.H. - Balance Example: “The balance of this painting is asymmetrical. The left and the right sides of the picture are equally balanced due to the artist placing elements on the painting that make it seem equal, even though the elements used are not identical. On the left side of the painting one can see the blue dresser with five drawers, and on the right side one can see a woman wearing a blue skirt. These two main elements of the painting seem to be visually connected by the threads for the weaving pattern placed diagonally across the canvas.” A.S.G-M. ** CONTENT: - Begin meaning & interpretation: “The Weaver depicts an indigenous woman that is weaving a traditional pattern for a waist- loom used by women at the time. The weaving was used to symbolize giving birth and at the time, Mexico was giving birth to a new era from nationalism to internationalism (Bonhams). During the time that Diego Rivera painted The Weaver (1936) Mexico was going through a lot of political and social changes… through his painting… communicated that he wanted to keep being a nationalist country rather than changing society to be more inclusive and welcoming of the countries that surround Mexico…” A.S. G-M. -Supporting Paragraphs with Content details, Vary with with each student, just stick to meaning, interpretation of the artwork- it’s not about the artist or heavy details, no extensive background details on artwork or history. - Conclusion: “Nightlife appears to be a simple and joyful painting depicting a night- out at an African American cabaret in the 1940s. However, upon deeper reflection, it is a complex painting connotating darker themes of racism and isolation. These themes allow (viewers) to understand Motley’s work even better...” A.H. [These are sections clipped from previous student papers. I have permission to use their work as examples. These sections are meant to further explain & demonstrate what you are to write in your paper. The aspects noted are parts of the paper, they are not the full extent of the 6-page Form & Content Research Paper. Be sure to also view the annotated outline, blank outline & AIC Artworks Selections List on D2L to help writing your paper.] F/21. Intro to Art (HUM 123) Kelly Cherwin Form & Content Research Paper Outline Artwork from AIC Artwork Selections List [Please take a look at ‘Reference Binder’ at front desk of OCC library to help you get started] I. Introduction: -Pull reader in with interesting intro sentence/s. (no “I’m going to write this paper on Jackson Pollock.” Think college- level introduction.) -Establish your thesis & how you are going to prove/support it. Your thesis is the assignment: “To really comprehend Jackson Pollock’s Autumn Rhythm (1950) one must analyze its Form elements and its Content…” Tweak thesis to fit your artwork. -Paper should be in 3rd person, not 1st (“one can see…”, not “I can see…”) -No personal review of train ride to museum/walk around museum/personal symbolism etc. II General Description of discussed artwork (part of Form): -Write a general overview or description of what objects, persons, things are in the artwork. -This states what is there- do not interpret or describe. -This should not be a full-blown detailed analysis. Just say WHAT is there & WHERE: not why. III. Explain artwork’s Formal Elements: (Form section should be 3 pages) -Use the proper class/ text terms to briefly explain the formal elements, each in own paragraph. - This section states what is there, but not why or how. Think objective. IV. Paragraph on Types of Lines & where. V. Paragraph on Exact Color & where, then what Types of Color & where. (Light & Shade in own paragraph if applicable) VI. Paragraph on Type of Perspective (2-D?, imply 3-D?) VII. Paragraph on Type of Balance. VIII. Paragraph on Type of Texture. IX. Type of Media Discussion, its positives & negatives. - - create transition to Content section - X. Detail the artwork’s Content: (begin Content section, 3 pages) -Establish the basic interpretation of the artwork as supported by professional Art Historians using scholarly research. -This is where you explain the why and how of the artwork: subjective. -You may include minimal background info on the artist and subject, if needed. Remember: the paper is on the artwork, not the artist! XI Critical Analysis: - Explain argument of thesis: remember to stay in 3rd person. -What is your interpretation (thesis); how does it differ from the established one? -How did others view