SPORTS IN EDUCATION 1 Football Across the Globe David Johnson Ashford University Dr. Lees SPORTS IN EDUCATION 2 The Impact of Football Across the Globe What do you know about football? A majority of the world population at one time or another watched or played football. Commonly referred to as soccer, the modern play of football was initiated in the mid of the 19th century. It is a sport played by a team of not more than 11 players who usually use the feet to kick a ball, and only the goalkeeper has the authority to use his or her hands to defend against being scored. Football clubs sort to seek standardization of the various varying set of rules and regulations, which led to the formation of the football association such as that in England (King, 2017). The association aimed at ensuring clubs and players coexist and play each other needless of any dispute and promoting suitable ethical measures. The football association grew rapidly and thus led to the formation of the professional football association (PFA). The fundamental role of this association is to improve, protect, and negotiate the measures put in place to ensure professional players' status, rights, and freedom are met via a collective bargaining agreement. Football associations have had impacts on society, many of which have influenced the growth and development of individuals and the world at large. The PFA is a trade union for professional footballers, is the oldest sports union with a vast number of members. The collapse of the association of footballer's federation, which had the objectives of putting in place measures that saw the transfer of a player from a club to another, saw the birth of the PFA. The now reorganized union sort of streamlining the various discrepancies found in football and led to the emergence of better payments and promoted efficiency. During the start of the 20th century, a majority of teams grew to promote football as one of the most famous sports around the globe. The game being famous is vital to all stakeholders improving the spirit of goodwill and the effectiveness in its operations (PFA, 2020). SPORTS IN EDUCATION 3 Football associations have a mandate of working hand in hand with the governing body of football (international federation of association football) known as FIFA. FIFA manages and runs the world of football and has the principal mandate of promoting and organizing huge tournaments across the globe, with the biggest being the World Cup (FIFA.com, 2020). The world cup helps in promoting unity as people come together and enjoy watching the most prestigious sport. It is usually a benefit to the host nation as it tends to encourage the economy due to the presence of a large population that visits, leaving good fortunes as well as financial contributions. The governing body is guided by principles and values that to sort to make it as open as possible. The body invites nations to come with the best plan for the world cup, and the most efficient and effective strategy wins the bid to host the world cup. Having been played lastly, in Russia in 2018, the sport saw Russians' gross domestic product increase. It also led to growth in infrastructure as stadiums and facilities were built, and this clearly outlines the benefits associated with football. Football has seen the identification and growth of footballing talents across the globe. Several young individuals have seen their dreams realized with the growth of the scouting academies that travel the world in search of unique football talents. It has seen an advancement in attitude control as individuals learn a lot about how attitude improves any performance in any sport. Teachings on resilience are also essential as football provides models that help in dealing with misfortunes and disappointments. Putting up with fitness and exercising allows individuals to strengthen not only their physical strengths but also their mental health. Football associations will hold annual delegations and conferences that enable chalking out of challenges and coming up with informed decisions on how to grow and develop the sport(Secrist, Bhat, & Dodson, 2016). Together with the sports marketing association, efficient SPORTS IN EDUCATION 4 marketing strategies are outlined, bringing in the idea of value addition. Previous meetings have addressed issues to deal with diversity championing for collaboration between local clubs and businesses. When football clubs observe variety, players from different backgrounds will have an opportunity to meet different players promoting exchange in culture. Promoting positive values of honesty, transparency, integrity, professionalism, accountability, among other benefits, were among the benefits that were given much emphasis on how well to ensure football upholds its essential reputation (De Hoyo et al., 2016). They sort to dedicate more funds to ensure the development of football happens all over the world. Various partners such as airlines, oil companies, corporations, and state agencies pledged to support football in the coming years. This is afoot towards progress is it will see football being passed generation after generation. Football associations have seen positive impacts on society, many of which have influenced the growth and development of individuals and the world at large, as described above. It remains the most popular sport in the states and ranks the top ten as the most famous sport in the world. The roles and responsibilities of the various football associations have seen tremendous achievements that continue to be met in ensuring the effectiveness of football. Every weekend, me and my friends, alongside other individuals, we always come out in support of our football clubs as they encounter each other head to head. Supporting and rooting for football across the globe will ensure that the sport remains relevant, and its growth is fundamental as it depicts a sense of peace, love, and unity. The merits of football are adverse as it is done immeasurable positive impacts in the different societies. Football has changed lives and has led to a class of professional football superstars such as Messi, Zidane, Ronaldo, Gerald, Henry, only to mention a few. The success of football is paramount in ensuring political, social, and economic stability in developing and developed countries. Football continues to create jobs, SPORTS IN EDUCATION 5 creates role models, and helps young people in keeping active and promotes effective community relations. SPORTS IN EDUCATION 6 References King, A. (2017). The European ritual: Football in the new Europe. Routledge. Secrist, E. S., Bhat, S. B., & Dodson, C. C. (2016). The financial and professional impact of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in National Football League athletes. Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 4(8), 2325967116663921. De Hoyo, M., Cohen, D. D., Sañudo, B., Carrasco, L., Álvarez-Mesa, A., Del Ojo, J. J., ... & Otero-Esquina, C. (2016). Influence of football match time–motion parameters on recovery time course of muscle damage and jump ability. Journal of sports sciences, 34(14), 1363-1370. PFA. (2020, April 22). The PFA. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://www.thepfa.com/ FIFA.com. (2020, March 8). FIFA. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://www.fifa.com/ Running head: CRITIQUE OF SPORTS ARTICLES Critique of Sports Articles David Johnson III Ashford University Dr. Lees 1 ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES 2 Analysis of Sports Articles Article Critique Article 1 Student engagement in sports is an essential aspect of their school life. Researchers have discovered that sports have a positive impact on the academic performance of students. In the article "Secondary school students' participation in sports and their parents' level of support: A qualitative study," Vegneskumar Maniam (2017) evaluated students' engagement in sports as part of their extra-curricular participation in schools and the impact of their parents' support in the engagement. While the article provided suitable results regarding students' participation in sports, it had limitations in terms of generalizability. The research question for Maniam (2017) 's study focused on investigating the influence of parents on students' participation in school sports. The research question was guided by the study's purpose and aligned with the topic. The study used interviews as a qualitative technique for collecting data. The study applied the humanistic sociological approach in the analysis of data. One hundred eleven students were involved in the study. Sampling was not observed in the study as the researcher used all the initial participants. This makes it difficult to understand the application of this study in other areas. Also, without the definition of sample size, it is difficult to understand the accumulation of errors during the study. Parental support is considered an essential area regarding sports in education. For students, encouragement of parents may determine their participation in sports and its influence ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES 3 in their academic life. While this depiction is important, Maniam (2017) only focused on six schools, hence reducing its application in the general population. Article 2 In the article "Parent expectations towards participation in extra-curricular sport activity of high school students," Yilmaz (2018) focuses on understanding the types of expectations that parents hold about their children participating in sporting activities. The study revealed that there are six different categories of parents' categories; 'being a healthy person,' 'limiting harmful habits,' 'socializing,' 'keeping away from bad company,' 'skill development,' and 'proving of intellectual development.' It was depicted that most participants in high school engage in sporting activities. The participants were viewed to engage in sports due to support from their parents and coaches. The study question was, 'What are the expectations of parents from extra-curricular sportive activities.' This question was in line with the study topic, hence providing a relevant study aim. This question was qualitative, thus revealed that a qualitative approach was suitable. A case study design using semi-structured interviews was applied by Yilmaz (2018) in fulfilling the research objective. This design can be observed to be vital as it holistically provides results. Purposive sampling was used in giving a suitable sample for the researchers. However, the sample involved 14 respondents, limiting its ability to enhance generalizability. It can be viewed that the results had bias as they emanated from respondents from one city. Moreover, since the study only focused on interviewing, the lack of records makes the findings have limited validity as there is no evidence of the occurrence of the interviews. ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES 4 Yilmaz (2018) tries to cover an important aspect of sports in education as parents are influential in the development of students' participation. Many people tend to engage in sporting activities with the view that they will achieve positive outcomes. Therefore, an investigation of the influence of parents could be a useful tool in helping students to understand the importance of sports in their education. Future studies on parents' expectations of sporting activities need to be carried out using a larger sample and a full location. Article 3 In the article "Some sports managers' views about values education through sports," Vellittin Balci and Ovunc Eredeveciler (2017) aimed at reviewing managers of some sports association. The focus of this study was to ensure that sports and engagement in sorts are considered new techniques for enhancing values education. The researchers showed that values are important in developing social structures in society. It was found that leaders in sports associations had values such as communication, tolerance, love, and diligence, which are essential in nurturing a pleasant social environment. However, the study did not show well how athletes developed the values through sporting activities. Balci and Eredeveciler's (2017) study was qualitative, with the researchers applying semi-structured interviews for attaining study findings. The study question was, 'What are the sports managers' views about values education through sports?' Since there was one question, the scope of the study was shallow, hence showing that there was a little contribution to the concept of sorts in education. While the method was opined to be essential in identifying perceptions regarding a concept, the participants were given reference information to have a better understanding of the topic. This shows that the participants may have had little knowledge of the study concepts. The study used a sample of 41 participants, which is large enough to ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES 5 enhance generalizability. Since participants were from different sports associations, there were reduced chances for biased results. The aspect covered by Balci and Eredeveciler (2017) is essential as many people do not understand about values education and how sports can be used to transfer crucial education concepts to participants. Out of the 41 participants, only nine opined that they did not gain anything from sporting activities. This shows that, generally, sports influence values in education. Hence they should be applied in academic settings. Comparison of the Studies The studies were similar in their approaches as they all applied the use of interviewing in meeting the objectives. Moreover, each study utilized one question, hence showing that they all had a limited scope. However, the studies had different ways of evaluating the study findings, thus providing different perspectives to the readers. From another perspective, the studies applied different sample sizes. While analyzing the studies, it can be viewed that Balci and Eredeveciler (2017) 's article had a better approach to the research focus. It provided valuable information on a new area of values education. Concept of Trustworthiness Shenton (2004) and Polkinghorne (2005) reveal that trustworthiness in qualitative studies is often questioned by positivists due to their different way of addressing reliability and validity. However, they show that qualitative researchers can incorporate various forms of enhancing reliability and validity. Shenton (2004) suggests that some of the ways of attaining trustworthiness include the application of established methods, relating the findings to the ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES 6 researchers' positions, and reporting the research process in detail. Polkinghorne (2005) suggests that a researcher should engage in multiple interviews to attain trustworthiness. According to Shenton's (2004) depiction, all the studies are credible as they applied established methods of qualitative research, and the researchers provided a reflective commentary of the study. Moreover, they have a strong transferability as they provide information on the number of participants, toes of organizations involved, methods used, and the length of time used. This feature would provide other researchers with a background to assess the extent to which the study may be applied in other areas. Also, all the studies are dependable as they provide a strong detail of the processes used. However, the studies lack confirmability as they do not involve the use of audit techniques such as triangulation. Unresolved Questions and Further Research Yilmaz (2018) did not provide information on how extra-curricular activities were used to control harmful acts in children. From this aspect, further research may be done to ascertain how sports activities may enhance adolescent behavioral development. Maniam (2017) provided detailed explanations of the research. However, in-depth qualitative studies need to be provided to reveal the effect of parental influence on teachers and sports associations. Lastly, Balci and Eredeveciler's (2017)'s study was only limited in Ankara province. Hence studies focusing on a wider area may be required in the future. ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES 7 References Balci, V., & Erdeveciler, Ö. (2017). Some sports managers' views about values education through sports. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5(5), 197-203. Maniam, V. (2017). Secondary school students' participation in sports and their parents' level of support: A qualitative study. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 76(1), 14-22. Polkinghorne, D. E. (2005). Language and meaning: Data collection in qualitative research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 137–145. Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for information, 22(2), 63-75. Yılmaz, A. (2018). Parent expectations towards participation to extra-curricular sport activity of high school students. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, (4), 216-223. Running head: ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES Analysis of Quantitative Sports Articles David Johnson III Ashford University Dr. Lees 1 ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES Analysis of Quantitative Sports Articles Article Critique Article 1 Sports are an essential aspect of education, as it helps students improve their mental and physical wellbeing. Since they enhance interactions with other people, sports may build individuals' leadership and teamwork skills. In the article "The relationship between sports participation and academic achievement: The mediating role of parental support and selfesteem," Haroona Qurban, Hassan Siddique, Jin Wang, and Tony Morris evaluated the association between sports engagement, self-esteem, parental support, and academic performance. The study was founded on the view that there was a reduced education level of students due to involvement in sports. The study questions aligned with the topic and were guided by three hypotheses. First, it was hypothesized that engagement in sports would directly influence students' academic achievement. Second, it was hypothesized that parental support would influence the association between sports engagement and academic achievement. Third, it was hypothesized that selfesteem would affect the association between sports engagement and student achievement. The study used 250 students. Using a random sampling technique, only half of the participants were included in the analysis. Participants in the sample were all between 16 and 18 years of age and were students in universities. Qurban et al. (2018) applied inferential statistical methods such as exploratory factor analyses, Pearson's correlation tests, and regression analysis. Parental support is an important social factor in students' participation in sporting activities. Qurban et al. (2018) try to show how the factor affects the association between sports 2 ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES 3 engagement and academic performance. The researchers only focused on university students, hence not bringing the overall picture of students in the general population. Article 2 The article "The association between high school coach's leadership behaviors and athlete's self-efficacy and grit," Katari U. Donald, Stephen R. Marvin, Karen Cypress, and Aarek W. Farmer (2019) determine how coaches affect student-athletes. The researchers found that student-athletes perceived that their coaches' leadership behavior had a profound effect on their self-efficacy and grit. From this aspect, the paper depicted the importance of coach and athlete relationships in the development of sports in a school setting. Donald et al. (2019) used two questions to fulfill the objectives of their study. One focused on the association between the coach's leadership behavior and grit and one focusing on the coach's leadership behavior and self-efficacy. These questions were guided by hypotheses, with both null and alternative hypotheses being used. This approach brings a clear understanding of what was expected in the study. The study targeted 378 participants, with a sample size determined by a sample size calculator. A sample of 191 participants was used, with the respondents being former student-athletes in high schools. The study only utilized one statistical method, Pearson's correlation coefficients, in analyzing the hypotheses. Although the study approach was efficient, it is difficult to understand the sampling technique used. The impact of sports on individuals' psychosocial development is an important area in the research focus. Donald et al. (2019) utilized suitable statistical techniques to provide additional knowledge in the field. However, the use of only one method of analysis makes the study's approach shallow and its outcomes biased. ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES 4 Article 3 In the article "Effects of sports participation on the academic performance of senior high school students in Mathematics," Christopher Yarkwar and Emmanuel Agyei (2020) tried to determine the impact of sports on academic performance. The researchers focused on the performance of mathematics in high school students. It was found that there are no significant differences between the performance of students who participate in sports and those who do not engage in sports. This aspect is essential as it provides knowledge on the impact of sports in education. The study was guided by two questions. The first question focused on the impact of sports participation on mathematics performance. The second question focused on the extent to which sports participation affects the learning time of students. A research hypothesis was only developed for the first question, making the second question to be less significant. Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) utilized purposive sampling in finding the sample size. While the sample size was 100, the number of target participants is not shown. All the students were high school students, with some engaging in sports and others not engaging in any sporting activity. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized in the study. The use of standard deviation, mean, and ttests was effective in meeting the study objectives. Sports participation in schools is often met with concerns over students' academic performance. From this aspect, Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) tried to reduce the concerns through a study on high school students. However, the lack of a hypothesis for the second question depicts some form of inconsistency in the research. ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES 5 \Comparison of the Studies The studies are similar as they all utilized hypotheses in meeting the study objectives. Moreover, they all focused on depicting the relationship between two or more factors. However, they were different in terms of the number of hypotheses that guided the researchers. For instance, Qurban et al. (2018)'s study was conducted by three hypotheses, Donald et al. (2019)' study was guided by two hypotheses, while Yarkwar and Agyei (2020)'s study was guided by one hypothesis. This shows that the studies utilized different levels of scope in meeting the study outcomes. It can be opined that Donald et al. (2019) 's study was the most compelling as it used both null and alternative hypotheses for its questions. Concept of Research Validity According to Trochim (2006), quantitative research is usually deductive and confirmatory. He adds that validity in these studies is generally determined by four aspects; internal legality, external validity, reliability, and objectivity. Internal validity entails the approximate truth regarding inferences of the causal relationships in a study. On the other hand, external validity focuses on the applicability of the study in the real world. Reliability refers to the consistency depicted by the measurement techniques in the study. Lastly, objectivity describes the extent to which a study is undistorted by the researchers' biases. Based on only internal and external validities, the studies can be shown to entail a high level of efficacy. Qurban et al. (2018)'s study has weak internal validity as it does not show how the participants were selected. Moreover, Donald et al. (2019)'s study has an uncertain internal validity as it does not explain the sampling method is used. In addition, Yarkwar and Agyei's (2020) study does not reveal the targeted population hence depicting a weak internal validity. ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES 6 Qurban et al. (2018)'s study had a strong external validity as it utilized heterogeneity by using data from three different universities. In addition, both Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) and Donald et al. (2019) 's studies have strong external validity as they utilize participants from different institutions. Unresolved Questions and Further Research Qurban et al. (2018) 's study did not show the direct causal relationship between sports participation and academic performance as the association was aided by the influence of parental support. Therefore, future studies need to focus on the direct association between sports and academic performance. Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) did not infer the relationship between sports and students' learning time. Future studies need to develop suitable hypotheses to show the relationship between sports participation and learning time. Lastly, Donald et al. (2019) only focused on high school experiences. It would be essential for future studies to focus on different levels of education. ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES 7 References Donald, K. U., Marvin, S. R., Farmer, A. W., & Cypress, K. (2019). The association between high school coach's leadership behaviors and athletes' self-efficacy and grit. Sport Journal, 1-14. Qurban, H., Siddique, H., Wang, J., & Morris, T. (2018). The relation between sports participation and academic achievement: the mediating role of parental support and selfesteem. Journal of Human Psychology, 1(1), 27. Trochim, W. M. (2006). Qualitative measures. Research Measures Knowledge Base, 361, 2-16. Yarkwah, C., & Agyei, E. (2020). Effects of sports participation on the academic performance of senior high school students in Mathematics. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, 8(2), 62-74. Significance of Sports Education: Football David Johnson III Ashford University Res 7105 Dr. Lees 31 May 2020 Analysis of the Over-Arching Topic For decades, sports education has been a critical component of the school curriculum. However, with the changing dynamics of teaching, learning institutions have had to do away with sports education as a result of financial constraints. Some learning institutions have been forced to either eliminate or shorten the demands of sports education to increase students' test scores by basically consuming limited time in the field as additional time is directed to the classroom (Yarkwah & Agyei, 2020). The National Association of Sports and Physical Education (NASPE) emphasizes the need for students to spend relatively adequate time in physical education. In fact, according to the organization, children in elementary grades should spend up to 150 minutes per week on physical education. In this regard, educators must emphasize the significance of a strong curriculum for sports education and prioritize the aspect of students being active at schools. This paper is organized into four parts. The first part analyzes the over-arching topic of sports education with a focus on football and a justification for the research question. The second part creates a compelling argument that reinforces why this topic is relevant to my field of study and the significance of answering my research question. The third section assesses the audience for a research study describing who might be interested in Answer to my research question. The third section has two subsections. Subsection one analyzes how practitioners might use the Answer to my research question to improve client service or to advance understanding in my field of study. Paragraph two predicts how the results of a study to address your research question might be used. The fourth section appraises how I might overcome any ethical concerns that could be associated with conducting a study to discuss my research question. Debates on Critical Aspects of the Question It is essential for school going children to have the opportunity to take part in sports because it improves academic performance, ensures higher self-esteem, and motivates the students (Maniam, 2017). Sports also enables students to maintain healthy body mass, mitigating certain chronic illnesses, and equipping themselves with health practices even after leaving school. Considering the significance of sports education, it must start right from the lowest level of education, such as a nursery. This, therefore, implies that parents, too, have the responsibility of instilling the culture of sports in their children (Donald et al., 2019). This is because practicing athletic with a child is one of the determinants as to whether a child will take part in sports or not. This can take any form of sports such as throwing a baseball, football, and swimming, among other sports activities that, in the long run, will make the children active. According to Balci & Erdeveciler (2017), the reason some children continue to participate in sports when they get to school is due to the support they receive from their parents concerning sports. Relevance of Sports Education and Significance of Answering the Research Question Sports education in schools' curriculum is significant because it ensures the development of physical skills, enhances social skills, improves the academic performance of children, and leads to improved health lifestyles. These benefits are discussed in detail below. Sports Education ensures the Development of Physical Skills Programs of sports education in schools is beneficial from the fact that it leads to the development of healthy bodies among school-going children. In this regard, participation in football would incorporate fitness undertakings and cardiovascular activities that would ensure flexibility, coordination as well as strength. Again, such physical activities would significantly help reduce instances of child obesity. This implies that those students involved in sports activities are better placed to eradicate health problems associated with obesity, besides being at a pole position to control their body weight (Maniam, 2017). Further, students associated with sports are also better positioned to make good choices when it comes to their diets and health later in their lives. Additionally, practicing a better lifestyle would demand that a child includes physical exercise, for instance, regular sports activities that would, in turn, ensure they improve their cardiovascular health, have strength in their muscles, and maintain body fitness. Again, this would ensure that they develop enhanced absorption of nutrients by the body, enhance physiological processes as well as the improved process of digestion (Yılmaz, 2018). Again, this is important as pre-adolescence is characterized by children developing the tendency to engage in sporting activities. It is at this stage that they will be introduced to various sports activities like football. This would transition to become one of their hobbies later in life. Thus unless they are introduced to the same through sports education, they will not acquire the knowledge of how enjoyable taking part in such a sporting activity is. Sports Education Enhances Social Skills Such a program, if well implemented, would ensure children develop skills socially. In this regard, children would develop essential life skills such as teamwork, sportsmanship, and among other social skills that would enable them to thrive in society. Thus, students with experiences like academic vulnerabilities can have their self-esteem improved via taking part in sports activities. Taking part in sports activities would enhance their abilities when it comes to persuasively expressing themselves, besides being able to build their self-esteem. Again, through sporting activities, children will go out of their way to make friends (Donald et al., 2019). In this regard and despite the differences that may come to play, some level of friendship may be forged as they work for a common goal for the team. Such skills would provide the children with better stepping grounds when they finally get to professional levels of their lives. Sports Education Improves Academic Performance of Children Coming up with a good program of sports education would promote healthy minds. Studies indicate that students who actively take part in sports do better academically than their counterparts would do not take part in the same. The studies highlight the fact that sports activities among school-going children significantly result in improved classroom behavior as well as an enhanced concentration in classroom settings (Qurban et al., 2018). Studies further indicate that schools spending entire lessons in class and neglecting the significance of taking part in sports have been found to perform dismally in terms of academics when compared to their counterparts who invested adequate time on sports education. Sports education will lead to improved performance in students taking part in sports activities that could be closely aligned to the nature of sports activities in which they are evenly scattered, although their daily undertakings that potentially improve their concentration in classes. This implies that breaks that characterize classroom activities help improve the concentration of students while in class (Qurban et al., 2018). Again, enhance concentration capabilities among students imply that they have improved problem-solving abilities as well as enhanced academic excellence. Sports Education Leads to Improved Health Lifestyles Many students, especially those in high school and tertiary levels of education under some life stressors closely associated peer influence, part-time jobs, families as well as the curriculum. Thus, getting involved in sports activities such as football or any other form of physical activity is one of the best ways through which they can relieve themselves from such psychological conditions. In this regard, they must engage in such activities so that they lead to healthier lifestyles. This, therefore, means that children, even of a younger age, will significantly benefit from such sports education programs (Qurban et al., 2018). Studies recommend that children are supposed to have daily physical fitness that covers up to sixty minutes. The significance of maintaining physical health fitness is something that only sports education can instill in students. Problems of diets exist, and the true meaning of obesity often gets wrong interpretation in high school. Sports education and health equips students with the right information on healthy eating practices and proper nutrition procedures (Donald et al., 2019). Taking part in sports education regularly will motivate students to adopt more healthy life practices. Studies show that nowadays, some students rarely leave their houses to take part in sports activity, something that is closely aligned to the increased rates of various illnesses associated with a lack of body exercise (Maniam, 2017). This is distinct from the past decades when taking part in sports education was mandatory for all school-going children. It is essential to understand that children taking part in sports activities have healthier lifestyles and get rid of excess calories in the body. Target Audience for the Research Study Schools play a very significant role when it comes to increasing sports activities by offering opportunities through which children take part in physical education considered to be of recommended quality. In this regard, schools do not only allow children to take part in sports activities but also equip them with better life skills, which would enable them to practice healthy living even after completing school (Yılmaz, 2018). It is the period in school that students begin to set individual long-term habits. How Practitioners might use the Answer to this Research Question to Improve Client Service or Advance Understanding the Field of Study Sports education provides children with the opportunity to understand the significance of maintaining their bodies in good shape. It enables children to know how this can be achieved. In this regard, sports educators train students in various physical activities and how to execute them properly. Sports education classes equip students with healthy practices as well as fitness related to health (Yarkwah & Agyei, 2020). Thus when they understand better health practices at a tender age, the chances are high that such practices would most likely be carried to adulthood later in their lives. Prediction of how the Results of the Study to address this Research Question might be used Individuals engaged in regular sports activities have lower risks of developing certain health-related conditions, high blood pressure, cancer, or diabetes. Additionally, they have reduced the chances of early mortalities as a result of heart conditions and other associated health issues. Again, sports activities