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Fnb, which
poknita
irere these
pte clearly
I
fluat itis
F*""
!a orltrre
hod oo.,
I
a setf-
h drw',
fueasq
l disinte:
tsrs took
hg
!
the
work
proved
itti.t,
f,oUa
ipto s,
hi?rd
Fntrue
lfrals
bers
ho
ftd
iimhlist
tt"
Itit
"high" and "middle" culture, between members of
l-m*clib and commercial tastemakers, made the hegemony
*dlht
adture possible. A series of technological innovations
ft:l+g
ridespread dissemination of inexpensive books, periodE*d
E*rryr;"p, tittograpts, photographs, and other mass reproduchas
fu-r-ft. beginnings of the communications revolution whichentrecultural
fl,5*-.-r"r;-ed our own time. As nineteenth-century
1,re saryht to develop a vast new market, they popularized
editors of the leading
[Fd yalues and conceptions oftheart.newThemass
the most
S lrt magazines and monthlies, and artists publishers,
participated in the
;frd, respected writers, lecturers,
of American culture; but in their public Postures
resolutely directed their gazes above the coarse and vulgar
of everyday life to the lofty realm of the ideal. In a mobile,
m.rd4izatiot
fry
-;fibr
dh.ally
insecure nation, acquisition of reproduced objets d'art,
mifiarity with "uplifting" writers, and espousal of genteel values
t@me badges of status and refinement'
Despite its considerable following, however, this genteel or
-victorian" culture by no means penetrated all aspects of American
life. The United State; in the nineteenth century contained a strikingly
and
heterogeneous and diverse population with a variety of cultures
control
the
sficulLres. Genteel cultural reformers never achieved
social
they sought , a fact they readily acknowledged. To reconcile
democracy with
From
authJrity, was the extraordinary challenge they set themselves.
in
modest
their peispective whatever gains they achieved appeared
change
Jith ord.r, industrial growth with stability,
the face of the immense proLl.r.rr that remained. Despite determined
influefforts, they particularly iensed their failure to exert a pervasive
groups' both
ence upon ifr. otbut, working classes and new immigrant
of whim clung as best they could to their own cultural forms and
new
values. In the later nineteenth century, mofeovef, an assertive
of
culcustodians
the
economic elite arose with less intimate ties to
ture. \7hi1e some genteel reformers successfully formed alliances
with these figures, oft.n they found their social position overshaResentfully,
dowed by the nouveaux riches, their authority in eclipse.
TD
sron at this time Iay
in the realm of commerciar
amusements, which
were creating symbots
of the new cuttural
heterogeneous audience
knit a
inb ,
*not..
Nowhere
were t,rese
symbors and their rerationship,"
,rr.
mass audience mofe
reveaied than at turn_of-the-cer*ry
crearry
Island.
:;;.ril. "rd;;;;;;,"
".*
to*y
so major was the culturar
upheavar con:y Isrand
dramatized that it is
difficurt to recapture the
age
ft.
America was governed
by istrikirgir."n**t
set of varues, a curture
rn many respects more
til;;;;Fto*
N;;;;L_..n,o.,
thoroughly;Victorian,,
,hr,
which Vicroria reigned.
over
r.gii;;g ;;. antebellum,il;;;and
period,
conscious elite of
a setf_
mlrristeri .dr.rtorr, and
reformers,
,criti.s,
principatly from the
drawn
protestani
mftil;1r, or tn. u-rl-* Norrn.rrr,
had arisen to assume
curturar t.ra.r.tip. In
the wake of the disintegration of the ord coronial
g*,"
.r*r,'these genteer reformers
as their mission to disffi;';*:
took
and instrucr the turbulent
urban-industriar democracy.
American apostres or *rt*.