it in its own time? Does your view match theirs or differ strongly? Why? -Support thesis or analysis with proof. You may be passionate, but please no “gushing”. X. Conclusion: -Tie ideas together and relate to your thesis. (Please stay away from “In conclusion…” or “I conclude with…”) ** Remember PROPER CITATION in body of paper and Bibliography/Works Cited page Again: make sure paper is in Proper Format as detailed on syllabus. [F21} Intro to Art (HUM 123) K. Cherwin/ Fall 2021 Worksheet #1- Ch. 1- 2 Part I: Welcome to Intro! Due: 8/31/21 Welcome to Intro to Art (Hum 123). I like to start the class by first going over the syllabus. You’ve received the syllabus, plus it’s available on D2L. Please read the syllabus, sign & date stating you’ve received and read it: ____________________________________________________________. Read each designated chapter in your text (DDA/ online text for class). Once read, take your Worksheet and answer / note each item using your text. You are to put in your words. There should be NO cut & paste or copy. Please make sure you are reading & answering what is asked in each question or opinion. There are some questions that ask you to use the internet to look up an example or item. However: you should predominately using your “A World of Art” DDA text. (online text is explained on syllabus & in my Welcome! Email sent last week.) ~1) Roles of the Artist/ Art: 1. 2. 3. 4. Create a visual record of their time and place. Help us to see the world in new and innovative ways. Make functional objects and structures more pleasurable by imbuing them with beauty and meaning. Give form to immaterial ideas and feelings. ~2) Look at Jasper Johns Flag. 1954- 55. (fig. 1-5) What does this image say/ represent to you? What we SEE is the flag of the United States of America. What I think it REPRESENTS is the things that the people of this country had to do to obtain this flag. All the hardships, emotions, and patriotism. Now look at Faith Ringgold God Bless America, No. 13. 1964. (fig. 1-6) How do current events change how you would interpret this painting? Does it still have an impact even though it’s from 1964? How? Racism to our black community I still very common to this day. Even though much has improved since 1964, the black community still goes through a lot of inequality compared to people of other color. I think this paining still hold a heavy meaning behind it to this day. The stars still representing a sheriff’s badge and how police brutality is such a big thing in the black community or the white women in the panting that still represents a sense of racism toward black people. ~3) “Seeing the Value in Art”: we are not all going to agree on what is “good” art. You don’t have to like everything we are going to look at: I don’t like everything we look at. HoweverI do expect all to at least try to understand what the artist is saying. Take a look at the following & note your views: - Bacon. Three Studies of Lucien Freud. 1969. (fig. 1-23 What I think these three images represent is, the person on the right is peaking to person all the way on the left and the middle person is interrupting the conversation. Another way to look at it may be that the middle and left person are speaking with each other and the person on the right is being left out of the picture. - Mapplethorpe. “X, Y & Z Portfolios”. 1978-81. (fig. 1-24) This picture could represent the struggle of black people in the 80’s. He appears nude and in a fetus position because of his lack of right and lack of equality. - Ofili. The Holy Virgin Mary. 1996. (fig. 1-25) When you flip the image over, it looks like a rose. This could represent the pureness and beauty of Mary. ~4) Art has existed since the first Humans. Art serves many roles, as you noted in #1, but for most of history it has stayed the same. * Traditional Role of Art is To Copy Nature. This role has existed from Prehistoric times until the early 20th century. It took a few brave artists to challenge this role. Find an example of an artwork that follows this Traditional Role and one that doesn’t. Explain. (note: “Copy nature” means depicts it as close to reality as artist is capable of creating. This does NOT mean any artwork that shows nature: tree, human, etc.) 1. I think that a good depiction of copy art would be “Michelangelo, David, 1501-04” because it’s a picture of a person and is a very commonly seen sculpture. 