significantly reduce cases of anxiety and depression, thus providing individuals with emotional advantages (Balci & Erdeveciler, 2017). People taking part in sports activities have been established to be characterized by stronger joints, muscles, and bones. How Ethical Concerns Associated With Conducting This Study Might Be Overcome The first ethical consideration in this research is the informed consent of the participants. The study will ensure that all the participants are informed of their intended use as subjects in the study and then given consent forms to sign before the study commences (Bjärsholm et al., 2018). It would also be ethical to reveal to the participants all information on the study, the intention of the study, and the general-purpose and objective for the study so that they are aware of how their data and information would be used to avoid deception and exaggeration (Andersen, 2014). Equally, it would be ethical to protect the participants from adverse effects of their exposure to study treatments, and more precautions would be put in place to enable them to remain cautious of the potential harm they may suffer as a result of taking part in the study. Another ethical consideration is that the participants will not be subjected to any form of harm. It must also be conducted in a manner that upholds respect for the dignity of research participants. At the same time, maintain the highest level of privacy and confidentiality of research participants. In this regard, the research must uphold the anonymity of individuals and organizations participating in the research (Andersen, 2014). The research must also disclose all forms of affiliation, sources of funding, and possible conflicts of interest. All types of communication concerning the research must uphold a high level of trust, honesty, and transparency (Bjärsholm et al., 2018). The research must also ensure that there is no any form of misleading information and misrepresentation of primary data findings. Conclusion Although learning institutions have had to do away with sports education as a result of financial constraints, sports education remains an essential component of the school curriculum. Therefore, the changing dynamics of education calls for the need to support students to spend adequate time in physical education. It is essential for school going children to have the opportunity to take part in sports because it improves academic performance, ensures higher selfesteem, and motivates the students. Sports education in schools' curriculum is significant because it provides the development of physical skills, enhances social skills, improves the academic performance of children, and leads to improved health lifestyles. This paper is relevant to the target audience because it outlines how to incorporate sports education in the school curriculum. References Andersen, M. B. (2014). Ethical considerations in the supervision of applied sport psychology graduate students. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 6(2), 152-167. Balci, V., & Erdeveciler, Ö. (2017). Some sports managers' views about values education through sports. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5(5), 197-203. Bjärsholm, D., Gerrevall, P., Linnér, S., Peterson, T., & Schenker, K. (2018). Ethical considerations in researching sport and social entrepreneurship. European Journal for Sport and Society, 15(3), 216-233. Donald, K. U., Marvin, S. R., Farmer, A. W., & Cypress, K. (2019). The association between high school coach's leadership behaviors and athletes' self-efficacy and grit. Sport Journal, 1-14. Maniam, V. (2017). Secondary school students' participation in sports and their parents' level of support: A qualitative study. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 76(1), 14-22. Qurban, H., Siddique, H., Wang, J., & Morris, T. (2018). The relation between sports participation and academic achievement: the mediating role of parental support and selfesteem. Journal of Human Psychology, 1(1), 27. Yılmaz, A. (2018). Parent expectations towards participation in extra-curricular sport activity of high school students. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, (4), 216-223. Yarkwah, C., & Agyei, E. (2020). Effects of sports participation on the academic performance of senior high school students in Mathematics. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, 8(2), 62-74. Running Head: SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Sports Education Annotated Bibliography David Johnson III Ashford University RES 7105 25 May 2020 1 SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 Qualitative Sports Articles Maniam, V. (2017). Secondary school students' participation in sports and their parents' level of support: A qualitative study. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 76(1), 14-22. Maniam (2017) presents an assessment of students' participation in school extracurricular activities, in this regard taking part in sports and the overall impact on the support they get from their parents. Despite presenting proper outcomes when it comes to students' participation in sports, its main shortcoming was that it generalized some things. The article's research question tried to find the answers about the impact of parental support of students in sports activities in school. The study question was directed by the purpose of the study and supported by the study topic. The qualitative method employed in data gathering was thus interviewing. Again, data analysis was done through the human sociology model. The study incorporated a total of a hundred and eleven students. Because the researcher did not change the participants he initially used, there was no observation of sampling. As a result, the applicability of this study in some areas becomes questionable. Additionally, the study failed to outline its sample space, a feature that makes it difficult to account for the margin of errors. When it comes to sports education, parental support becomes so vital. In this regard, students need the help of their parents to take part in sports and, by extension, impact on their lives academically. Despite the importance of this research, Manium (2017) limited this research to only six schools, which makes it difficult to generalize its findings. This study can be depended on because the processes used in the same are detailed enough. Besides, the limitations of this study require further research to establish the impact of parental and sports managers' support on the students' participation in sporting activities. SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 Yılmaz, A. (2018). Parent expectations towards participation in extra-curricular sport activity of high school students. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, (4), 216-223. Article 1 Yilmaz (2008) tries to establish what parents expect when their children take part in sports. In the presentation, the research reveals three classes of parents and these include a person's 'health,' 'reducing unethical habits,' 'social aspects of life,' 'limiting bad company,' 'development of skills,' and finally 'growing intellectually.' In this case, it was observed that students' engagement in sports was closely aligned to parental support as well as support from coaches. The research question was, 'What are the expectations of parents from extra-curricular sportive activities.' The question was, of course, aligned with the research topic, thus making the study relevant. The study employed the qualitative data gathering technique because the research question was qualitative. Again, in ensuring the objectives of the research were met, Yilmaz (2018) applied the use of a case study research design that incorporated semi-structured interviews. The holistic nature with which the study design gives results makes it significant. The challenging part is that the study only attracted 14 participants making it challenging to be used for generalizing purposes. Since the study only involved participants from a single city, it qualifies to be biased. Additionally, the research only used one technique, which is interviewing participants. Because there are no records of the interviews, the study may be invalidated because there could be a possibility that no conversation occurred. Yilmaz (2018) attempts to highlight sports education participation by students and the import role played by parental support in the growth of sports among students. It is believed by SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 some individuals that taking part in sports would impact them positively. Hence, research on the impact of parental influence is an essential tool that would enable students to understand the role of sports in academic life. As a result, this study is a good foundation for future research on the expectation of parents when it comes to taking part in sports. However, future studies should expand their location and sample space. The findings of this study can be easily transferred because they give data on those who took part in the studies, attract some organizations, employ some techniques, and take a considerable amount of time. However, Yilmaz (2018), in the article, failed to provide the Information that proves harmful actions by children can be employed them taking part in extracurricular activities. This, therefore, calls for studies to ascertain the impact of sports on the development of behavior on adolescents. SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 Balci, V., & Erdeveciler, Ö. (2017). Some sports managers' views about values education through sports. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5(5), 197-203. In their work, Balci and Eredeveciler (2017) focused on the analysis of sports association managers. The research primarily concentrated sports and taking part in the same be viewed as the unique method of improving students' academics. The research highlights the significance of values when it comes to the development of societal social systems. The study established that good attributes of sports association managers, such as effective communication, love, tolerance, and diligence, play a vital role in developing the environment socially. Nonetheless, the study failed to explain how, by taking part in sports, athletes can have these values. This research was qualitative; hence the study employed the use of interviews that were semi-structured to gather data. The study question was, 'What are the sports managers' views about values education through sports?' The insight of the study concerning its relevance in the education sector was therefore questioned because it only attempted to answer one research question. Although the technique was important when it comes to the views about the concept, those who took part in the study were provided with reference information of the research to have a proper understanding of the study. It could be argued that the participants may have been provided with what the research needed. A total of 41 participants took part in the study; hence questions of generalizability were adequately minimized. Additionally, the study passed the bias test since those who took part were drawn from some sports associations. Balci and Eredeveciler (2017) attempted to highlight a crucial element because the vast majority have little understanding when it comes to educational values. Sports can act as a channel through which to transfer important benefits to education. Nine of the 41 individuals who took part in the study openly stated they no idea of sporting activities. This is a clear SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 indication that sports have a direct bearing on educational values, and therefore their application in the academic environment is relevant. This study shows some credibility as they all incorporated qualitative research techniques, besides the researchers reflecting the authenticity of the studies. This study had limited scope as it only focused on the province of Ankara. Thus future studies should try to cover more extensive areas. SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 Quantitative Sports Articles Qurban, H., Siddique, H., Wang, J., & Morris, T. (2018). The relation between sports participation and academic achievement: the mediating role of parental support and self-esteem. Journal of Human Psychology, 1(1), 27. Haroona et al. (2028) examined how taking part in sports activities is related to parental guidance, self-esteem, and