This is your comprehensive Final Exam. You must answer each question using your own words. If you are using evidence from the book or any other resource you must provide the correct citation. Please download the questions, answer on your own word documentRequired Text: Title Biological Psychology, 12th Edition with Mindtap- Cengage CodeAuthor James W. KalatISBN 978-1-305-10540-9final exam questions:Vision: Part 1. Name and describe each of the different structures in the visual pathways, including the ventral and dorsal streams. Start with the eye and end with specific brain structures. You must demonstrate your understanding of how visual object identification and the recognition of moving visual objects is possible. Part 2. What are the behavioral effects that you could observe in an adult who sustains extensive damage limited to the primary visual cortex (V1)? Would it be the same as blind sight? Why or why not? If I wanted to confirm that the reciprocal nature of V1 and V2 was necessary for visual processing, then how could I design an experiment to test such a relationship between V1 and V2?Dopamine and Drug addiction: Part 1. Describe the mechanism of action for Dopamine (DA) agonist drugs (e.g., cocaine) and describe the hypothesized role of DA release in the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants. Is this role of DA the same for schizophrenia? Why is it that DA makes us feel good, yet too much DA is associated with Schizophrenia? Part 2. The research on sensitization of the nucleus accumbens has dealt with addictive drugs, mainly cocaine. Would you expect a gambling addiction to have similar effects? How could someone test this possibility? Design a brief follow-up study with a Hypothesis, IV, DV, and graph some expected results.Emotion: Part 1. Describe how the brain processes the expression and recognition of emotion (i.e., describe the role of cortical structures, subcortical structures, and the main theories of emotion). People with amygdala damage approach other people indiscriminately instead of trying to choose people who look friendly and trustworthy. What might be a possible explanation? Part 2. Explain is the neurological and psychological relationship between sleep and depression?Learning: Part 1. Lashley sought to find the engram, the physiological representation of learning. In physiological psychology terms, how would you recognize an engram if you saw one? That is, what would someone have to demonstrate before you could conclude that a particular change in the nervous system was really an engram? Part 2. Describe the role of the hippocampus in memory formation. Explain how memories are organized (i.e., the different types of memory) and stored in our brains. If a synapse had already developed LTP once, should it be easier or more difficult to get it to develop LTP again, explain? How is confabulation different from lying? How many different memories are there and how are they different?Sex and Hormones: Part 1. Describe some of the evidence that genetic factors may influence sexual orientation. Part 2.Describe organizing and activating effects of sex hormones and give specific examples. Make sure to clearly demonstrate the difference between organizing and activating effects.Corpus Callosum Facts: Part 1.When a person born without a corpus callosum moves the fingers of one hand, he or she is likely also to move the fingers of the other hand, involuntarily. What possible explanation can you suggest? Explain lateralized functions and give examples of two of those functions. Part 2. Most people with Broca's aphasia suffer from partial paralysis on the right side of the body. Most people with Wernicke's aphasia do not. Why? What is the relationship between language and communication? How can information be transferred between the hemispheres?Methods:Part 1. Scans and tests used to study the living human brain can be either static (a snapshot at one point in time) or dynamic (showing changes over time). Give one example of each type, including its advantages and disadvantages. Part 2. Design a new cognitive neuroscience experiment using a dynamic neural measure. Make sure you describe in great detail the IV, DV, hypothesis, procedure, expected results/outcomes, any new conclusions that can be learned from your experiment. Neural Communication:In as much detail as possible and necessary describe the steps of an action potential and synaptic transmission. Part 1. Give a detailed, step-by-step description of the stages of an action potential, including a description of and explanation for the refractory periods, and an accurate graph representation. Part 2. Give a detailed, step-by-step description of synaptic transmission (i.e., communication). You must mention the ions at work!Movement: Part 1. Ordinarily, patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (who have damage to dopamine-releasing axons) move very slowly if at all. However, during an emergency (e.g., a fire in the building), they may move rapidly and vigorously. Suggest a possible explanation. Part 2. Neurologists assert that if people lived long enough, sooner or later everyone would get Parkinson's disease. Why?Plasticity and Development: Part 1.Biologists can develop antibodies against nerve growth factor (i.e., molecules that inactivate nerve growth factor). What would happen if someone injected such antibodies into a developing nervous system? How does experience affect our brains? Part 2. Describe how stem cells function. Explain all the stages of neural development. What are some ways that neurons could be guided to the appropriate target? What is the advantage of using stem cells? Should researchers be allowed to conduct research on embryonic stem cells? Describe some ways in which the brain can recover function following brain damage.

Assignment: Variables, Measurement, and SPSS Quantitative research consists of testing and understanding relationships between variables. Researchers construct these variables as measureable expressions of social phenomena. Modern statistics provides you with a host of resources to answer questions, but each statistical test has a set of assumptions regarding the measurement of the variables. It is therefore important to understand how variables are measured because their measurement will influence the type of analytic tools available to you. SPSS is a statistical software program that allows you to enter these variables into a spreadsheet format and record the measurements from a sample. Additionally, SPSS allows you to perform statistical analysis. Before launching into your analyses, though, it is important to understand how the variables are measured. That understanding will help you interpret the SPSS output. In this week’s Discussion, you considered topics with social change implications. For this Assignment, you will examine data to analyze independent and dependent variables, determine how they are measured, and decipher whether a social change question can be answered and the implications for such change. To prepare for this Assignment: Review the Learning Resources as well as the SPSS resources found in this week’s Learning Resources. Review, download, and install the SPSS software on your computer using the IBM SPSS Installation and Registration document for PC or for MAC in this week’s Learning Resources. Using the SPSS software, open the Afrobarometer dataset or the High School Longitudinal Study dataset (whichever you choose) found in this week’s Learning Resources and then choose two variables that interest you. For this Assignment: Write a 1- to 2-page summary and include the following: Early in your Assignment, when you relate which dataset you analyzed, please include the mean of the following variables. If you are using the Afrobarometer Dataset, report the mean of Q1 (Age). If you are using the HS Long Survey Dataset, report the mean of X1SES. A description of what the each of the variables measure. A description of the unit of analysis. A description and explanation of the levels of measurement for each variable (i.e., nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio). Explain how you might conceive these variables to be used to answer a social change question. What might be the implications for social change?

SPE/544: Characteristics Of Emotional & Behavioral DisordersWk 4 Discussion – Punishment vs. Reinforcement [due Thurs]Discussion TopicPost a total of 3 substantive responses over 2 separate days for full participation. This includes your initial post and 2 replies to other students.Due Thursday Building on the topics of assessment and causal factors related to EBD from Weeks 2 and 3, we will shift the focus to the learning environment and managing student behavior. Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:What are the problems associated with using punishment when teaching learners with EBD?Alternatively, how are reinforcement strategies and appropriate response methods used and what is the ideal outcome?