2. A piece of art that doesn’t fall under the category of copy art would be “Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, No 2, 1912”. This piece of art seems like one that is very hard to understand, one must think deeply and visualize deeply to understand what this piece of art is trying to depict. ~5) To truly understand a work of art one must look at it completely, meaning you must consider both the Form and the Content. • • - Form: the physical aspects used to create the artwork. Form refers to the facts, it cannot be argued. (lines, colors, media, space, balance, etc.) Form is totally Objective. Content: the interpretation and meaning. Content is Subjective. All artworks have Form (or you are looking at nothing). Not all art has Content. It’s up to the artist to say whether their piece has Content. We will be spending the 1st part of the semester talking about Formal Elements (ch. 1-12) The 2nd we will be looking at the Content of artworks from Prehistory- 21st centuries (ch. 16-20) Look at the artworks in #2. Note the Form & Content of each artwork. Johns: Form- The typical US red, white, and blue flag. Content- This picture is fairly simple so it’s hard to figure out the meaning, but I think it represents patriotism is a hard time. Ringgold: Form- The artist uses the colors of the US flag, red, blue, and white. They uses black and red vertical parallel lines to represent the bars and a hint of white in the face to represent the color of the women’s skin. Context- The meaning behind it how the stripes of the flag have been turned vertically and are seen as bars to show a sigh of being imprisoned or stuck. The badge representing their patriotism but not implementing that into their lives, rather being a racist and not giving the black community their well-deserved rights. ~6) All art is going to be one type. These are called The 3 Types of Art: Representational: Copies Nature. Has Form. Content is fairly easy to see. Prehistory until c. 1907. Ex: Leonardo. Mona Lisa. c. 1503- 06. Why is it Representational? This is representational because it is a picture of a person which falls under “copies nature”. The context is also very easy to recognize and falls between prehistoric-1907. Abstract: Distorts Nature. Has Form. Content can be open to interpretation. 1907- 1970s. Ex: Picasso. Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon. 1907. Why is it Abstract? This piece of art is abstract because of its lack of form, especially the faces and bodies of the people. It also falls within 1907-1970’s. Non- Representational: Denies Nature. Has Form. No Content/ Meaning. Late 1960s- 1970s. Ex: Donald Judd. Untitled. (includes all his work w/ that title) 1969. Why Non- Rep? This piece of art is non-representational because of it the opposite of copy nature. It does have from because it many different colors and many parallel lines. It also falls within the late 1960’s-1970’s. ~7) Iconography: symbolism used in artwork. It is generally understood in like cultures/ times. Ex: Jan van Eyck. (so- called) Arnolfini Wedding Portrait. 1434. (fig. 2-17) This painting is not a wedding, not a portrait. Find out what is going on & what some of the main objects/ people are to be symbolizing. I think what they are trying to symbolize is desire for each other and maybe even the desire to have a child because of her hand placement. Ex. Jean- Michel Basquiat. Charles the First. 1982. (fig. 2-19) How is Basquiat’s iconography different from that of van Eyck? Van’s art is a lot more copy nature than Basquiat’s. Van’s also has more context. please include artist, title & {When citing an artwork date. You can see how I have noted artworks.} Intro to Art (HUM 123) Worksheet #2: Ch. 3-4 Part I: The Formal Elements K. Cherwin Name: due by: / /2021 Chapter 3 to 12 is focused on the Form part of art, by explaining several different Formal Elements. You will discuss these formal aspects in the first part of your AIC research paper. [items marked with * are important for test & used in your paper) Chapter 3: Lines * Types (varieties) of Lines: there can be several Types of Line in one artwork. After the provided example find an example not used in Ch. 3 & explain how it uses the type of line. 1. Outline: an outline gives shape to an object/ item. It acts as a border or separation. - Picasso. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. 1907 Example: -Amedeo Modigliani. Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz. 1916 Appears to be a 2d image 2. Contour: an organic- shaped line that implies 3-D. - David. The Death of Socrates. 