,t *uousry
labored to incurcare
th.'v;;;;;'".,
,,charactes,,-1116s4t
of
integrity, self_control,
*n., .rrrr-.-il.rq irrar*ri"rr;;;_;ong
citizenry at targe.Idea,y,
the
,6 ;;il;.:, a, a*ivities both in work
and in leisure should,
S. ufti*rlfy .orrir.rrr..
Hard work improved
the individual as werr
ur ro.i.tv,
if
unchecked would Uri"g
.i'ii"r;;;,;;ffi#ri"il]rn"n
,#r,
be spent not in idreness
u,i, ,,,
,".ii"-rrrpse. Leisure, too, should
.liryi"s ,.i",r"r. under their auspices,
poetry, fiction, the visual
,rts,
,ni,Ifr"a
prrrrt;;;;l.jn*r.O
not "for art's sake,, but
for d;;;r;i"rrro soci"l utility.r
Throughout most of ,r,.
..rt,
this genteer
curture
"ir.i..rir,
,r
"om.i"til
*iirre
which
deviant
individuars
-6:
and groups might a.ry
m
Genteet
reformers
founded museums, art
""i1rl.i?rprrce.
galleries,
tibruri.r,
symphonies,
institutions which set thelermr
and other
rife and established
the culturar tone that
"rr"r*}'Lr*ot
ao-irrtJ'prirr. arr*ssion.
of critical importance to their success
as
occupied a position
culturaia.biter,
the support of innuential
shapers of the ,t
echoed their tone and
ca*ied
*,'
fr
,d
tY
h
n
n
L
I
t
d
I
f
I
d
G
o
t
their ability to enlist
a
il.;;;r*g.'ilTtH:t;fiH::: ;*:
i
i
{
a
-sardxe tsernd slJ .eloqnl ? s?
&arros ,o aJII eql olq palrrdrorur qF3l
lou puz uorJztuJoJ yo sse:o.ld aLIl ur
sz^!. aJnllnf, srql &uua:
IIIIS
rg
Jo urq aql tV 'lrnluar qtartuanat aql Jo sepElap lsrg aql ur atrm
lllunpzrE ppond, qllqne arnllnl sszru nd.eu
eql alrarl @
" Jo srseq
.ar{ u"lrrarrry
padlaq suonrpuol Iznos puu rrruouora Sur8uzq3
}o
sIUreJ ao,eu eql ot pelsn(pz dllqurzd 1nq llraSza suazrlr) sll pu" trppo
I?rJlsnpur-uuqJn uE se a?e Jo arIJp) uorlBu eql uaqna ,lrolslg uuf,uaurv
ur porrad p)rtrn u IOIA paprf,urof, snql lzplaq s,dauo3 .rBl( plrolfi
lsrrd aql eroleq s.ruad aqt ul peqsunog daqt puz ,(69r uI rrzErl
slrud luauesnurz snorrrzJ s,puplsl lauo3 Jo ere aql .padsziE uaaq
l1a::z:s_suq e:uzrgluErs an.q s,lauo3 ,lpsar sV .papal8au surznnr
"
uollzlndar Iuuorlzu Eurrnpua sll peqsllqulsa
lr q)rq,u, ur Jxaluof
aql
tasnoru
pu?lsl
lauo3
zl8lzlsou eql elrdsap lng .selnqrl
I")rrolsrq
I?loprauz pu? self,rup lueuralddns-lzpung ;o +ra(qns elrroa?] E rr
Suqzur 'lro13 papz; Jo xe uE srue,ro' lJ .lsud sll
1o lzlrdzr paru,orroq
aqt uo lla8;zl saarl i,ou lauo3 .apral oral puz Euol q)olq uaal4s
eete ue ol alpuplp urzruop slr uaes spr{ ralual luauasnruz aqi .p{rEIsJ
8uo1 ;o pue uralsand.r.{lnos aql uo qlzeg
