GLS 299 BU Bretton Woods International Financial Institutions Question

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Name: GLS299 – AW21 Final Exam Multiple Choice & True/False (5 pts) 1. Bretton Woods international financial institutions have traditionally preferred universal over targeted approaches in the policy design of their economic adjustment programs. a. True b. False 2. Which of the following was a subsequent policy response to top-down ‘Big Aid’ policy approaches of the 1960s: a. b. c. d. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Stakeholder Analysis Rapid Rural Appraisal All options 3. Latin American Structuralism and subsequent ‘debt overhang’ in many national economies such as Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico is strongly rooted in: a. b. c. d. Export Substitution Industrialization policy Import Substitution Industrialization policy Land reform Domestic private and public banks 4. HJ Chang has advocated for which of the following approaches for developing countries in global production structure of international political economy: a. Laissez-faire free markets b. Comparative Advantage Following industrial policy c. Comparative Advantage Defying industrial policy d. Autarky 5. Social business and social enterprise approaches to development issues are distinguished from other forms of business through: a. Reinvestment of profits into the enterprise b. Pursuit of profits but not maximization of profits c. Business model / structure d. Social focus of their mission statement e. All options 6. Stuart Hall problematizes international cooperation along which axis? a. North-South b. Poor / Rich c. South-South d. West / Rest II. Short Answer (10 pts) 1. ‘Not all sources of debt are equal.’ Please evaluate this statement with respect to the nexus between debt and policy space. 2. With Stuart. Hall in mind, is there space for anti-colonial representation in contemporary international development – what would it look like (please discuss with reference to at least one example)? 3. Is national industrial policy aided or subverted by value chains (regional or global)? Please discuss with respect to one example. III. Long Form Essay (20 pts) – Please Choose ONE of the following questions 1. ‘Universal metrics in international development are where the devil plays in the detail.’ Discuss. 2. ‘(Successful) policy implementation is always embedded in coordinated or fragmented networks.’ Please discuss with reference to at least one example. 3. Former World Bank lead economist and scholar Branko Milanovic claims that for developing countries, “without growth, you are toast.” Discuss with reference to at least one case or thematic policy area. 4. Debt is a perennial feature in most ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ countries, particularly after the 1970s OPEC crisis. Has the ability of some countries of the ‘South’ to overcome their debt position and industrialize speak to the failure of others with regard to development policies? Please discuss with reference to at least one example. 5. Is there a role for international / global public policy for development in a world of increasing strategic bilateralism? Discuss with reference to at least one example. 6. There is currently a paradigm push to supplant poverty-centered approaches to development with targeted gender and environment policy, particularly in the realm of taxation policy and the gendered impacts of extractive resource industries such as mining, timber and plantation agriculture. What lessons or cautions from past development paradigms or development approaches might be important to consider in the rise of the new gender and environment paradigm? IV. Case Analysis (20 pts) The world is experiencing a rapid new outbreak of the Omicron variant of Covid-19. Today’s news headlines1 have Norwegian and Danish health authorities making projections that Omicron may overtake both countries in a matter of days. The COVAX facility has not reached the 2 billion vaccine doses it pledged to deliver by the end of 2021; it hopes to disburse 800 million by January 2022. Many developing countries have had to reach deals with manufacturers separately to COVAX, paying twice or doubling their efforts; in some instances, shipments have been delayed or arrived with short notice, providing disruption to vaccination campaigns and delaying second shots. An export ban on vaccines from a manufacturer in India significantly created a shortfall in COVAX supply, timelines, costs and sovereign trust in the COVAX facility. In Latin America and Africa, parallel initiatives have started to buy vaccines outside of COVAX, such as the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), a specialized international health agency for the Americas, and the African Vaccine Acquistion Task Team (AVATT) – part of the Africa Medical Supplies Platform – a regional initiative formed through the African Union, Africa CDC and African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank). Some descriptive statistics and public metrics have been developed. Johns Hopkins University (JHU) & Medicine Coronavirus Resource Center has a dashboard which tracks vaccination globally by country, region, and % of population: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/vaccines/international UNICEF has a Covid-19 Vaccine Market Dashboard that includes relative country information for ‘Prices’ and ‘Delivery’ under their respective tabs: https://www.unicef.org/supply/covid-19-vaccine-market-dashboard Many developing countries, particularly in Africa and Central Asia, fall well below the global average in percentage of population vaccinated. The JHU dashboard has Burundi at 0.02% of the population vaccinated with at least one dose. Confirmed cases in Burundi may be underreported given low testing and official reporting. Vaccine hesitancy is a factor. How might the public health situation with regard to Covid-19 be improved in Burundi or similar cases with low percentage of population vaccinated? Please briefly outline how you would begin to prepare for policy analysis in this area with respect to the following: a. Pick one area of global public policy with respect to Covid-19 (vaccination; metrics and measurement; financing; logistics of supply and shipping; etc.) 1 Zimmer, C. and Emily Anthes. “Denmark and Norway Predict Drastic Spike in Omicron cases”. The New York Times, 13 December 2021. b. What stakeholders do you envisage would be significant in this scenario? You may wish to list primary and secondary actors. c. What key challenges (example: political, financing, socio-cultural, logistical, policy other) in this domain would you explore and how? d. What point of the policy process would you focus on? (i.e. policy evaluation of past programs/failures; policy design; policy space; representation; policy communication etc) Bonus (5 pts) Reflecting on the course, what is one highlight or takeaway you learned from the thematic material?
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Explanation & Answer