1787 Example: -Yoruba artist, Shrine Head, 12th-14th century The image is constructed in a way to look 3D 3. Hatch: more geometric- shaped line used to imply 3-D. (in Chapter 5) - Cassatt. The Coiffeur. c. 1891 Example: Albrecht Dürer. Veronica. 1513 The lines on throughout but mostly in the lower right and left corners show hatching 4. Crosshatch: set of hatch lines that are angled & crossed over another. (in Chapter 5) - Michelangelo. Head of a Satyr. c. 1620 Example: Detailed image of the same painting as number 3 Crosshatching is being shown in the zoomed in version of the previous artwork (Just for fun) Another example of crosshatching is from one of my favorite anime artists, Tite Kubo. He uses this type of art very often. 5. Line of Sight: line does not actually exist; it is the direction eyes in the artwork are “looking”. - El Greco. The Assumption of the Virgin. 1577 (@ AIC) Example: Enguerrand. Coronation of the Virgin. 1453-54 Everybody is focused on Mary in the image. 6. Implied Line: line doesn’t exist but acts as a direction or focal area artist wants viewer to follow. - Manet. Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass). 1863 Example: - Edvard. The Scream. 1895 The lines are flowing towards the man * Qualities of Line: Quality describes what the Type of Line looks like. Usually one quality per artwork. Find example of each Quality not used in Ch. 3 & explain. 1. Classical: very controlled, perfect lines, and looks almost machine made. - David. The Death of Socrates. 1787 Example: Raphael's. The School of Athens. 1511 (Was not allowing me to paste the image no matter how many times I tried) This image is a perfect example of controlled perfect line. 2. Expressive: organic, imperfect looks handmade. - van Gogh. Starry Night. 1889 Example: Wassily Kandinsky. Cossacks 1910–1 This is a perfect example of expressive because it looks creatively handmade. Chapter 4: Shape & Space. Most of the art you will see is 2 dimensional (Shape)- drawing, painting. The only aspects that are 3 dimensional (Mass)- sculpture, architecture. Seeing as most art that exists (until 20th century) is 2D, but wants to copy nature, which is 3D, artists can use many effects to imply 3D on a 2D surface. * Linear Perspective: a system for implying 3D on a 2D surface. It has 2 Principles: 1. Must have a Vanishing Point on a Horizon Line. (both are usually implied, not actual) 2. Objects must get smaller as they recede. - Leonardo da Vinci. Last Supper. c. 1495- 1498 Explain where each of the Principles of Linear Perspective is used on the artwork. 1. 2. Not completely sure, but I think they end after the roof of the painting and start again at the table. The brown rectangles in the back seem to be getting smaller the further back they go. - Jacob Lawrence. You can buy bootleg whiskey for 25 cents a quart. 1942-43 Explain how Lawrence emphasizes a 2 dimensional or flat quality. Did he do this purposely or because he doesn’t know Linear Perspective? He does this by not adding structure to any of the objects. For example, the person lying on the table, he adds no structure to his body, rather just a bunch of abstract shapes. * Atmospheric Perspective: using light/ shade, sun to imply 3D on a 2D surface. - Fragonard. The Swing. c. 1768 How does the artist use the atmosphere to make the flat surface look like it has depth? I think he does it by adding different shades of green while keeping the women in the middle a lighter pink. * Foreshortening: viewer is pushed right up to the foreground, eliminating foreground depth. The viewpoint appears to go up, not back. - Mantegna. The Dead Christ. c. 1480 What subject or point of view is this technique commonly used- why? It is commonly used in photography and paintings. This was create to imitate binocular vision around the nineteenth century. * How has the depiction or implication of 3-D space changed in the 21st century? Give 2 examples to explain & support your answer (give artist, title, date & media) I think the change has a lot to do with advancements in technology. It has allowed us to go far beyond what we could’ve achieved in the world of art even a hundred years ago. 1. 