}o salrru ojal
,lueuelrf,xe
Eurpuuuruo) erug .e?e n11tea uu
Jo ogle egJ
asues
qlra{ sal?uosar IIIIs aurcu aqt :puz1s1 lauo
Jo
"
il
iI
iil
rl
sraqlo luuur os ur s? roa,epua
srql
-JrBJun puu q:rydslp qlrar;dr-r:snuzu
ili
lllqnd ulpoorg-aql jo
,i
l
lii
ilj
lii
t1
li
r#l*If#rX
aql'padl, *rrp* r;r;d;;;
'H uaqly 'sr;al pu? 'JW pu,_'rago11
,u4 ,f,1rpos;;;r"J;puEsr
3uo1 aql Jo {?g aur?llJ ,siar8uoj
yo rrrrq[ aq] Jo sur?a) .-1 krrf
'1ror1 aralrl Jo &l) rrlt
Jo. unasnry ,qt 1o B;agun.rg raqtslJ puu JaIIrlv
ua^als 'frurgrl
llil
lill'
,, ,orollrtilil
,rrag arruyq l11e,adsa
iaf .suorwrrsnlll aqi BurraqluEur prdlrq *"i*rlir"ipw 1uuq1
aJdoad
Jo Jaqunu aSrq y .qrruasar Jo spu?rra'J?Ja^as
araq eul
q pl? algusuadsrpm
pl^?c .paford ,q1 ,"oqa.orlp ,* paua]r?eq
.,,s,rs,..{rua
s''uu2x '1)N Jnquv '.,alll
Jo auros paraa.su, e^,.r 1 .uq1 adoq rpazlruur
1
-urns l1p;lq'noq; uq:1n; qdasof
,suorlsanb
u,Fl,1tr
pr?r{ pu, rusrf,rlrrJ
arugoddns qlua uoqngrrluoJ alq?nl?Aur
u? apzur doqs1ro26 lro;s4l
J?rlos aqr Jo sJaqtuatu aqJ .lJ?Jp lpea ue uo
;uatuaSzr.oru,
arruS raJ,(nq:g
Persnro 3u3lld Jelad pu?
,pro;urg
1r1ro
'1u1.rzyg uaqdalS
lrua11 ,ne1g pruq:ry
',{lrus auuf pur Ir?f .11 pulqaq ,rp1 ,_qirwJnurrls
padJaq puaaalg Brzr3
'>Jooq srql
;o 3urlrraa. erll ur prp ro; aldoacl Jo r3qunu u ol pgalzrf
rue
l
li
i1
I
i
:
:
!
lt
tli
seffit{![ililoilflcu
1
genteel spokesrnsn
castigated the
barians, iithout
By the end of the "du.u-t'iJnl
ninete-eith
*ril.'rt*t
or
industrialists as cultural
bar-
;#l:*'
turar ;il
;;lT: i;Hl#[:f, Jn::j;i
Stiil more distressing,
il;:;;, discovered au reberrron
their very own
,.b.tt.
;i,.X,:,:,i::J:':1
il:T::: *;:f
gered to immerse
:1
|{,:t:
insur ating
themJis";';r:f:"-':tion's
#
&s
"r
leading minds
hun-
drm
.",r",u'
politics,
in artistic realism
business anj
il;r.-g.lournalism
in feminism, education,
and other fields. The
,r_riri"",
sprawling urban-indrJ;;i;;;senteel
"i"Jr,r., culture as an approach
qtrrrucracy
,to 1
appeared
before.2
exposed as never
SIowIy at first in
the late nineteentf
ce11ury, then
quickly as the
ffiffi'l iTjT .:I',.;: *;;;r middre.cra,, .iitula o,a.,
l1l* **f: *#,ji:,';jil;1rn'#*u*:; :
*ffi;#r#fij;T.i:fi :triif:r'rfill:;,:ffiff
tr,",i,.to,i.-;;'"r#Jfi
illlill;,I..iffi *r::,,T:tffiTi
refinement in presenting
,n.r,
to the swedish Nightiigare,
,i"r.,.rr_r-rn
the Feejee
Mermaid
,turn
But by the
of rhe
new market, u,ir,
within
and spilling beyond
it, uorl..l"to ..r,igr,
;nii;ild..
