ATSU The Present Danger of White Supremacy Essay

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write a well-organized research essay on white supremacy that argues that these groups are a real and present danger and that if we fail to take them seriously, they will only expand and become a greater threat to our ambitions of achieving racial understanding and equality.. the paper must be in a scholarly manner. only use the authors listed below. instructions and example of a paper in the word file below. you have to use at least 5 of the authors.

Jeannine Hill Fletcher; Colin Flint; Ibram X. Kendi; Eduardo Bonilla-Silva; George Hawley; Kathleen Belew; Chip Berlet; Moon-Kie-Jung; Matthew Hughey; Jessie Daniels; Johanna C. Luttrell; Kathleen M. Blee; Heath Pearson; Susannah Crockford; Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor; Robin DiAngelo; Lawrence D. Bobo; Ruby Hamad; Christopher J. Lebron; Donna Zuckerberg; Elwood David Watson; Spencer D Wood, and Joseph T Jakubek, and Kristin Kelly; Wesley Lowery; Tehama Lopez Bunyasi and Candis Watts Smith; Ed Pertwee; Ijeoma Oluo; and David Ikard.

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ARW250NAA: Research Essay Assignment Length: Minimum of 1750-2000 words, not including quotations (At Least 7-8 typed double-spaced pages) Font Size: no larger than this one: Times New Roman 12 Format: Must have an MLA title page with pertinent information such as: Student’s Name Professor’s Name Course Name and Section (ARW250NAA) Date Submitted Essay Title (Centred above first paragraph) Student’s last name and page number as right-sided running head The essay must make substantial references to academic research materials and must treat the topic in a scholarly manner. (Academic research texts are usually written by professors, or specialists in the discipline, and most are published by university presses.) The essay must use quotations from the texts to support critical arguments, and proper citation and bibliographic form must be maintained. Do not fill up your paper with quotes that are too long – this will be considered padding. You must edit long quotes without eliminating their essence – substantively -- and whether they are fewer than four lines and incorporated into the body of your text, or four lines or longer, and set off, they must read grammatically. You must do substantial research in order to support your paper. Sources must be quoted and cited properly, following MLA Style rules. Your essay requires the use of at least five scholarly sources, preferably published by academic presses. The sources are the ones that you used in your proposal, even though you can use additional ones if they have been approved. Do not use book reviews! However, you must cite everything correctly, both in your text and on your Works Cited page, When you are doing research, you must think in an analogical or parallel manner. This means that if you cannot find a specific text on a subject, you should try to find a text that deals more broadly with contingent ideas. The names of writers that I provided with each question are the best places to start your research. It is possible that the source might incorporate direct or comparative information. Critical thinking requires that you extrapolate conclusions from a range of arguments and critically justify the reasons for your claims. Write analytically and try not to spend too much time summarizing or merely reciting information from other texts. Avoid thinking of these as personal essays or emotional reflections. ARW250NAA: Research Essay Assignment You must use your resource material to support your thesis. You must be less an advocate, and more a dispassionate scholar. Watch making grand and unsupported generalizations! Your research must be used to support your assertions. If you fill your paper with long quotes from sources, I will regard this as padding, and as evidence of inadequate effort. However, if you show too little evidence of thoughtful and proper use of research materials, I will regard this as evidence of inadequate effort. It is vital that you have a clear and cogent thesis that works as both a foundation and a frame for your essay. This means that you will have a compass point to guide all manner of argument. In-text citations and Works Cited page(s) must be pristine. Marks will be taken away for incorrect incorporation of quoted passages, and incorrect textual citations. Improper layout, form, typographical errors and spelling mistakes in your Works Cited page will also be penalized. This means that editing and proofreading should be thorough. ARW250NAA: Research Essay Assignment Ventura Filho 1 Jair Ventura Filho Professor Winston Smith ARW250XY 27 April 2014 1 “Some people believe football is a matter of life and death. I am very disappointed with that attitude. I can assure you it is much, much more important than that.” (Bill Shankly, legendary Liverpool FC Manager) Football and the Politics of Identity2 The game of football (soccer) has long attracted arbiters of culture, such as creative writers, visual artists, musicians, philosophers, and a host of academicians who have set their minds to the task of representing, and trying to figure out, what this most popular of obsessions is all about. A major feature of the sport and one that many have explored is related to identity. This is not so much about the basic identity of the game, such as its birth, its rules, and the kinds of people who play it, but more about the deeper feelings of allegiance and alliance that the game confers upon those who champion and identify with it. Indeed, it could be argued that football gives a strong sense of belonging and pride to its devotees, because the athletic arena allows 1 The first page includes required student and professor names, course name and section, and essay date in this style on the upper left of page. At the top right of the page, in a running header the student’s last name and page number appears as shown. 2 The title of the essay is centred above the first paragraph of the essay. The essay is double spaced and written in Times New Roman 12 font. Ventura Filho 2 those who follow the game to celebrate closely held notions of personal and national pride, by providing them, if only briefly, with the opportunity to act out a variety of desires allied to their dreams of heroism.3 Of course, many will ask whether other sports do not illustrate and convey the same things that football does. The quick answer would be, yes, other sports share aspects of audience relationship and participation with football, but none have the international reach and appeal of the beautiful game. According to the “2010 World Cup South Africa Television Audience Report,” “The in-home television coverage of the 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa reached over 3.2 billion people around the world; 46.4% of the global population and an 8% rise on that achieved at the 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany” (8).4 While the Olympic Games can always be counted on to draw comparable numbers of viewers, this event is composed of many different sports, including football. No other team or individual athletic event has been able to attract the same loyalty. It has long been beyond debate