2. Feng Mengbo, Long March: Restart, 2008 Thomas Rousvoal, Back in ‘90s’ series, 2012 Intro to Art (HUM 123) Worksheet #5: Ch. 8-9, 12 Part I: The Formal Elements K. Cherwin Name: due by: 10/ 5 /21 We continue our focus on the Form part of an artwork (Ch. 3- 12/ Worksheets 1-5) by explaining several of the different Formal Elements an artwork uses. This worksheet is the last that is solely centered on the elements of Form. The first 3 pages of your AIC Form & Content research paper are made up of paragraphs, each on a different part of its Form. You will read the chapters in the text & then use text to answer the worksheet. This worksheet is asking you to discuss the artwork’s Media. The media is literally what the artist uses to physically make the piece (is it Paint? Ok, what type? Oil paint.) Think: Media = Material. “Chapter 8: Drawing Media” ~ Dry Drawing Media * Chalk & Charcoal: - found/ made from (is it found in nature or manufactured) : Manufacture - ground used (what the media is put upon- wood, canvas, marble etc., can be more than one): Binders - positives (why used, benefits): Used to hold the pigments together, using different materials brings out clear and attractive art and the pigment can be applied directly to the surface of work - negatives (problems, complications): Sometimes the pigment can be more than expected hence ruining the entire art piece, the pigment also smudge easily. [artwork example:: Leonardo da Vinci, Study of a Woman’s Head or of the Angel of the Vergine delle Rocce, 1473 * Graphite/ Pencil: - found/ made from: pure carbon - ground used: Carbon atoms - positives: Used in pencils, it is a good conductor of electricity and therefore used in making electrical products. - negatives: Breaks at times and may result into different shades of the art. [artwork * Pastels: - found/ made from: powdered pigments such as methyl cellulose - ground used: fragile, finger-size sticks - positives: Texture achieved is always wonderful and velvety. Comprises of very rich combination of colors and eventually indicate splendid luminosity. Also, it is so easy to work with pastels unlike paints - negatives: Mixing with other oils, the pastels can be messy while working on an art especially on papers and hands [artwork: William Kentridge, History of the Main Complaint, 1996 ~ Liquid Drawing Media * Pen & Ink: - found/ made from: made from a combination of solvents, pigments, resins, varnishes, and additives - ground used: solvents, soybean oil and resins - positives: There is combination of different colors and creating attractive arts. Also, there is balancing brightness and darkness, line and tone of an art piece. - negatives: Sometimes the work can be messed through excess ink since it is permanent. Excess ink requires someone to start from scratch. [artwork: Marjane Satrapi, Page from the “Kim Wilde” chapter of the graphic novel Persepolis, 2001 * Wash & Brush: - found/ made from: Diluted ink in water and applied in a brush - ground used: graphite sketch in pen and ink - positives: makes drawings dynamic - negatives: Mostly applicable to writing materials [artwork: Hanging scroll, ink on paper, 31¾ × 11⅞ in. Tokyo National Museum, Japan. “Chapter 9: Painting Media “ (all paint is made of Pigment + Binder = Type of Paint) * Encaustic: ( I explained all points here for encaustic, do the same for each type below) . Pigment + bunder or hot wax (binder) = Encaustic Paint [“natural pigments plus a binder equals the type of paint” what is binder in each type? - found (is it found in nature or manufactured): Manufactured - primer (a kind of basecoat) - ground (what the media is put upon- wood, canvas, marble etc., can be more than one): Done on walls - positives (why used, benefits): Strong and lasting - negatives (problems, complications): Depends on how strong the mixture worked, and ease of finding the raw materials [artwork: Encaustic on wood, 14 × 18 in. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York * Fresco (not buon fresco) : . Pigment + limewater (calcium hydroxide or slaked lime) (binder) = Fresco - found: lime plaster wall - primer: - ground: Wet plaster - positives: Durable - negatives: Takes a complex process including rendering [artwork: Still Life with Eggs and Thrushes, Villa of Julia Felix, Pompeii, before 79 CE * Tempera: . Pigment + water + gummy material (binder) - found: natural form - primer: gradual hatching - ground: wood panel - positives: Sharp and crisp - negatives: Complex to establish the best mixture [artwork: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy. * Oil : . Pigment + gummy material (binder) - found: (1st paint to be manufactured/ mass produced-big deal!) - primer: Gradual hatching - ground: