UPenn Cost and Benefits of Bipedality Research Paper

User Generated

FcvplWhzcre12

Humanities

University of Pennsylvania

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The only instructions for the 2 papers is for them to be single spaced and to fill one page at a 12 pt font. No sources need to be included or cited in the papers, all I need is the ideas and facts you learn by researching and answering the prompt.

The first prompt is to answer this:

  • explain your view on speciation for example Do you think Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals represent two different speciesor just different subspecies?
  • - Why is it such a complicated process to make species/taxonomic distinctions within the hominin lineage given the types of evidence we have? What are the stakes of making these kinds of distinctions?

The other prompt is to answer this:

  • How have you experienced the cost and benefits of bipedality in your own life? (Or seen with others around you?)
  • How have the costs and benefits of bipedality changed with present day humans? You may think specifically about modern medicine, sports, advances in technology, etc...

Answer both prompts separately on two separate pages of work. Single spaced and only one page is needed.

If you have other questions let me know I will answer.

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Recitation 6: Bipedalism as an Adaptation Brainstorm: What do you think the costs and benefits are of bipedality? Walking Exercise - Pair up Walk around the room - Take note of what’s happening in your body with this action Observe your partner walking What are all the parts of the body that are engaged in walking and what do you observe each to be doing with each step? Share Out Group Discussion In groups of four (combine pairs): - What adaptations discussed in our recitations on culture, human life history and crania are also connected to bipedalism? Do you think that these all arose at the same time? Group 1 Watch Bipedalism Clip (Slide 5) - - Take notes on what anatomical changes appear to be necessary for Lucy's bipedality? What about the chimps anatomy stops it from walking upright in a stable or energetically efficient way? Group 2 Observe the Casts - Take note of the femur, foot structure and pelvis shape In fossils with more intermediate features (between primates and modern humans) what kinds of evidence could researchers look for to determine if a fossilized organism was primarily bipedal or quadrupedal? Group Discussion - Bipedalism is a costly adaptation that brings many vulnerabilities. What do you think the major advantages are? Why did it evolve and how did it confer greater fitness onto early hominins in the environmental context that they lived in? - (5 mins in pairs then share out 5 mins) Major advantages of bipedality - Changes in environment Expanded habitat range Thermo-regulation Frees up the arms to do other things Changes in mating patterns Gut/brain proportions Writing Assignment - How have you experienced the cost and benefits of bipedality in your own life? (Or seen with others around you?) How have the costs and benefits of bipedality changed with present day humans? You may think specifically about modern medicine, sports, advances in technology, etc... Recitation 7: Neandertals and AMHs Warm Up Exercise (1) There are two tables with casts from the homo genus - Take notes on the differences between the three fossils Then try to interpret them in groups, reference lectures and previous materials Exercise 2 - Take notes on the differences between the four fossils Then try to interpret them in groups, reference lectures and previous materials Archaic Humans Homo antecessor (Spain; 800-1000 kya) Homo heidelbergensis (Africa, Europe, India, Asia; 600–200 kya ) Homo neanderthalensis (Europe, Near East, Central Asia; 250–30 kya) Denisovans (Siberia, East Asia; ~45,000 kya) Discussion Questions: - How would you characterize the major changes that occur between the archaic humans and the modern humans Based on the material from last week, what processes do you think are driving these changes in form? Discussion Questions (cont’d): - Do you think Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals represent two different species or just different subspecies? - What are the stakes of making either argument? (i.e. why do we care?) Write-up/ Turn in - How does this lab change your view on speciation drawing on the material from earlier in the class? Why is it such a complicated process to make species/taxonomic distinctions within the hominin lineage given the types of evidence we have? What are the stakes of making these kinds of distinctions? (2 short paragraphs) NEANDERTHALS ● ● ● ● ● Inflated cheeks Low forehead Double arched brow ridges (structurally hollow, in contrast to those of H. erectus) Large, wide nasal aperture Large, wide front teeth Neanderthal versus Anatomically Modern Human Skeletons ● Neandertals were shorter but more robust than modern humans ● Thickened, curved long bones ● Powerful hands, and broad fingertips ● Larger joint surfaces ● Anatomy appears to reflect selection for a cold and physically demanding environment. temporal overlap between the Neanderthals and AMH Homo heidelbergensis
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1

Cost and Benefits of Bipedality

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2
Cost and Benefits of Bipedality
Bipedality is the mode of terrestrial movement in which an organism moves using its
two hind limbs or legs. Some of the common bipedal movements include jumping, running,
jogging, and hopping. A few current animals are habitual bipeds, with two-legged locomotion
as their primary mode of mobility. The most known bipedal animals are humans, even though
other creatures use bipedal mobility. Bipedalism is believed to have started from the hominid
species, which assisted them in raising their head, enabling humans to view and identify
objects from far and in a grassland environment, avoiding dangers, and freed the hands for
them to use to carry tools and hunt the animals. From experience, bipedalism has assisted
humans in freeing the hand to carry some items and perform essential economic activities.
The advantage of bipedalism is that it frees the forearms, which humans can use in carrying
daily activities such as gathering food and even establishing settlements. In modern times,
humans use their hands to carry some activities while walking, such as operating some
technological gadgets. Like our hominin predecessors who utilized their free hands to hold
tools and even infants as they couldn’t work, we can do the same and advance their economic
and commercial activities. Bipedalism has given us the ability to travel long distances and
even use bipedality to earn a living. We can indulge in economic acti...


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