or'i',,'.il;:
#'"
;':T:[j:"fi1113'i'
society" ,na inl*irut'ass
to,,
u,
*# ;;
i:,1 :ffi
:f :"XHi,:
H::1, jT::;,.:T,,,,,,,,r,,
**-;i:*#
tim.
un
d tf,e
;1+iff:?ffi
;.-,,,.
fi
ar
"N:,:,,ffil:
*r' ir' i' i'
o*'1"",
:,,* ll 1*
i,,.d,,
',?'"1U:
s,
r-e"a^jJto'l.,pon a
",X1;,,1?li
c rus
;,
]
wi
th
dq;
,m&o
genteer
ilTh*
It,jl_;;T]*.:T,Tffi
of
:,,,',rff Hi,Tffi";:f
ryffi
d
among
;iJn:',:#,lili."*"i".;;,:iff ',lliil"-il:'ff ffi
rniddr e-crass
r
;:
micidre_crass cur
chirdren;;
ll
responsibilitv. or
restrainr.
rag_
l_"r,nn,l,
Xff:-"r,:l,
rmerrcan
music and danJe
l
(rs
Ich
hreq@(
][dbrr' ortl c
fuo@rat ci
flhiF of fu E
Tbem
foi-
Culture"
tud@*
I
ilrbrnpopld
md ryurren I
stlsmed ;ral
aprdly proilifr
end Rcrere
&
Citr. Atlam'
Chicago's Ch
Forest Pa* ti
The Chutespublic eagedY
and fame mrc
Afius
ul
together a
r.6..66 the r
facilities, bad
attractions. T
was
not whd
,
'alqe>lr?tuar lsoul $lr?d eql aPstu lBqr
'.la,ra,roq 'sluaurululralue PaIJBA asaql Jo Sulsszure aql '$n
snrJrJ pu? 'sJal?aql elll^aPnz^ 's11zq a:uzp 'suoqr,red pueq
-)uqsrP l?rlads
rraql
8uq1zq apnllul r{81ur aseql 'Pooul lurnllnr SurSuzq: ag
qf,rqr\ 1o 11e 'saurrlsrad puc srroqlerlw relndod 1o (1ar:el t
paraqlzS araqaasle pw pu?lsl lauo3 1z slrzd luaurrsuEy
'Pu?lsl ,(auo3 s,>lrol aaN s?lh auql
'adors 'azls uI Ip ruagl Suqzuluoq'uolwaJlal Eullaas r(lratua
? JoJ s?))aru aur")aq IIBtus puu a8rz1 sraqlo Pu? asaql--salnrD ry.