that football sits in a unique position as the sport that attracts the greatest number of participants and viewers. Even though it is too soon for The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) report on the 2014 Brazilian tournament, speculation suggests that the viewing results will surpass all previous records. There have long been books and articles on tactics and training, many written by coaches and players, but increasingly the notion of sport as reflective of historical, social, political, and cultural practices has taken hold. As such, a variety of writers who are able to draw on a number of disciplinary foundations have become engaged with the sport’s relationship to human 3 4 The first paragraph introduces and sets up the idea of the essay. It should also end with the thesis of the essay. Note that a quote of fewer than four lines should be incorporated into the body of the paragraph. If it is introduced with information that lists the name of the publication and/or the author, the page number is all that is required in the parenthetical citation. Ventura Filho 3 perseverance and struggle. No doubt, the work of Johan Huizinga, and his Homo Ludens, has been a forerunner to many of these ideas, but contemporary writers have opened the way for deeper discussions of football’s relationship to the notion of man at play in society. In a recent volume of the journal, Soccer and Society,5 I read a fascinating article on the island of Corsica, which has long had a troubled and complex relationship with its legal and political French identity, and its Italian and Mediterranean heritage. What struck me in this piece was the idea that Corsicans saw their football as inseparable from questions of their identity:6 While the inhabitants of Corsica have fought to obtain recognition for their identity, they share with the French the opinion that there is a marked difference between Corsican and French football. The Corsicans are convinced that their football is just as markedly theirs as their language and culture. They consider football to be part of their identity and the teams to uniformly represent the island…. The French sports reporters more or less agree that the Corsican style of football differs from the French one and consider it more like the type of football played by teams from less urban Mediterranean islands, such as Cagliari in Sardinia or Real Mallorca in Spain. French writers commonly identify teams by region when discussing playing style – quick but disorganized Mediterranean teams, strong northern style, tough, robust Bretons, etc. (Győri Szabó 47-48)7 5 Names of journals are italicized, but the names of articles from those journals are kept in regular font and are placed between quotation marks. 6 Block quotes, those that are longer than four lines, are indented away from the left margin. They are double spaced, just like the rest of the essay. And they must be introduced, and not just dropped into the essay. The block quote ends with a parenthetical citation of the author’s last name and the page number(s) from where the quote was taken. In a block quote, there are no quotation marks placed around the text, and the period comes at the end of the quote, not after the citation. 7 Ventura Filho 4 The article expands on the double sense of otherness that players for the two major clubs from the island, SC Bastia and AC Ajaccio, inherit and have foisted on them, both by local fans, and by French journalists. Irrespective of his individual nationality, a player must come to accept that to locals he is first a Corsican, a representative of the island; and he must accept that, “The French media at times refer to SC Bastia as the ‘Corsican club’ and the members of the club as ‘Corsicans’ or ‘Corsican players’” (47).8 The same holds for AC Ajaccio. Győri Szabó is appropriately wary of the controversies inherent in trying to ascribe racial and ethnic characteristics to style and performance, but he is aware that no amount of academic opposition can completely erase certain deeply embedded stereotypes. “Ethnicity and nationhood” is a section found in African Soccerscapes,9 a pioneering book by the Italian American historian Peter Alegi. Alegi discerns an interesting pattern in the recent development of the game by reversing the North/South approach to global relations. Where earlier scholarship had focused on the effect that the European game had on the African continent, Alegi sees the impact of migrations from the developing to the developed world as one that has reframed and restructured the European game and our understanding of it. In this approach he anticipated the scholarly work of Laurent Dubois, who has written on the remaking of France’s national football identity by those players of African and African diasporic origins. Like Győri Szabó, Alegi is careful about notions of ethnic essentialism, but he understands that the game tends to mimic, perhaps in a chicken and egg form, broader political conceits of xenophobia as a subcomponent of nationhood. Where Corsica is a part of France, most African 8 Note that in a quote that is included in the body of the paragraph, the period follows the citation. The quotation is enclosed in quotation marks, which precede the citation. 9 Titles of books are italicized or underlined. Ventura Filho 5 countries are former European colonies with brutal and tumultuous pasts. Ethnic and linguistic divides are everywhere present, often based on the leftovers of the colonizers’ ideas of organization and control. Against this backdrop, the liberation of many of these countries during the 1950s and ‘60s left a legacy on their football: While much was achieved in the first decade of independence, African football struggled to produce a lasting sense of nationhood. This was partly due to the game’s paradoxical ability to unite participants while simultaneously dividing them. The inherent quality of team sport complicated nationalist agendas in postcolonial nations that had been artificially created by European powers and continued to be marked by cultural pluralism, class and ethnic divisions, and other social cleavages. Much to the chagrin of African governments, football fostered multiple identities. The national championships allowed citizens to choose to belong to the “imagined community” of the nation, without neglecting individual, local, ethnic, religious, and other identities. (Alegi 63) Similar to but different from the Corsican situation, African realities presented greater contradictions and implied contradictions.10 The football field presented the opportunity for countries to “tribalize” into smaller units, which threatened to subvert larger governmental intentions of newfound unity. “In ethnically and culturally diverse Cameroon, parochial affinities continue to shape the game to this day. For example, PWD Bamenda, from the Anglophone west, ‘carries the hopes and aspirations of most Anglophones,’ while Canon Yaoundé is linked to people of Beti background, Union Douala with Bamileke migrants, and so on” (Alegi 63). Indeed, while many national teams from the African continent have developed significant 10 New paragraphs are always indented. Do not add additional spaces between lines, whether they start after block quotations, or after the end of another