Why isn’t “states’ rights” sufficient to explain the cause of the Civil War?, homework help

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Answer those 10 questions below in short answer, no need to write into paragraph, as details as need:

  1. Why isn’t “states’ rights” sufficient to explain the cause of the Civil War? What about tariffs? The abolitionist movement?
  2. Give an example of how northerners sought to enlist the federal government in support of their sectional economic interests. What major southern economic issue became the key source of sectional tensions?
  3. In what way did political parties serve to mitigate the sectional crisis? What were the key events that brought about the breakdown of national parties?
  4. What were the main elements of the Missouri Compromise? Over what specific issues was this compromise later threatened and finally set aside?
  5. What were the issues behind the Compromise of 1850? What were the elements of the Compromise? How did radicals in both north and south respond to the Compromise?
  6. Why did Stephen Douglas push for the Kansas-Nebraska Act? What did this act do? What impact did the Kansas-Nebraska crisis have on the Whig party, the people of Kansas, and the incident at Harper’s Ferry?
  7. Why did the Southern states secede from the union? How did they justify this action?
  8. What was Lincoln’s personal view on slavery? What was the Republican Party’s position? Why did he invade the South?
  9. What was the impact of cotton on the South after 1800? Be able to identify its impact on southern politics, the environment, the southeastern Indians, and the southern economy.
  10. Be able to name and explain at least four elements of Hammond’s proslavery argument.

For example: What were the main elements of the Missouri Compromise?

  • Written in 1820
  • Allowed Missouri to enter the United States as a slave state
  • Maine to enter as a free state
  • Stated that slavery would be excluded above the 36/30 line

