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Section 2 Presentation Topics:
1 Meiosis & Mitosis
2 Human Sexuality Varies from culture to culture
3 Venereal Diseases: Inc. all in Lecture Notes
4 Birth Control: effectiveness, history, etc.
5 Watson & Crick – DNA molecule
6 Chromosomes
7 Karyotype
8 the 23rdChromosome
9 the 23 rd “Pair” abnormalities (xyy, xxx, etc)
10 Monozygotic Twins vs Dizygotic Twins
11 Dominant genes / Recessive genes
12 Polygenetic traits & Complimentary Genes
13 Genotype / Phenotype
14 Mendle's Peas: No Blending / Independent Assortment & the
implications non-blending had re the mechanisms of evolution.
15 Regulatory Genes
16 Lactose Intolerance – World distribution and origin of the ability to process lactose
17 Homeotic (Hox) Genes
18 Micro Evolution / Macro Evolution – provide several examples of each
19 CLADOGENESIS & ANAGENESIS
20 Hardy-Weinberg Law, Steno's Law & Allen's Rule
21 Natural Selection& Survival of the Fittest concentrate on the definition and how they are opposite
sides of the same coin and depend on over-reproduction and viability
22 PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM & Stephen J. Gould
23 SCHISTIC SPECIATION
24 Mutation & New Alleles
25 The English Peppered Moth – significance
26 Genetic Drift
27 The Founder Effect – give examples such as Pitcairn Island,
Polynesian Islands & “The New World”
28 The effects of Aging after physical prime – include skeleton, muscles, feet, joints, balance, skin, etc.
29 Generational Environmental Adaptation (Hot/Cold, Elevation, Sunlight)
30 Nutrition: Effects on the human body in the context of human evolution and different cultures
31 Skeletal Adaptation to activity – particularly the changes that occurred during the switch from
hunter-gatherer to the Domestication of crops and animals.
Explanation & Answer
View attached explanation and answer. Let me know if you have any questions.
HOM EOTIC
GENES
By
Mayyadah Danial
HOM EOTIC
GENES
ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT
regulate morphogenesis and pattern
formation
each homeotic gene acts on a different
body segment
e.g Drosophila (fruit fly)
homeotic gene complexes ANT-C and
BX-C
homologous homeotic genes found in
fungi, plants, and verterbrates
HOM EOTIC
GENES
MUTATIONS t h a t l e a d t o
TRANSFORMATION
Scientists discovered how genes determine
body pattern through observing mutations in
fruit flies.
Body structures m a y develop in the wrong
places.
transformation
Results in development of the elements of the
specified pattern with inappropriate identities.
( Ve r m a & Singh,2013).
Hom eob ox
Genes
Homeobox genes are homeotic genes
that possess a homeobox
180 base pairs and 60 amino acid containing genes;
produces homeodomain that binds with DNA.;
proteins with homeobox are transcription factors
Occurs in all animals, plants, and fungi
- These homeobox genes are referred as the master
developmental plan; top of the hierarchy of genes
that regulate the morphogenesis and cell
differentiation in animals (Mark, Rijili, & Chambon,
1997).
-Conserved genes that remained unchanged
throughout evolution.
Hox genes are highly
conserved since the
divergence of
bilaterian animals
Importance in the
diversification of bilaterian
body plans; Hox gene m ay
have existed in bilaterian
Hox genes
c o m m o n ancestor
Subset of H o m e o b ox genes
Regionalization identity
along the anterior posterior
Axial Skeleton
Patterning
axis of the skeleton
Homeosis
Mutations in Hox genes
cause a body part to be
placed in the wrong place
(e.g Drosophila)
Hox Genes &
Em b ry og en esis
Expression of Hox g e n e o n e a r l y
embryonic stage
Spatial linearity observed in the expression
patterns of the embryo corresponding the gene
sequence in the chromosome
Hox Gene
Exp ression
Producti on of t r a n s c r i p t i o n
factor
Hox gene codes for a protein that
serves as a transcription factor that
binds to specific region in DNA.
Transcription factor: switches on genes
in the region so these can be
expressed.
Regulating the correct development of
the body parts
Drosophilamelanogaster
First s e q u e n c ed Hox genes
‘homeotic selector gene’
"a master regulatory gene could control the
development of each segment of the fly"
Shows the identity of the position of body
parts al...