paragraph. And make sure that transitional statements, which link to the previous paragraph, are used. An essay is a unity of ideas, not a series of random thoughts. Ventura Filho 6 profiles, there are still questions about squad selection when a team is led by a local coach. For example, the Super Eagles of Nigeria might have their composition questioned by those who think that there are too many Igbos or Yorubas on the team. In this scenario, the coach’s ethnic affiliations are subjected to deep scrutiny. To conceive of the playing field as an arena where certain inequalities can be balanced out has some value. The Nobel laureate, Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa, reflected on this in an essay awhile back. He had listened to a lecture on football by the Brazilian anthropologist, Roberto da Matta, which he termed “brilliant.” According to Vargas Llosa, da Matta had said that “football expresses people’s innate desire for legality, equality and freedom” (239). Here the game could be seen as one that allowed its players to transmit the energy of their democratic desires to the fans in the seats who would receive and return this almost-sacred energy. da Matta, as Vargas Llosa further reports, asserted that “the public sees football as a representation of a model society, governed by clear and simple laws which everyone understands and observes and which, if violated, brings immediate punishment to the guilty party.” All of this egalitarianism seems to confer on the game a utopic aura, where it can be used as a model for progressive politics. The argument for the necessity of football in our lives must then be regarded as an unequivocal one. Varga Llosa neatly summarizes the gist of da Matta’s theory: This is what, in the end, stirs the passions of the crowds that, the world over, pour into the grounds, follow games on television with rapt attention and fight over their football idols: the secret envy, the unconscious nostalgia for a world that, unlike the one they live in Ventura Filho 7 which is full of injustice, inequality and corruption, gripped by lawlessness and violence, offers instead a world of harmony, law and equality. (Vargas Llosa 240)11 But the Peruvian master is also deeply skeptical that football is generative of all of that, because he sees the ultimate reason behind our interest in the game as something “less complicated than sociologists and psychologists would have us suppose.” What we must never lose sight of is that thing that accompanies play, the notion of fun. And as Vargas Llosa will have it, “football offers people something that they can scarcely ever have: an opportunity to have fun, to enjoy themselves, to get excited, worked up, to feel certain intense emotions that daily routine rarely offers them” (241). It is not so much that he is at odds with da Matta, but that he feels that where scholars try to rationalize and theorize, the football-loving public wittingly allows the irrational and the unstructured into their moments of being. Of course, fun in sports comes with its sister emotion: agony. The football fan knows that the release that victory brings to both participant and observer can rapidly change with the dejection of defeat. In these moments both players and fans seek out others to share their emotions, making alliances of sorts. Identity is founded on the idea of similarities, meaning that those who experience joy in the face of triumph experience it in similar registers. When the agony brought on by defeat manifests itself it must be shared and felt on the same registers, equally. The football fan who is alone at the point of his team’s defeat must suffer in silence, but when he can share that experience with others a liturgy, or pattern of remonstration, can be set and observed. Tim Parks, a British football fan, translator and writer, who has long lived in Italy, gives us a passage of great poignancy in his book, A Season with Verona: Because the quoted passages in the paragraph above the block quote came from the same page of Llosa’s text, one does not need to insert individual citations for each quote. The final parenthetical citation is enough if all observations were from a single page. 11 Ventura Filho 8 When your team lose on television, you are left in a state of extreme anxiety and disappointment. There is no sense of occasion to offer catharsis. You are on your own with no idea how to move back from these crushed hopes into a normal state of mind. I can imagine people doing serious damage to themselves and the furniture in such situations. I myself have been known to kick things, though never people or animals. At the stadium, on the other hand, there is the comfort of being part of the crowd, and after the away game there is the long forced wait in the alien stadium while the local thugs are dispersed to allow for your safe departure. This occasion was the perfect example of how disappointment can be turned into self-mockery and finally fun; how you can lose the game but still go home emotionally uplifted. (97) The reader can see a consonance with Vargas Llosa’s observations about “fun” and the power of the game. There is a communal feeling that pervades any gathering of football devotees. They come together to ensure that their passion is shared by others, and to pledge and initiate those who are on the outside into the liberating rituals of release. The rational mind might be able to see the hidden connections between joy and suffering, but the football fan must journey through the depths of purgatory before they can be cleansed and brought back to the light. There is an unmistakable Dantean feeling in Tim Parks’ description.12 The paragraph provided some analysis of Tim Parks’ observations, and tried to connect his viewpoint to observations made by Vargas Llosa. As the essay continues, transitional phrases will connect each new paragraph, helping to unify the essay. 12 Ventura Filho 9 Works Cited13 Alegi, Peter. African Soccerscapes: How a Continent Changed the World’s Game. London: C. Hurst & Co., 2010. Print “Bill Shankly in quotes.” Official Club Website Liverpool FC. 12 Feb. 2010. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. Győri Szabó, Róbert. "Identity And Soccer In Corsica." Soccer & Society 13.1 (2012): 36-55. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 July 2014. Parks, Tim. A Season with Verona. New York: Arcade, 2002. Print. “2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa Television Audience Report.” FIFA.com. KantarSport. 2010. Web. 17 June 2014. Vargas Llosa, Mario. “The Empty Pleasure.” The Global Game. Eds. John Turnbull, Thom Satterlee, and Alon Raab. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 2008. 239-242. Print. 13 Note the accuracy and layout of the Works Cited page. It begins on a separate page, and all items are alphabetical. Do not underline the title Works Cited, and do not number items on the page. All run over lines in entries are indented, otherwise known as hanging indents. Because the essay used various texts, including books, websites, and articles from databases, it must employ the correct forms of citation in each instance. Remember that everything on a Works Cited page must be cited in the essay.
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Surname 1