No need to use academic words

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Causes: Three Questions Root causes: What created the great sectional divide between North and South from 1820 to 1860?  What caused the Southern states to secede from the union in 1860-61?  What caused the majority of Northerners to prefer going to war with the South rather than letting it have its independence?  Non-cause 1: States’ Rights      Argument: the south seceded to protect states’ rights, not slavery Yes, there was an unresolved problem of federal vs. state power Yes, the south was and is ideologically commitment to limited government But states’ rights do not exist in a vacuum States’ rights to do what? Non-cause 2: Tariffs   Argument: federal govt. favored the north’s economy with tariffs Yes, there were sectional economic differences and sectional politics – Nullification crisis  Tariffs played a role, but not a major one after 1830s Non-cause #3: The Abolitionist Movement    – – Argument: northern antislavery radicals agitated against slavery and divided the country Yes, abolitionists were radical agitators who sowed division But did the antislavery movement cause the Civil War? Sort of, but not quite Let’s do some background work The Early Antislavery Movement Before 1776: no major opposition to slavery After 1776: antislavery limited to northern states, not a national issue Until 1810s, American Colonization Society    – – – – – – Slavery a necessary evil Gradual emancipation, followed by expatriation Voluntary, with compensation Destination: Liberia Northern and southern support Never practical The Emergence of Abolitionism  William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator, 1831 – Slavery as moral and religious evil – Immediate abolition, not gradual emancipation – Totally uncompromising, small but vocal minority – Divisive, but not big enough to cause secession, war Defending Slavery in the South From a necessary evil to a positive good Proslavery arguments   – – – – – – Slaves better off here than in Africa Bible supports slavery Slavery is good for republican government and civilized society: “mudsill theory” Slaves better off than northern “wage slaves” Cruelty and use of sex slaves exaggerated Abolition without compensation for owners is absurd Root Cause: Expansion of Slavery  Economic self-interest in the South: expanding slavery – South wants to expand slavery into territories, retrieve fugitives – Northern resistance due to economic, political, and racial reasons, not just moral and religious ones – Three crises: Missouri (1819), California (1850), and Kansas (1854) The First Crisis: Missouri, 1819-20   – – Missouri applies for admission as slave state, 1819 Blocked in congress because: Founders never intended that slavery should expand Would give slave states control of Senate The First Crisis: Missouri, 1819-20  Missouri Compromise – Missouri enters as slave state – Maine enters as free state – Slavery henceforth excluded above 36/30 line The Second Crisis: California, 1850 Background: political parties  – – Whigs and Democrats National parties hold sections/country together The Second Crisis: California, 1850  The Annexation of Texas (1836-1845) – – – Texas independence, 1836 Bid for statehood stalled due to slavery issue Election of 1844: victory for Polk, Manifest Destiny, Texas The Second Crisis: California, 1850  – – – Mexican War (1845) U.S.-Mexican dispute over southern border of Texas leads to war Mexico loses, cedes US its northern territories (CA, AZ, NV, UT, NM) How would this territory be organized in relation to slavery? The Second Crisis: California, 1850  How would this territory be organized in relation to slavery? – North wants slavery prohibited here ▪ The Wilmot Proviso ▪ Significance: vote on sectional lines, not party lines – South wants all territories open to slavery ▪ Calhoun’s argument – Free Soil Party emerges, gives Taylor (Whig) victory in 1848 The Second Crisis: California, 1850 Compromise of 1850  – – – CA applies for statehood as free state, 1850 Would give free states control of Senate Debate controlled by extremists, threats of secession, until Pres Taylor dies from eating iced milk and cherries The Second Crisis: California, 1850  The Compromise of 1850 (Filmore and Clay) – CA admitted as free state – South gets new tough Fugitive Slave Law – Slave trade banned in Washington, DC The Second Crisis: California, 1850  The fallout from 1850 Compromise – Praise from the moderates: it saved the Union – Northern abolitionists hate it ▪ Pledge resistance to FSA ▪ Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Southern “fire eaters” begin secession movement: Edmund Ruffin The Final Crisis: Kansas, 1854-56    Background: Stephen Douglass (D-IL) wants transcontinental RR to go through Chicago, not St. Louis Would need Southern support to do it Sponsors KansasNebraska Bill The Final Crisis: Kansas, 1854-56  The Kansas-Nebraska Bill – Would organize Kansas-Nebraska into an official territory – Would open Kansas to slavery based on “popular sovereignty” – Would repeal Missouri Compromise – Debate over bill destroyed Whig party, paved way for Republicans – Increased antislavery, anti-southern sentiment in North The Final Crisis: Kansas, 1854-56  Bleeding Kansas – Border Ruffians invade KS from MO, commit election fraud – Free Soilers invade KS from N. England, arm themselves – Proslavery forces sack Free Soil town of Lawrence – John Brown massacres proslavery people at Pottawatomie Creek – 55 total deaths in “Bleeding Kansas” The Deepening Crisis  Fallout from the Kansas debacle – Brooks vs. Sumner: violence on Senate floor The Deepening Crisis  – Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Scott sued for freedom based on residence in territory Taney ruling ten years later – ▪ ▪  African Americans can never be citizens Congress cannot bar slavery from territories John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859) Question 2: What caused secession?  Republican Party emerges 1854 – Picks up Northern Whigs and absorbs Free Soilers – Committed to Whig program, stopping expansion of slavery – Loses 1856, but realizes it can win on strictly sectional vote – Demos still have national base than spans sections, but weakened in North Question 2: what caused secession?  Election of 1860 – Demos have two conventions, can’t agree on candidate, South splits three ways – Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln, run sectional campaign – Lincoln wins with just 40% of popular vote Election of 1860 Question 2: what caused secession?  Secession – – – – – South has lost national political power Principle of secession: not rebels, but heirs of revolution opposing tyranny SC secedes December 1860 Lower South follows, though it could have turned out differently Establish Confederate States of America Question 3: what caused Northerners to support war?  Not to end slavery – Lincoln personally opposed to slavery – But Republicans officially committed to stopping expansion of slavery, not abolishing it where it already existed – Lincoln went to war to preserve the union, not free the slaves  But eventually came to be about slavery
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