academics. The study was carried out on the basis that the performance of students had drastically declined as a result of sports engagements. The research questions were in line with the topic and were directed by three hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that taking part in sports positively impacts on the students' academic performance. The second hypothesis was that support from the parents would have a direct bearing between sports engagement and class performance. The third hypothesis was that selfesteem would influence the relationship between sports engagement and academic performance. The research attracted a total of 250 students. Those who took part in the research were all university students age 16-18 years. Statistical analysis techniques like regression analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and Pearson's correlation methods were used by Qurban et al. (2018). The support of parents when it comes to taking part in sporting activities is an essential social factor. In the presentation, Qurban et al. (2018) attempt to explain the impacts of social factors on sports and students' academic achievement. However, the study primarily concentrates on university students and cannot be used for generalizability purposes. The internal validity of Qurban et al. (2018)'s is questionable because the selection mode of participants was not shown. This study also has a strong external validity since the data employed were heterogeneous, gathered from three distinct universities. However, Qurban et al. (2018) failed to ascertain how sports engagement is directly associated with academic SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY performance since parental support played a significant role in the same. As a result, future literature should focus on establishing a direct link between sports engagement and academic performance. 8 SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 Donald, K. U., Marvin, S. R., Farmer, A. W., & Cypress, K. (2019). The association between high school coach's leadership behaviors and athletes' self-efficacy and grit. Sport Journal, 1-14. Donald et al. (2019) attempt to establish the impact of sports managers on individual athletes. The study results indicate that students who take part in sports view the leadership styles of their coaches to have a direct bearing on their effectiveness and determination. Thus, this paper highlights the relevance of the coach-student relationship in the education environment. The objective of the research was arrived at through two research questions. The first research question focused on the relationship between the leadership behavior and determination of the coach. In contrast, the second primarily focused on the managerial practice of the coach and selfesteem. The research used both null and alternative hypotheses to control the research questions. This model brings out the expectation of the study. The research attracted 378 participants, whose sample size was obtained through a sample size calculator. The research's sample was thus 191 respondents, who were primarily former students who took part in sports while in high school. The statistical technique employed in the analysis of the hypotheses by the research was Pearson's correlation coefficient. Despite the efficiency of the study, understanding the sampling method used is difficult. The role played by sports in psychological development and stability is so vital. Donald et al. (2019) employed better statistical methods to offer specialist knowledge in the field. Nevertheless, the application of only one analysis technique raises the question of the depth of the study. Hence the study fails to pass the test of bias. The certainty of the internal validity of Donald et al. (2019) research is questionable since it fails to explain the sampling SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 10 technique employed. Further, the research shows weak internal validity as it fails to highlight the study's target population. However, this study primarily concentrated on the high school environment. Thus, future literature should expand its scope to many educational levels. SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 Yarkwah, C., & Agyei, E. (2020). Effects of sports participation on the academic performance of senior high school students in Mathematics. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, 8(2), 62-74. Yarkwah & Agyei (2020) attempted to find the role played by sports in the academic performance of students. In this case, the study primarily focused on how high school students performed in mathematics. In this regard, it was established the relationship between taking part in sports activities, and academic performance has very little significance. This is important because it helps us understand how sports influence academic achievement. The study had two research questions. The first one concentrated on sports concerning mathematics performance while the second one concentrated on the extent to which sports activities consume students' class time. Again, only the first research question had a research hypothesis, and this rendered the second study question less critical. Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) employed the use of the purposive technique of sampling to determine the sampling space of the study. The data indicates the sampling space to be 100 students; however, it fails to highlight the number of participants who took part in the study. All those who participated in the research were students from high school, with some engaged in sports while others were not taking part in the same. The study employed the use of inferential and descriptive statistics. Again, measures of tendencies used in the research were mean, standard deviation t-tests to ensure the effectiveness of the study objectives. Taking part in sporting activities in learning institutions is always an issue of concern concerning academic achievement. In this regard, Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) attempted to limit the level of concerns via the research on high school students. Nonetheless, the SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 12 second research question lacked a hypothesis; hence the research can be described as inconsistent. Further, Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) indicate high levels of internal validity as they gathered to date from different institutions. However, in their research, Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) failed to substantiate the impact of sports on students' learning periods. Future literature should thus come up with better hypotheses indicating how participation in sports and learning are related. SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 13 Institutional Grey Sources Football Activities for Physical Education (n.d). Available at https://www.ssww.com/blog/football-activities-for-physical-education/ S&S Worldwide owns the website www.ssww.com. The organization specializes in the distribution and sale of sports products to stakeholders in the sports industry. The goals of the organization are to assist people in learning as well as play through ensuring providing them with education and training when it comes to sporting engagement. Besides, the firm organizes events bringing senior stakeholders in the industry together to deliberate on ways of improving sports. This source could become so essential in improving studies on sports education, especially football, since it rich in Information relating to sports concerning child and adolescent development. SSW's mission and underlying goals look at the topic holistically in terms of sports and education being two closely related aspects that can be employed to encourage enthusiastic individuals to engage in physical activities to ensure the development of the young generation. Additionally, it takes part in the analysis of the critical roles played by various key players in the industry when it comes to the execution of physical education programs, with the emphasis being on football in terms of entertainment and education. The S&S Worldwide mission and purpose relationship on this topic is the fact that there could be global partnerships on issues of sports to provide sports education experiences that would forever last. S&S Worldwide, to some extent, indicates some levels of inconsistency since some articles are the author's individual opinions when it comes to issues of sports education. In terms of ethical issues, the site is highly exposed as one author could quickly discredit the SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 14 positions of others when it comes to issues of sports education based on various background diversities. S&S Worldwide has useful Information that can be applicable in justifying the relevance of the research since it provides the relationship between football as a sport and physical education. It will assist me in understanding the relationship between facts in football and those of scoreboard in the college ecosystem. Again, the website provides how students can be periodically evaluated when it comes to lessons at various levels of their education. SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 Sport, education, and child and youth development (n.d). Available at https://www.sportanddev.org/en/learn-more/sport-education-and-child-and-youthdevelopment. The www.sportanddev.org can be described as a charity organization that primarily promotes sports to realize social development. The organization believes that sports and related activities can develop local communities locally enables changes in the community socially. Again, it encourages those taking part in sports activities to enhance the scholarship programs so that the youth and vulnerable members of the community can be successful in sports. This source could be important in the studies aligned to sports education, with a focus on football as records indicate its involvement in the sporting activities on many issues touching on the issues affecting the community, and through which they can realize success. The ethical issues arising from this source is that it may be used for purposes of lobbying on issues of policy, besides the use by activists on advocating issues of sports education. The website sports and dev provides Information that can be used to support the relevance of sports in the research as it gives an insight of the positive impacts of sports reinforce the significance of the study focus in that it provides more Information on the benefits of sports and physical health of the youth. Thus, its relevance to the topic of the study is significant because it provides a platform through which it is understood how the physical fitness of the young generation can be used socially, emotionally, and physically to grow their sports prowess. SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 16 Train at the home of Manchester City (n.d). Available at https://www.britishstudy.com/en/learners/sports-education/ The www.britishstudy.com is owned by a charity organization in the UK that applies its global network of learners to transform students' livelihood in their respective areas of study. The organization is known to provide one of the essential programs when it comes to sports training education. This source is useful in supporting research when it comes to sports education as a topic, especially on issues touching on football since the website offers comprehensive knowledge on sporting activities. The site highlights the fact that sports education, especially football, is being provided to the public. British Studies website again shows some degree of inconsistency since most of the Information posted on the site is the public policy relating to sports education. As a result, Information extracted from this site would not be a reflection of personal opinion on sports education discourse. Again, the Information provided in an organizational site where the authors freely highlight their views positions on sports education to the lobby and their interests considered during public policy discourse on matters sports education. The British Study site has Information that can be applied to show the relevance of the research focus because it highlights the positional of sports across the world. It is relevant to my topic of study as it outlines details of sports education when it comes to its relationship with other social courses. SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 17 References Balci, V., & Erdeveciler, Ö. (2017). Some sports managers' views about values education through sports. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5(5), 197-203. Donald, K. U., Marvin, S. R., Farmer, A. W., & Cypress, K. (2019). The association between high school coach's leadership behaviors and athletes' self-efficacy and grit. Sport Journal, 1-14. Football Activities for Physical Education (n.d). Available at https://www.ssww.com/blog/football-activities-for-physical-education/ Maniam, V. (2017). Secondary school students' participation in sports and their parents' level of support: A qualitative study. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 76(1), 14-22. Qurban, H., Siddique, H., Wang, J., & Morris, T. (2018). The relation between sports participation and academic achievement: the mediating role of parental support and selfesteem. Journal of Human Psychology, 1(1), 27. Yılmaz, A. (2018). Parent expectations towards participation to extra-curricular sport activity of high school students. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, (4), 216-223. Yarkwah, C., & Agyei, E. (2020). Effects of sports participation on the academic performance of senior high school students in Mathematics. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, 8(2), 62-74. Sport, education, and child and youth development (n.d). Available at https://www.sportanddev.org/en/learn-more/sport-education-and-child-and-youthdevelopment SPORTS EDUCATION ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Train at the home of Manchester City (n.d). Available at https://www.britishstudy.com/en/learners/sports-education/ 18 SPORTS IN EDUCATION 1 Football Across the Globe The Impact of Football Across the Globe What do you know about football? A majority of the world population at one time or another watched or played football. Commonly referred to as soccer, the modern play of football SPORTS IN EDUCATION 2 was initiated in the mid of the 19th century. It is a sport played by a team of not more than 11 players who usually use the feet to kick a ball, and only the goalkeeper has the authority to use his or her hands to defend against being scored. Football clubs sort to seek standardization of the various varying set of rules and regulations, which led to the formation of the football association such as that in England (King, 2017). The association aimed at ensuring clubs and players coexist and play each other needless of any dispute and promoting suitable ethical measures. The football association grew rapidly and thus led to the formation of the professional football association (PFA). The fundamental role of this association is to improve, protect, and negotiate the measures put in place to ensure professional players' status, rights, and freedom are met via a collective bargaining agreement. Football associations have had impacts on society, many of which have influenced the growth and development of individuals and the world at large. The PFA is a trade union for professional footballers, is the oldest sports union with a vast number of members. The collapse of the association of footballer's federation, which had the objectives of putting in place measures that saw the transfer of a player from a club to another, saw the birth of the PFA. The now reorganized union sort of streamlining the various discrepancies found in football and led to the emergence of better payments and promoted efficiency. During the start of the 20th century, a majority of teams grew to promote football as one of the most famous sports around the globe. The game being famous is vital to all stakeholders improving the spirit of goodwill and the effectiveness in its operations (PFA, 2020). Football associations have a mandate of working hand in hand with the governing body of football (international federation of association football) known as FIFA. FIFA manages and runs the world of football and has the principal mandate of promoting and organizing huge tournaments across the globe, with the biggest being the World Cup (FIFA.com, 2020). The SPORTS IN EDUCATION 3 world cup helps in promoting unity as people come together and enjoy watching the most prestigious sport. It is usually a benefit to the host nation as it tends to encourage the economy due to the presence of a large population that visits, leaving good fortunes as well as financial contributions. The governing body is guided by principles and values that to sort to make it as open as possible. The body invites nations to come with the best plan for the world cup, and the most efficient and effective strategy wins the bid to host the world cup. Having been played lastly, in Russia in 2018, the sport saw Russians' gross domestic product increase. It also led to growth in infrastructure as stadiums and facilities were built, and this clearly outlines the benefits associated with football. Football has seen the identification and growth of footballing talents across the globe. Several young individuals have seen their dreams realized with the growth of the scouting academies that travel the world in search of unique football talents. It has seen an advancement in attitude control as individuals learn a lot about how attitude improves any performance in any sport. Teachings on resilience are also essential as football provides models that help in dealing with misfortunes and disappointments. Putting up with fitness and exercising allows individuals to strengthen not only their physical strengths but also their mental health. Football associations will hold annual delegations and conferences that enable chalking out of challenges and coming up with informed decisions on how to grow and develop the sport(Secrist, Bhat, & Dodson, 2016). Together with the sports marketing association, efficient marketing strategies are outlined, bringing in the idea of value addition. Previous meetings have addressed issues to deal with diversity championing for collaboration between local clubs and businesses. When football clubs observe variety, players from different backgrounds will have an opportunity to meet different players promoting exchange in culture. Promoting positive values SPORTS IN EDUCATION 4 of honesty, transparency, integrity, professionalism, accountability, among other benefits, were among the benefits that were given much emphasis on how well to ensure football upholds its essential reputation (De Hoyo et al., 2016). They sort to dedicate more funds to ensure the development of football happens all over the world. Various partners such as airlines, oil companies, corporations, and state agencies pledged to support football in the coming years. This is afoot towards progress is it will see football being passed generation after generation. Football associations have seen positive impacts on society, many of which have influenced the growth and development of individuals and the world at large, as described above. It remains the most popular sport in the states and ranks the top ten as the most famous sport in the world. The roles and responsibilities of the various football associations have seen tremendous achievements that continue to be met in ensuring the effectiveness of football. Every weekend, me and my friends, alongside other individuals, we always come out in support of our football clubs as they encounter each other head to head. Supporting and rooting for football across the globe will ensure that the sport remains relevant, and its growth is fundamental as it depicts a sense of peace, love, and unity. The merits of football are adverse as it is done immeasurable positive impacts in the different societies. Football has changed lives and has led to a class of professional football superstars such as Messi, Zidane, Ronaldo, Gerald, Henry, only to mention a few. The success of football is paramount in ensuring political, social, and economic stability in developing and developed countries. Football continues to create jobs, creates role models, and helps young people in keeping active and promotes effective community relations. SPORTS IN EDUCATION 5 References King, A. (2017). The European ritual: Football in the new Europe. Routledge. SPORTS IN EDUCATION Secrist, E. S., Bhat, S. B., & Dodson, C. C. (2016). The financial and professional impact of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in National Football League athletes. Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 4(8), 2325967116663921. De Hoyo, M., Cohen, D. D., Sañudo, B., Carrasco, L., Álvarez-Mesa, A., Del Ojo, J. J., ... & Otero-Esquina, C. (2016). Influence of football match time–motion parameters on recovery time course of muscle damage and jump ability. Journal of sports sciences, 34(14), 1363-1370. PFA. (2020, April 22). The PFA. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://www.thepfa.com/ FIFA.com. (2020, March 8). FIFA. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://www.fifa.com/ 6 Running head: CRITIQUE OF SPORTS ARTICLES Critique of Sports Articles Analysis of Sports Articles Article Critique 1 ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES 2 Article 1 Student engagement in sports is an essential aspect of their school life. Researchers have discovered that sports have a positive impact on the academic performance of students. In the article "Secondary school students' participation in sports and their parents' level of support: A qualitative study," Vegneskumar Maniam (2017) evaluated students' engagement in sports as part of their extra-curricular participation in schools and the impact of their parents' support in the engagement. While the article provided suitable results regarding students' participation in sports, it had limitations in terms of generalizability. The research question for Maniam (2017) 's study focused on investigating the influence of parents on students' participation in school sports. The research question was guided by the study's purpose and aligned with the topic. The study used interviews as a qualitative technique for collecting data. The study applied the humanistic sociological approach in the analysis of data. One hundred eleven students were involved in the study. Sampling was not observed in the study as the researcher used all the initial participants. This makes it difficult to understand the application of this study in other areas. Also, without the definition of sample size, it is difficult to understand the accumulation of errors during the study. Parental support is considered an essential area regarding sports in education. For students, encouragement of parents may determine their participation in sports and its influence in their academic life. While this depiction is important, Maniam (2017) only focused on six schools, hence reducing its application in the general population. Article 2 ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES 3 In the article "Parent expectations towards participation in extra-curricular sport activity of high school students," Yilmaz (2018) focuses on understanding the types of expectations that parents hold about their children participating in sporting activities. The study revealed that there are six different categories of parents' categories; 'being a healthy person,' 'limiting harmful habits,' 'socializing,' 'keeping away from bad company,' 'skill development,' and 'proving of intellectual development.' It was depicted that most participants in high school engage in sporting activities. The participants were viewed to engage in sports due to support from their parents and coaches. The study question was, 'What are the expectations of parents from extra-curricular sportive activities.' This question was in line with the study topic, hence providing a relevant study aim. This question was qualitative, thus revealed that a qualitative approach was suitable. A case study design using semi-structured interviews was applied by Yilmaz (2018) in fulfilling the research objective. This design can be observed to be vital as it holistically provides results. Purposive sampling was used in giving a suitable sample for the researchers. However, the sample involved 14 respondents, limiting its ability to enhance generalizability. It can be viewed that the results had bias as they emanated from respondents from one city. Moreover, since the study only focused on interviewing, the lack of records makes the findings have limited validity as there is no evidence of the occurrence of the interviews. Yilmaz (2018) tries to cover an important aspect of sports in education as parents are influential in the development of students' participation. Many people tend to engage in sporting activities with the view that they will achieve positive outcomes. Therefore, an investigation of the influence of parents could be a useful tool in helping students to understand the importance ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES 4 of sports in their education. Future studies on parents' expectations of sporting activities need to be carried out using a larger sample and a full location. Article 3 In the article "Some sports managers' views about values education through sports," Vellittin Balci and Ovunc Eredeveciler (2017) aimed at reviewing managers of some sports association. The focus of this study was to ensure that sports and engagement in sorts are considered new techniques for enhancing values education. The researchers showed that values are important in developing social structures in society. It was found that leaders in sports associations had values such as communication, tolerance, love, and diligence, which are essential in nurturing a pleasant social environment. However, the study did not show well how athletes developed the values through sporting activities. Balci and Eredeveciler's (2017) study was qualitative, with the researchers applying semi-structured interviews for attaining study findings. The study question was, 'What are the sports managers' views about values education through sports?' Since there was one question, the scope of the study was shallow, hence showing that there was a little contribution to the concept of sorts in education. While the method was opined to be essential in identifying perceptions regarding a concept, the participants were given reference information to have a better understanding of the topic. This shows that the participants may have had little knowledge of the study concepts. The study used a sample of 41 participants, which is large enough to enhance generalizability. Since participants were from different sports associations, there were reduced chances for biased results. ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES 5 The aspect covered by Balci and Eredeveciler (2017) is essential as many people do not understand about values education and how sports can be used to transfer crucial education concepts to participants. Out of the 41 participants, only nine opined that they did not gain anything from sporting activities. This shows that, generally, sports influence values in education. Hence they should be applied in academic settings. Comparison of the Studies The studies were similar in their approaches as they all applied the use of interviewing in meeting the objectives. Moreover, each study utilized one question, hence showing that they all had a limited scope. However, the studies had different ways of evaluating the study findings, thus providing different perspectives to the readers. From another perspective, the studies applied different sample sizes. While analyzing the studies, it can be viewed that Balci and Eredeveciler (2017) 's article had a better approach to the research focus. It provided valuable information on a new area of values education. Concept of Trustworthiness Shenton (2004) and Polkinghorne (2005) reveal that trustworthiness in qualitative studies is often questioned by positivists due to their different way of addressing reliability and validity. However, they show that qualitative researchers can incorporate various forms of enhancing reliability and validity. Shenton (2004) suggests that some of the ways of attaining trustworthiness include the application of established methods, relating the findings to the researchers' positions, and reporting the research process in detail. Polkinghorne (2005) suggests that a researcher should engage in multiple interviews to attain trustworthiness. ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES 6 According to Shenton's (2004) depiction, all the studies are credible as they applied established methods of qualitative research, and the researchers provided a reflective commentary of the study. Moreover, they have a strong transferability as they provide information on the number of participants, toes of organizations involved, methods used, and the length of time used. This feature would provide other researchers with a background to assess the extent to which the study may be applied in other areas. Also, all the studies are dependable as they provide a strong detail of the processes used. However, the studies lack confirmability as they do not involve the use of audit techniques such as triangulation. Unresolved Questions and Further Research Yilmaz (2018) did not provide information on how extra-curricular activities were used to control harmful acts in children. From this aspect, further research may be done to ascertain how sports activities may enhance adolescent behavioral development. Maniam (2017) provided detailed explanations of the research. However, in-depth qualitative studies need to be provided to reveal the effect of parental influence on teachers and sports associations. Lastly, Balci and Eredeveciler's (2017)'s study was only limited in Ankara province. Hence studies focusing on a wider area may be required in the future. References Balci, V., & Erdeveciler, Ö. (2017). Some sports managers' views about values education ANALYSIS OF SPORTS ARTICLES through sports. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5(5), 197-203. Maniam, V. (2017). Secondary school students' participation in sports and their parents' level of support: A qualitative study. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 76(1), 14-22. Polkinghorne, D. E. (2005). Language and meaning: Data collection in qualitative research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 137–145. Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for information, 22(2), 63-75. Yılmaz, A. (2018). Parent expectations towards participation to extra-curricular sport activity of high school students. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, (4), 216-223. 7 Running head: ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES Analysis of Quantitative Sports Articles Analysis of Quantitative Sports Articles Article Critique Article 1 1 ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES Sports are an essential aspect of education, as it helps students improve their mental and physical wellbeing. Since they enhance interactions with other people, sports may build individuals' leadership and teamwork skills. In the article "The relationship between sports participation and academic achievement: The mediating role of parental support and selfesteem," Haroona Qurban, Hassan Siddique, Jin Wang, and Tony Morris evaluated the association between sports engagement, self-esteem, parental support, and academic performance. The study was founded on the view that there was a reduced education level of students due to involvement in sports. The study questions aligned with the topic and were guided by three hypotheses. First, it was hypothesized that engagement in sports would directly influence students' academic achievement. Second, it was hypothesized that parental support would influence the association between sports engagement and academic achievement. Third, it was hypothesized that selfesteem would affect the association between sports engagement and student achievement. The study used 250 students. Using a random sampling technique, only half of the participants were included in the analysis. Participants in the sample were all between 16 and 18 years of age and were students in universities. Qurban et al. (2018) applied inferential statistical methods such as exploratory factor analyses, Pearson's correlation tests, and regression analysis. Parental support is an important social factor in students' participation in sporting activities. Qurban et al. (2018) try to show how the factor affects the association between sports engagement and academic performance. The researchers only focused on university students, hence not bringing the overall picture of students in the general population. Article 2 2 ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES 3 The article "The association between high school coach's leadership behaviors and athlete's self-efficacy and grit," Katari U. Donald, Stephen R. Marvin, Karen Cypress, and Aarek W. Farmer (2019) determine how coaches affect student-athletes. The researchers found that student-athletes perceived that their coaches' leadership behavior had a profound effect on their self-efficacy and grit. From this aspect, the paper depicted the importance of coach and athlete relationships in the development of sports in a school setting. Donald et al. (2019) used two questions to fulfill the objectives of their study. One focused on the association between the coach's leadership behavior and grit and one focusing on the coach's leadership behavior and self-efficacy. These questions were guided by hypotheses, with both null and alternative hypotheses being used. This approach brings a clear understanding of what was expected in the study. The study targeted 378 participants, with a sample size determined by a sample size calculator. A sample of 191 participants was used, with the respondents being former student-athletes in high schools. The study only utilized one statistical method, Pearson's correlation coefficients, in analyzing the hypotheses. Although the study approach was efficient, it is difficult to understand the sampling technique used. The impact of sports on individuals' psychosocial development is an important area in the research focus. Donald et al. (2019) utilized suitable statistical techniques to provide additional knowledge in the field. However, the use of only one method of analysis makes the study's approach shallow and its outcomes biased. Article 3 In the article "Effects of sports participation on the academic performance of senior high school students in Mathematics," Christopher Yarkwar and Emmanuel Agyei (2020) tried to ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES 4 determine the impact of sports on academic performance. The researchers focused on the performance of mathematics in high school students. It was found that there are no significant differences between the performance of students who participate in sports and those who do not engage in sports. This aspect is essential as it provides knowledge on the impact of sports in education. The study was guided by two questions. The first question focused on the impact of sports participation on mathematics performance. The second question focused on the extent to which sports participation affects the learning time of students. A research hypothesis was only developed for the first question, making the second question to be less significant. Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) utilized purposive sampling in finding the sample size. While the sample size was 100, the number of target participants is not shown. All the students were high school students, with some engaging in sports and others not engaging in any sporting activity. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized in the study. The use of standard deviation, mean, and ttests was effective in meeting the study objectives. Sports participation in schools is often met with concerns over students' academic performance. From this aspect, Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) tried to reduce the concerns through a study on high school students. However, the lack of a hypothesis for the second question depicts some form of inconsistency in the research. \Comparison of the Studies The studies are similar as they all utilized hypotheses in meeting the study objectives. Moreover, they all focused on depicting the relationship between two or more factors. However, ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES 5 they were different in terms of the number of hypotheses that guided the researchers. For instance, Qurban et al. (2018)'s study was conducted by three hypotheses, Donald et al. (2019)' study was guided by two hypotheses, while Yarkwar and Agyei (2020)'s study was guided by one hypothesis. This shows that the studies utilized different levels of scope in meeting the study outcomes. It can be opined that Donald et al. (2019) 's study was the most compelling as it used both null and alternative hypotheses for its questions. Concept of Research Validity According to Trochim (2006), quantitative research is usually deductive and confirmatory. He adds that validity in these studies is generally determined by four aspects; internal legality, external validity, reliability, and objectivity. Internal validity entails the approximate truth regarding inferences of the causal relationships in a study. On the other hand, external validity focuses on the applicability of the study in the real world. Reliability refers to the consistency depicted by the measurement techniques in the study. Lastly, objectivity describes the extent to which a study is undistorted by the researchers' biases. Based on only internal and external validities, the studies can be shown to entail a high level of efficacy. Qurban et al. (2018)'s study has weak internal validity as it does not show how the participants were selected. Moreover, Donald et al. (2019)'s study has an uncertain internal validity as it does not explain the sampling method is used. In addition, Yarkwar and Agyei's (2020) study does not reveal the targeted population hence depicting a weak internal validity. Qurban et al. (2018)'s study had a strong external validity as it utilized heterogeneity by using data from three different universities. In addition, both Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) and Donald et al. (2019) 's studies have strong external validity as they utilize participants from different institutions. ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES 6 Unresolved Questions and Further Research Qurban et al. (2018) 's study did not show the direct causal relationship between sports participation and academic performance as the association was aided by the influence of parental support. Therefore, future studies need to focus on the direct association between sports and academic performance. Yarkwar and Agyei (2020) did not infer the relationship between sports and students' learning time. Future studies need to develop suitable hypotheses to show the relationship between sports participation and learning time. Lastly, Donald et al. (2019) only focused on high school experiences. It would be essential for future studies to focus on different levels of education. References Donald, K. U., Marvin, S. R., Farmer, A. W., & Cypress, K. (2019). The association between ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS ARTICLES 7 high school coach's leadership behaviors and athletes' self-efficacy and grit. Sport Journal, 1-14. Qurban, H., Siddique, H., Wang, J., & Morris, T. (2018). The relation between sports participation and academic achievement: the mediating role of parental support and selfesteem. Journal of Human Psychology, 1(1), 27. Trochim, W. M. (2006). Qualitative measures. Research Measures Knowledge Base, 361, 2-16. Yarkwah, C., & Agyei, E. (2020). Effects of sports participation on the academic performance of senior high school students in Mathematics. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, 8(2), 62-74. Significance of Sports Education: Football Analysis of the Over-Arching Topic For decades, sports education has been a critical component of the school curriculum. However, with the changing dynamics of teaching, learning institutions have had to do away with sports education as a result of financial constraints. Some learning institutions have been forced to either eliminate or shorten the demands of sports education to increase students' test scores by basically consuming limited time in the field as additional time is directed to the classroom (Yarkwah & Agyei, 2020). The National Association of Sports and Physical Education (NASPE) emphasizes the need for students to spend relatively adequate time in physical education. In fact, according to the organization, children in elementary grades should spend up to 150 minutes per week on physical education. In this regard, educators must emphasize the significance of a strong curriculum for sports education and prioritize the aspect of students being active at schools. This paper is organized into four parts. The first part analyzes the over-arching topic of sports education with a focus on football and a justification for the research question. The second part creates a compelling argument that reinforces why this topic is relevant to my field of study and the significance of answering my research question. The third section assesses the audience for a research study describing who might be interested in Answer to my research question. The third section has two subsections. Subsection one analyzes how practitioners might use the Answer to my research question to improve client service or to advance understanding in my field of study. Paragraph two predicts how the results of a study to address your research question might be used. The fourth section appraises how I might overcome any ethical concerns that could be associated with conducting a study to discuss my research question. Debates on Critical Aspects of the Question It is essential for school going children to have the opportunity to take part in sports because it improves academic performance, ensures higher self-esteem, and motivates the students (Maniam, 2017). Sports also enables students to maintain healthy body mass, mitigating certain chronic illnesses, and equipping themselves with health practices even after leaving school. Considering the significance of sports education, it must start right from the lowest level of education, such as a nursery. This, therefore, implies that parents, too, have the responsibility of instilling the culture of sports in their children (Donald et al., 2019). This is because practicing athletic with a child is one of the determinants as to whether a child will take part in sports or not. This can take any form of sports such as throwing a baseball, football, and swimming, among other sports activities that, in the long run, will make the children active. According to Balci & Erdeveciler (2017), the reason some children continue to participate in sports when they get to school is due to the support they receive from their parents concerning sports. Relevance of Sports Education and Significance of Answering the Research Question Sports education in schools' curriculum is significant because it ensures the development of physical skills, enhances social skills, improves the academic performance of children, and leads to improved health lifestyles. These benefits are discussed in detail below. Sports Education ensures the Development of Physical Skills Programs of sports education in schools is beneficial from the fact that it leads to the development of healthy bodies among school-going children. In this regard, participation in football would incorporate fitness undertakings and cardiovascular activities that would ensure flexibility, coordination as well as strength. Again, such physical activities would significantly help reduce instances of child obesity. This implies that those students involved in sports activities are better placed to eradicate health problems associated with obesity, besides being at a pole position to control their body weight (Maniam, 2017). Further, students associated with sports are also better positioned to make good choices when it comes to their diets and health later in their lives. Additionally, practicing a better lifestyle would demand that a child includes physical exercise, for instance, regular sports activities that would, in turn, ensure they improve their cardiovascular health, have strength in their muscles, and maintain body fitness. Again, this would ensure that they develop enhanced absorption of nutrients by the body, enhance physiological processes as well as the improved process of digestion (Yılmaz, 2018). Again, this is important as pre-adolescence is characterized by children developing the tendency to engage in sporting activities. It is at this stage that they will be introduced to various sports activities like football. This would transition to become one of their hobbies later in life. Thus unless they are introduced to the same through sports education, they will not acquire the knowledge of how enjoyable taking part in such a sporting activity is. Sports Education Enhances Social Skills Such a program, if well implemented, would ensure children develop skills socially. In this regard, children would develop essential life skills such as teamwork, sportsmanship, and among other social skills that would enable them to thrive in society. Thus, students with experiences like academic vulnerabilities can have their self-esteem improved via taking part in sports activities. Taking part in sports activities would enhance their abilities when it comes to persuasively expressing themselves, besides being able to build their self-esteem. Again, through sporting activities, children will go out of their way to make friends (Donald et al., 2019). In this regard and despite the differences that may come to play, some level of friendship may be forged as they work for a common goal for the team. Such skills would provide the children with better stepping grounds when they finally get to professional levels of their lives. Sports Education Improves Academic Performance of Children Coming up with a good program of sports education would promote healthy minds. Studies indicate that students who actively take part in sports do better academically than their counterparts would do not take part in the same. The studies highlight the fact that sports activities among school-going children significantly result in improved classroom behavior as well as an enhanced concentration in classroom settings (Qurban et al., 2018). Studies further indicate that schools spending entire lessons in class and neglecting the significance of taking part in sports have been found to perform dismally in terms of academics when compared to their counterparts who invested adequate time on sports education. Sports education will lead to improved performance in students taking part in sports activities that could be closely aligned to the nature of sports activities in which they are evenly scattered, although their daily undertakings that potentially improve their concentration in classes. This implies that breaks that characterize classroom activities help improve the concentration of students while in class (Qurban et al., 2018). Again, enhance concentration capabilities among students imply that they have improved problem-solving abilities as well as enhanced academic excellence. Sports Education Leads to Improved Health Lifestyles Many students, especially those in high school and tertiary levels of education under some life stressors closely associated peer influence, part-time jobs, families as well as the curriculum. Thus, getting involved in sports activities such as football or any other form of physical activity is one of the best ways through which they can relieve themselves from such psychological conditions. In this regard, they must engage in such activities so that they lead to healthier lifestyles. This, therefore, means that children, even of a younger age, will significantly benefit from such sports education programs (Qurban et al., 2018). Studies recommend that children are supposed to have daily physical fitness that covers up to sixty minutes. The significance of maintaining physical health fitness is something that only sports education can instill in students. Problems of diets exist, and the true meaning of obesity often gets wrong interpretation in high school. Sports education and health equips students with the right information on healthy eating practices and proper nutrition procedures (Donald et al., 2019). Taking part in sports education regularly will motivate students to adopt more healthy life practices. Studies show that nowadays, some students rarely leave their houses to take part in sports activity, something that is closely aligned to the increased rates of various illnesses associated with a lack of body exercise (Maniam, 2017). This is distinct from the past decades when taking part in sports education was mandatory for all school-going children. It is essential to understand that children taking part in sports activities have healthier lifestyles and get rid of excess calories in the body. Target Audience for the Research Study Schools play a very significant role when it comes to increasing sports activities by offering opportunities through which ...
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