wood panel - positives: Can deliver three dimensional artwork - negatives: The ability to edit can erase important information [artwork: Robert Campin and workshop, The Annunciation (The Mérode Altarpiece) (detail), ca. 1425–30 Watercolor: . Pigment + Binder (binder) - found: Manufactured in large or small scales - primer: canvas - ground: Paper - positives: Produces abstract works of art - negatives: quality of work can be washed off by water or another solvent [artwork: Winslow Homer, A Wall, Nassau, 1898 Gouache: . Pigment + white chalk (binder) - found: manufactured - primer: canvas - ground: Paper - positives: can use much space - negatives: Not durable [artwork: Jacob Lawrence, You can buy bootleg whiskey for twenty-five cents a quart, from the Harlem Series, 1942–43. * Synthetic (acrylic, enamel, spray, etc.): . Pigment + turpentine and acrylic (binder) - found: chemically created in industries - primer: canvas - ground: Duco or pyroxylin - positives: Dries faster than ink and paint. Also durable after it dries. - negatives: requires a large space to draw [artwork: Helen Frankenthaler, The Bay, 1963. * Mixed Media (name examples): drawing, fiber, word, paint media. - made of: Various media from wood, canvas, paper - primer: Variety - ground: Variety from papers to screens - positives: combines several works of art - negatives: Alters the integrity of the paintwork by introducing contemporary issues [artwork: * Woodblock Print (in Ch. 10): What (are they?): Printed sections of chiseled to draw the writings Who (created/ collected): [artwork: Rembrandt van Rijn, The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds, 1634 * Screenprint (ch. 10): What: Printing below a plate with the writing made from serigraphs Who: Heavy machinery owned by large organzations [artwork: Roger Shimomura, Enter the Rice Cooker, 1994 “Chapter 12: Sculpture” * Types of Sculpture [explain & give example for each type] 1. * Relief (Low and High): There is woodwork in front of the background, drawings are in 3 dimentiona but the view on one side only. Can be high or low relief. Example of low relief: Maidens and Stewards, fragment of the Panathenaic Procession, from the east frieze of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, 447–438 BCE Example of high relief: Filippo Brunelleschi, Sacrifice of Isaac, competition relief commissioned for the doors of the Baptistery, Florence, 1401–02 2. * Freestanding (also called Sculpture in the Round): Drawings in which the figures appear to be escaping from their spaces. It can be seen from all sides. Example: Giambologna, Capture of the Sabine Women, 1583 3. * Carving: Involved chiseling, gouging, removing some pieces to make an image. Example: Menkaure with a Woman, probably Khamerernebty, from valley temple of Menkaure, Giza, Dynasty 4, ca. 2480 BCE 4. * Modeling: Using clay to build an artwork using hands. They are then heated at high temperatures to harden for durability. Example: Tomb of Emperor Qin Shihuangdi, 221–206 BCE 5. * Casting: Making models of different parts, filling with liquid clay, and then heating to harden. The modeling material can also be poured and allowed to harden. Example: Head of an Oba, Nigeria, Africa, Edo, Court of Benin, 18th century 6. * Assemblage: Different pieces cast together and welded to form one item. Most are made of metals and other items. Example: Louise Nevelson, Sky Cathedral, 1958 7. * Installation: These are common in places where people frequent t see works of art, like galleries. Example: Nancy Rubins, Pleasure Point, 2006 8. Earthworks: A landscape created artificially, by having rocks and stones in proper arrangement for perfect visual view. Example: Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, April 1970 {* 9. Uniquely artist- specific creations (extra points) - Combines (created by American artist Robert Rauschenberg): Combining more than one type of work into different forms of creations. They skewed towards collages in most cases. Explain what artist means & give example of a Rauschenberg combine: Robert Rauschenberg, Monogram, 1955–59. -Readymades (created by French artist Marcel Duchamp): Submitted sculptures and other artworks for archiving and safety keeping. For Marcel, it was first rejected before being accepted in subsequent submission. Explain what artist means & give example of a Duchamp Readymade: Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917 
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