s.of,srJu?rd uzg 'g:zag uBlwLIupJ I s.ralueq 'spuzlq8lg >lr"d Fail5f,
s.smo'I 'lS '&l) allq,41 puu 'alatrrra,ng'tlluag uzquallag) s.o8uql
'q:zag pllng s,puule^el) '1124 uoal aP a)uod s.zluepy 'I1g
)qu?FV lqrzau pu" alorg ,teoll11N s,zrqdlapzlrt{4 'qrzag era^Jf,Ir
>1124 uoSzred s.uolsog 'drlunor aql lnogSnorqt paluralllord Iprfu
slrzd luaurasnlu? 'fllr aql IuoU suolsJnf,xa aalsuadxaur patq:
1zq1 surals,(s da11o4 f,Irllala ;o luauldola^aP eql dq parrnds pc
raalod Eulpuads pu" atuq aJnslel uI eszeJf,ul uu pu? suollzpdod uE(F
8ur11aar.s lq alqrssod apu6 'drn1uef, eql ]o urnt aql +? padolaa4
aJaa, l?ql slrzd luauesnuz nlau eql ul saII '.laaaatoq 'arn11n: uul
-Jeruy Jo Jap?J"g) Sur8uzq: aql Jo uolssardxa Eulllrls lsotu aql
e.r?-d$. Plro/a, lsrr{ ,rR }o arry
eql dq a)uorpn? asueulull uu alurrqdz: ol spooqJoqqElau 1uzr81uury
puz sszl:-SuDlJorta, uI ,.suoapola>pp,, luorlaJols apnJf PuP 'sropad
pJBIIIIq 'sapz:rz luuad ruol; paaoru srcad am; z 1o a:uds atp IrI
serloru aql puv '(nfir) satJy aqt to uaz.ral s.sqSnorrng arrg rz8pg
puu '(€o6r) ?f A acft to ltrl aclJs,uopuo'I {r"f '(zo6r) uorut7ur4
,?J s.Jalsr/N ua,u,O sE afuelorl puz ssauq8nol aullnf,s?tu Jo suoq
-BJqalel r.{f,ns ur 'urnlo:ap puz 'dlnqsaurop 'l:u:r1ep }o epo) laalua8
eql qllrr,r aloJq aJn]?rall1 rzlndod ;o artz,t r$.eu 3 frnlua: eql Jo uJnl
aql ty 'sp1ag Eurdzld lzuorssa;ord uo puz sasndurz: a8a11o: uo tpoq
sEul,ro,o11o; alau a8ru1 papzJll? lzrauaS ur s)qalr{tz a,ulqaduro: pue
I aruuldar:z rqndod pesu aJlur paulz8 'suooles sszl:-Eul1ror6. Jo sqnlf,
s.uaulapuaS ol pauguo) rarlrua 'SuqqSyazlrd sz q:ns spods lualor
'snoroErn 'sef,uarpnz uuqrn alrqrd. JoJ pauJorsu?Jl pu? pazrpl)Jau
-uJo) aq ol apuoruruep aq] puu saqruntuurol >llplq Jo lno paSraua
3IIBP F
-8zr
ql
{lsnuee
'llnsar r
-nxa h
puodsarr
qEq. q
ulqrlaq
aq+ Jo il
plerrrfIll
I"rqIrI,
I
JalszE
q
-padsar
r
I"rJJeuu
-roddoe
dlsnoraar
JePro IGr
arpszIq
Jaaarr s3
f,
qrzorddc
'uo4erry
Pus
sw3
Surtror,u
aql aPrr
-unq sPry
laaluat
p
IBnrJ3Irfl
atu"f, mf,F
Euours
u
iI
'a1zx Jzm
'lurBqsar .L
-rBq
I?rqlu
tion lay in the new mechanical
amus
provided and the ,.rponr"-ii.-"'ujelr€fltS and exotic settings- they
huge crowds oi
pr.,,,,. ...r..,,. h
of.
the
period
remained in the ;,;;.;,:.::1T"nts
the public
;;;;;ilJll'5d f:",
l*#'ffi.':i",:":1.r",!Ti$h,:*,:k1,.,,",:,*,i;$
n:r,y.",,"il.ffi',H#T,Xf iiT::',T,;J,::::a*,1;:[fl
public, amusement
parks stilrej,rr.rr
ticipated intimatery'i"
between entertainment
and tire curturar needs
of the audience was
far more striking
,p..;;;;;
pastimes.