Student Name
Author Name
Professor Name
ARW250NAA
Date
The Present Danger of White Supermacy
To begin with, I would like to discuss what White Supremacy is and how it is being
inculcated into our minds through several sources. White supremacy is a term used for the false
idea that white-skinned people are better than people who belong to different ethnic groups or
have different skin colors. It supports the belief system that higher power belongs to whiteskinned people only. Although this belief system originated after the enslavement of Black
people in history, later it evolved into different concepts. Black infants have a high mortality rate
due to a lack of healthcare for them. A white-skinned person is preferred for a job over a colored
skin person. A young black girl is considered mature compared to her white-skinned age fellows.
These minor to major inclining acts towards white people result in reinforcing the idea that they
are better in all ways possible, be it their chance at living a healthy or a wealthy life. (Jagoo)
Ibram X. Kendi is a social activist who shed light on this issue. According to him, a
person needs to accept that racism exists, the main issue that has worsened the situation is denial
towards this issue. Over the course of history, people have claimed to be anti-racist, but they
have failed to understand that they are only saying this in words, just like how slave owners

Surname 2

claimed they were anti-racist and were given a better chance at living to Black people. Rather the
activist believes that one needs to accept the fact that they had the wrong way of thinking in their
past life, they have been part of this problem and now they will work on it to move out of this
dark thinking.
Further, Kendi shed some light on the issue involving the arresting of Daniel Prude. I
believe that this incident is a great example of how white supremacy operates and affects the
lives of people of color not just physically but psychologically as well. The author’s concern
about the victim being a mentally disabled person is quite valid. The way he explains that how
scared he felt knowing that there is a mentally ill person in his own family and how police can
take the life of such an innocent person at any given moment. The worst part of this situation was
that no action was taken against these policemen, just because they were following a formal
protocol. No matter how inhumane this whole story was, no action was taken to enlighten people
on how to not act or dis...


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