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Name:
GLS299 – AW21
Final Exam
Multiple Choice & True/False (5 pts)
1. Bretton Woods international financial institutions have traditionally preferred universal
over targeted approaches in the policy design of their economic adjustment programs.
a. True
b. False
2. Which of the following was a subsequent policy response to top-down ‘Big Aid’ policy
approaches of the 1960s:
a. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
b. Stakeholder Analysis

c. Rapid Rural Appraisal
d. All options
3. Latin American Structuralism and subsequent 'debt overhang' in many national
economies such as Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico are strongly rooted in:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Export Substitution Industrialization policy
Import Substitution Industrialization policy
Land reform
Domestic private and public banks

4. HJ Chang has advocated for which of the following approaches for developing countries
in the global production structure of the international political economy:
a. Laissez-faire free markets
b. Comparative Advantage Following industrial policy

c. Comparative Advantage Defying industrial policy
d. Autarky
5. Social business and social enterprise approaches to development issues are distinguished
from other forms of business through:
a. Reinvestment of profits into the enterprise
b. Pursuit of profits but not maximization of profits

c. Business model / structure
d. Social focus of their mission statement

e. All options

6. Stuart Hall problematizes international cooperation along which axis?
a. North-South
b. Poor / Rich
c. South-South
d. West / Rest
II. Short Answer (10 pts)
1. ‘Not all sources of debt are equal.’ Please evaluate this statement with respect to the
nexus between debt and policy space.
All debt sources are not equal. Bilateral debt policies determine the terms of a loan. For example,
the U.S. has a bilateral strategy with Brazil. The former's loan to the latter is based on Agreement
on Trade and Economic Cooperation. This implies the countries have mutual agreements to the
loan. In contrast, Laos undertook a huge Chinese loan on a risky project involving the
construction of a railway. The lender required Laos to raise the seed capital of $85billion,
although Chinese railway groups dominate the line under unclear terms of the deal while the
Laotian government is solely responsible for the debt.

2. With Stuart. Hall in mind, is there space for anti-colonial representation in contemporary
international development – what would it look like (please discuss with reference to at
least one example)?
There is space for anti-colonial representation in modern international development. The
representation would be in the form of a power balance between the west and developing
countries as they struggle for equity. The representation would be in advocacy for equity through
advanced advocacy channels like diplomacy. An exa...


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