Amusement parks
tanof.n
emerged as laboratories
the ,.*-.r,r; culture,
providing settings
and attractions that imm.a,".i-rrf..'t'j
b.f,ruior. iheir .r.?tor,
managers pioneered
,rd
u,ew curturrt inriitution
thrt chrieng.i pr.uuir_
mg notions of public
conduct rra _.irf
order, of whol.rim. amuse_
".,p."#'li::: !;:{Ltr,:,ff::ff;
ffi
lEl
il.argr,t";;;;:dil;::#;r,:TilTffi
#iT'.H;uthoritv
tr'ut
o"u".i'ti
,.?:rJl,triffi
,n. u"ilrEa s*.,
"i
il. **
Previous accounts-of
coney Isrand have fa,ed
to grasp its rarger
significance. Much
,.fr,l
i'*1,
,,
the
vein
:,f,,t
They Burned the OI.d
Night
N"r,rfgii
elegiac accounts that
centrate on conev Isrand's
con_
*r,,ft^;;
If
ffi;J,
intlrnat;i;y
an independent orincipality
of
perspective, io.,.i,,
1,,:*1
:t
;i
;il
and treat ir
rr',
.urio.ity,
prr.'"r,.-nsidered from abroader
r**., ,i
i.r,"-.., *,y ;f
:::,
quamt aspect to i;
.i.,,-o the
discrose
meaning'th.y
ffih.id
fi X,',T:;',fff
.;^
jj
Iil,hen read
for iarticipants.
carefutrv, otd ;;;;;:..oirn,,
of
visits to the istand
ruise far mo.e serio.rs
issues if,r,
*"uld
at
their often jocular tone.
"r. ,, *r, first suppose from
Explor.a ,fr"rf,
w"y, Corey Island no
Ionger appears an object
;;;;;il;';'iutt,", it emergei
as a har_
modernity. The poputar
f11S*,"f
ilf :I;i,*l
?;;;
jr.or.'u,itui*;il;.:il,
jr..Ttr;
j:trl
6us offers a case study of the growing cultural revoltstandards of taste and conduct that would swell to a
lte r92os. The new amusement parks and their patrons
the atteotion of a variety of critics, artists, and reformers.
hg Co.y Island these observers felt themselves confronting
i6ed fomr the face of a new mass culture. They pondered
ion of this emergent culture and wondered what rules
nrireints would replace those which were being swept away.
ICrd ultimately precipitated a debate that has continued up
o*n time over the role and significance of popular amusement
a fuocracy. The story of the resort illuminates the character
lle mass culture that would soon dominate American life.
,h
I
t
E
ti
EiiEB?$
?6 Bai E I
f'.;uEeEd
3 E s 8-E o-f;
zE
s er
s E-S
G f 'a
I i 2
t
E;
e H e,I€
*
E.e 6 s€ I
A
fi E1gl lHElH
E E 11
l1il11ffi
E
v'P
l{ u.= U:
ts;
='Zi
g
*:E 6;
iE
-H2-9'EqrF
;E.E Ei E L
€.8.f :!E
E!
E a x"te
u E
B
H'v:qc
0.,
c ! n:Eo
? EFO€
XB
# ;E
:'E.,- E
Edtg'.#
EE+E?iE
s 'A '-= h oo
ho
c')
Hq\9G>H
.E?,rUlEE
E E 6.b - o F
reaTEEE
EE
11111gt ugl t1:
gg
t s?gll
ffi
jg1l*alg*aatttmiH
Efl]Effg€Hq H]f's+E?t '.tE'1
[t$iEf,!f
=ErEtllt;tilii;Et;*tE:ieB;;E+
igitglgf iiIgtli?i t ;iiigaiE$ ,tiEi
EE :E: ee i xtE€
;l+i iE;*is:;;-fii5:
udEEoIe
=i
EiE{gE;i;rIrltBgBgg:
gtEiE pei s+'s
a
illiii: i+igI iiigE ilti
28
paq)l?us sJnoq ul ueryo .aJnsrel p"q laql ra,rauaqn6. uosal aW ol
pe)pog sre{eas ernszald Jo saproH .suo4rodord Euua88zls paqr"ar
srollsll Jo qsnr) aql Jatutuns aql Jo l"aq aql ur pu? ,raqualdag [1rza
glun lzyg uror; uedo ara,r slrzd luauresnruB s.puulsJ ,buo3
'salnuru o,rq-l1Iq1 ,(po ur
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